우리는 소프트웨어에 대한 의견을 에밀리 잭슨, 여호수아 Zeidman, 그리고 니콜라스 렌 감사합니다. 이 작품은 GM95733 (NM)로, BBBE 103316와 MIT 시작 기금 (NM까지)에 의해 재정 지원되었다.

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M., Molina, N., Gatfield, D., Schneider, K., Schibler, U., Naef, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+Genes+Are+Transcribed+with+Widely+Different+Bursting+Kinetics.">Mammalian Genes Are Transcribed with Widely Different Bursting Kinetics.</a> Science. 332 (6028), 472-474 (2011).</li><li>Cookson, N. A., Cookson, S. W., Tsimring, L. S., Hasty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+cycle-dependent+variations+in+protein+concentration.">Cell cycle-dependent variations in protein concentration.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (8), 2676-2681 (2010).</li><li>Zopf, C. J., Quinn, K., Zeidman, J., Maheshri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-cycle+dependence+of+transcription+dominates+noise+in+gene+expression.">Cell-cycle dependence of transcription dominates noise in gene expression.</a> , (2013).</li><li>Kaufmann, B. B., Yang, Q., Mettetal, J. T., Van Oudenaarden, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heritable+stochastic+switching+revealed+by+single-cell+genealogy.">Heritable stochastic switching revealed by single-cell genealogy.</a> PLoS Biology. 5 (9), e239 (2007).</li><li>Cookson, S., Ostroff, N., Pang, W. L., Volfson, D., Hasty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+dynamics+of+single-cell+gene+expression+over+multiple+cell+cycles.">Monitoring dynamics of single-cell gene expression over multiple cell cycles.</a> Molecular Systems Biology. 1 (1), 2005.0024 (2005).</li><li>Paliwal, S., Iglesias, P. A., Campbell, K., Hilioti, Z., Groisman, A., Levchenko, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAPK-mediated+bimodal+gene+expression+and+adaptive+gradient+sensing+in+yeast.">MAPK-mediated bimodal gene expression and adaptive gradient sensing in yeast.</a> Nature. 446 (7131), 46-51 (2007).</li><li>Charvin, G., Cross, F. R., Siggia, E. 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Meth. 4 (2), 175-181 (2007).</li><li>Otsu, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Threshold+Selection+Method+from+Gray-Level+Histograms.">A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms.</a> IEEE Trans. Sys. Man. Cyber. 9 (1), 62-66 (1979).</li><li>Goranov, A. I., Cook, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rate+of+cell+growth+is+governed+by+cell+cycle+stage.">The rate of cell growth is governed by cell cycle stage.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 23 (12), 1408-1422 (2009).</li><li>To, T. -. L., Maheshri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noise+Can+Induce+Bimodality+in+Positive+Transcriptional+Feedback+Loops+Without+Bistability.">Noise Can Induce Bimodality in Positive Transcriptional Feedback Loops Without Bistability.</a> Science. 327 (5969), 1142-1145 (2010).</li><li>O'Neill, E. M., Kaffman, A., Jolly, E. R., O'Shea, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+PHO4+nuclear+localization+by+the+PHO80-PHO85+cyclin-CDK+complex.">Regulation of PHO4 nuclear localization by the PHO80-PHO85 cyclin-CDK complex.</a> Science. 271 (5246), 209-212 (1996).</li><li>Raser, J. M., O'Shea, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+stochasticity+in+eukaryotic+gene+expression.">Control of stochasticity in eukaryotic gene expression.</a> Science. 304 (5678), 1811-1814 (2004).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

위의 프로토콜은 마이크로 유체 또는 소프트웨어 개발에 대한 경험과 형광 시계열 데이터를 확보하고 분석하는 간단한 방법을 설명합니다. 그것은 하나의 단일 효모 세포의 시간 경과 형광 영화를 얻을 수 있습니다, 부목사 추적 및 계보 할당; 해당 셀 크기와 표현 측정을 추출하고 상업적으로 이용 가능한 미세 배양 장치를 사용하여 시간과 다양한 그래픽 사용자를 통해 전체 세포의 동작을 분?...

유전자 발현의 단일 세포 분석은 유전자 조절의 여러 측면에 대한 우리의 이해를 발전한있다. 유동 세포 계측법 또는 현미경을 사용하여 형광 기자 표현식의 정적 스냅 샷은 단일 셀 표현의 분포에 대한 유용한 정보를 제공하지만, 역사와 직접적으로 유전자 발현 역학을 통보하는 데 필요한 시간 시리즈 데이터의 진화를 부족합니다. 형광 시간 경과 현미경 단일 세포 측정 및 그들의 역사를 모두 얻을 수있는 수단을 제공합니다. 다양한 실험 및 분석 기술은 따라서 이러한 휴대 전화의 변화 2,3, 세균 persister 형성 4, 전사 등의 유전자 조절 기능에 대한 통찰력을 (검토를 위해 1 참조) 부여, 형광 기자 식의 영화를 획득하고 정량화하기 위해 개발되었습니다 시작과 신장 5, 6,7 파열 전사, 세포주기 의존 8,9, 및 유전 10. 그러나 OBTaining 품질의 단일 세포 형광 시계열 배양에서 상당한 기술적 도전 제어 환경에서 획득 한 형광 영화의 높은 처리량 정량에있는 세포의 단일 층을 포함한다. 여기에, 우리는 S의 형광 영화를 획득하고 분석하는 절차를 설명 세포 배양 장치 제조 또는 소프트웨어 개발없이 필요한 경험 (그림 1) cerevisiae의. 첫째, 우리는 당신에게 세부 사항을 예를 들어 프로토콜을 하나 이상 형광 기자를 표현 신진 효모에 대한 형광 시계열 영화를 생성합니다. 사용자 정의 미세 배양 챔버를 구축하고 성공적으로 이전 11-13 사용되어 왔지만, 우리는 CellAsic (헤이워드, CA)에서 상업적으로 이용 가능한 미세 유체 장치를 사용하십시오. 시스템 경계 단층 성장 세포의 관류 환경을 지속적으로 제어 할 수 있습니다. 우리가 제시 현미경 프로토콜은 fluoresc를 얻을 수있는 간단한 방법입니다레퍼런스 신진 효모의 영화,하지만 수정 된 실험 프로토콜 (사용자 정의 문화 장치, 대안 미디어의 조건 등.) 단일 효모 세포의 유사 형광 동영상 데이터를 산출로 대체 할 수 있습니다. 다음으로, 우리는 시계열 데이터를 추출하는 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스 (GUI) 기반 MATLAB에서 소프트웨어 패키지 (매스 웍스, 틱, MA), 형광 시계열의 신속한 분석 (이식)에 대한 GUI 별명을 사용하여 영화의 분석을 설명 단일 세포. 이식 세포를 분할 및 추적과 형광 강도 및 형상 정보를 추출에서 다양한 오픈 소스 소프트웨어 패키지 셀 ID (14)와 유사한 기능을 가지고 있습니다. 그러나 이식은 중요한 추가 기능을 제공합니다. 첫째, 세분화 및 데이터의 정확성보다는 분석 후 국외자 지역 트레이스 단지 통계 게이트를 확인하기 위해 추적 결과를 쉽게 대화 형 편집을 제공합니다. 또한, 그것은 automaticall에 분석을 확장Y 지명 한 계보와 신진 효모의 관심의 세포주기를 가리 킵니다. 어머니와 딸은 두 개의 독립적 인 셀 영역을 형성하기 위하여 분할하는 경우 결정하는 전체 세포 (연결된 새싹을 포함한 어머니) 세포주기 8에 걸쳐 측정을 결정하는 매우 중요합니다. 제품군은 이러한 작업을 수행하기 위해 3 개의 모듈로 구성되어 있습니다. 집중과 산만 시야 이미지 사이의 대비를 기반으로하며 첫 번째 세그먼트 셀 영역은 사용자가 분할 매개 변수를 정의하고 시각적으로 테스트 할 수 있습니다. 초 (.에서 제공 블레어 크로커 등 IDL 루틴 듀프 레인의 MATLAB 구현을 사용하여 : 트랙 <a href="http://physics.georgetown.edu/matlab/" target="_blank">http://physics.georgetown.edu/MATLAB/</a> )과 시간을 통해 셀 영역을 측정, 자동 계보를 할당하고, 육안 검사를 수 및 오류 수정. 간단한 플로팅 GUI는 쿼리를 단일 셀 속성에 포함되어 있습니다. 세 번째 모듈은 꽃 봉오리 출현과 분열 티타늄을 돌린다MES, 및 전체 세포의 시계열 데이터뿐만 아니라 그들의 첫 번째와 두 번째 시간 미분을 (같이 9에서 설명)를 출력합니다. 분석 모듈은 선택의 통계 소프트웨어의 후속 연구를위한 공백으로 구분 된 텍스트 파일로 데이터를 출력합니다. 따라서, 패키지는 사용자가 그래픽 인터페이스를 통해 높은 품질의 시계열 데이터를 추출 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 세포주기 9의 함수로 하나의 신진 효모 세포에서 실시간 녹음 속도를 추정하기 위해이 방법을 사용했습니다. 모듈이 싹 트는 효모, 매개 변수 또는 최적화되어 있지만, 필요한 경우, 자유롭게 사용할 코드는 다른 생물 및 이미지 유형에 적용 할 수 있습니다. 분할, 추적, 혈통 할당 알고리즘은 할당 된 이미징 및 문제 유기체의 유형에 해당 할 수 있습니다. 기존의 알고리즘은 대체하지만 여전히 사용자 친화적 인 육안 검사와 분할의 보정 변함 occu 추적 오류를 허용하는 GUI 인터페이스를 유지 할 수어떤 알고리즘 연구.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y04C Yeast Perfusion Plate</td>
			<td>CellAsic</td>
			<td>Y04C-02</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ONIX Microfluidic Perfusion Platform</td>
			<td>CellAsic</td>
			<td>EV-262</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axio Observer.Z1 Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plan-Apochromat 63X/1.40 Oil DIC objective</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>440762-9904-000</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cascade II EMCCD camera</td>
			<td>Photometrics</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lumen 200 metal-halide arc lamp</td>
			<td>PRIOR Scientific</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triple-bandpass dichroic filter cube and excitation and emission filter set</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology Corp</td>
			<td>set #89006</td>
			<td>Used for YFP (Venus/Citrine), CFP (Cerulean), RFP (mCherry/tdTomato)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MAC 5000 controller and filter wheels</td>
			<td>Ludl Electronic Products</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB R2011a</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>64-bit version handles large data files better than 32-bit</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acquiring fluorescence time-lapse movies of budding yeast and analyzing single-cell dynamics using grafts

형광 시간 경과 현미경은 단일 세포 수준에서 많은 생물학적 과정의 연구에 강력한 도구가되고있다. 특히, 유전자 발현의 시간적 의존성을 묘사하는 영화는 규제의 역학에 대한 통찰력을 제공하지만, 단일 세포의 형광 영화를 획득하고 분석하는 많은 기술적 과제가있다. 우리는 여기에서 이러한 데이터를 생성하는 상업적으로 이용 가능한 미세 배양 장치를 사용하여 간단한 프로토콜 및 MATLAB 기반의 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스 (GUI) 기반의 소프트웨어 패키지 형광 이미지를 정량화하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 소프트웨어 세그먼트와 트랙 세포는, 사용자가 시각적으로 데이터의 오류를 부젓가락 할 수 있도록, 자동으로 혈통과 분열 시간을 지정합니다. GUI는 또한 전체 셀 추적뿐만 아니라 첫 번째와 두 번째 유도체를 생산하는 시계열을 분석합니다. 소프트웨어는 S.를 위해 설계되었습니다 동안 cerevisiae의 그 모듈과 다양성은 그것에게 t을 허용해야몇 가지 수정을 다른 세포 유형을 공부하는 플랫폼 역할을 O를.

성공적으로 수행하고 분석 실험은 현실적으로 할당 봉오리 출현과 분열 시간을 갖는 단일 전체 셀에 대한 대부분의 연속적인 시계열을 얻을 것입니다. 예를 들어, 우리는 성장과 글로벌 식 단세포 시간 (표 4, Y47에 다를 수 있습니다 방법을 관찰하기 위해 제정 ADH1 프로모터에 의해 구동 리안 형광 단백질의 통합 사본 (CFP)를 표현하는 반수체 효모 균주 위의 프로토콜을 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS at JoVE.com

Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS

우리는 형광 성장 효모 세포의 현미경 영화, 단일 셀 시계열 데이터를 추출하는 GUI 기반의 소프트웨어 패키지를 얻을 수있는 간단한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 분석은 자동화 혈통과 육안 검사 및 추적 데이터를 수동으로 큐 레이션과 통합 부문 시간 할당을 포함합니다.

신진 효모의 형광 시간 경과 영화를 획득 및 이식을 사용하여 단일 세포 역학 분석

Fluorescence time-lapse microscopy has become a powerful tool in the study of many biological processes at the single-cell level. In particular, movies ...

acquiring-fluorescence-time-lapse-movies-budding-yeast-analyzing

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.7K 조회수.  Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 우리는 형광 성장 효모 세포의 현미경 영화, 단일 셀 시계열 데이터를 추출하는 GUI 기반의 소프트웨어 패키지를 얻을 수있는 간단한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 분석은 자동화 혈통과 육안 검사 및 추적 데이터를 수동으로 큐 레이션과 통합 부문 시간 할당을 포함합니다.

비디오: Acquiring Fluorescence Time-lapse Movies of Budding Yeast and Analyzing Single-cell Dynamics using GRAFTS

Measuring Replicative Life Span in the Budding Yeast

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used extensively to study the biology of aging, and several determinants of yeast longevity have been shown to be conserved in multicellular eukaryotes, including worms, flies, and mice 1. Due to the lack of easily quantified age-associated phenotypes, aging in yeast has been assayed almost exclusively by measuring the life span of cells in different contexts, with two different life span paradigms in common usage 2. Chronological life span refers to the length of time that a mother cell can survive in a non-dividing, quiescence-like state, and is proposed to serve as a model for aging of post-mitotic cells in multicellular eukaryotes. Replicative life span, in contrast, refers the number of daughter cells produced by a mother cell prior to senescence, and is thought to provide a model of aging in mitotically active cells. Here we present a generalized protocol for measuring the replicative life span of budding yeast mother cells. The goal of the replicative life span assay is to determine how many times each mother cell buds. The mother and daughter cells can be easily differentiated by an experienced researcher using a standard light microscope (total magnification 160X), such as the Zeiss Axioscope 40 or another comparable model. Physical separation of daughter cells from mother cells is achieved using a manual micromanipulator equipped with a fiber-optic needle. Typical laboratory yeast strains produce 20-30 daughter cells per mother and one life span experiment requires 2-3 weeks.

In this article we present a general protocol for measuring the replicative life span of yeast mother cells.

버딩 효모에 Replicative 수명 측정

Aging is a degenerative process characterized by a progressive deterioration of cellular components and organelles resulting in mortality. The budding ...

연구

생물학

Time-lapse Imaging of Mitosis After siRNA Transfection

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and cellular content. Hallmark events of mitosis, such as chromosome movement, can be readily tracked on an individual cell basis using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of mammalian cell lines expressing specific GFP-tagged proteins. In combination with RNAi-based depletion, this can be a powerful method for pinpointing the stage(s) of mitosis where defects occur after levels of a particular protein have been lowered. In this protocol, we present a basic method for assessing the effect of depleting a potential mitotic regulatory protein on the timing of mitosis. Cells are transfected with siRNA, placed in a stage-top incubation chamber, and imaged using an automated fluorescence microscope. We describe how to use software to set up a time-lapse experiment, how to process the image sequences to make either still-image montages or movies, and how to quantify and analyze the timing of mitotic stages using a cell-line expressing mCherry-tagged histone H2B. Finally, we discuss important considerations for designing a time-lapse experiment. This strategy is complementary to other approaches and offers the advantages of 1) sensitivity to changes in kinetics that might not be observed when looking at cells as a population and 2) analysis of mitosis without the need to synchronize the cell cycle using drug treatments. The visual information from such imaging experiments not only allows the sub-stages of mitosis to be assessed, but can also provide unexpected insight that would not be apparent from cell cycle analysis by FACS.

Here we describe a basic protocol to image and quantify the mitotic timing of live mammalian tissue culture cells after siRNA transfection.

siRNA Transfection 후의 유사 분열의 시간 저속 영상

Changes in cellular organization and chromosome dynamics that occur during mitosis are tightly coordinated to ensure accurate inheritance of genomic and ...

Recording Multicellular Behavior in Myxococcus xanthus Biofilms using Time-lapse Microcinematography

A swarm of the &delta;-proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus contains millions of cells that act as a collective, coordinating movement through a series of signals to create complex, dynamic patterns as a response to environmental cues. These patterns are self-organizing and emergent; they cannot be predicted by observing the behavior of the individual cells. Using a time-lapse microcinematography tracking assay, we identified a distinct emergent pattern in M. xanthus called chemotaxis, defined as the directed movement of a swarm up a nutrient gradient toward its source 1.
In order to efficiently characterize chemotaxis via time-lapse microcinematography, we developed a highly modifiable plate complex (Figure 1) and constructed a cluster of 8 microscopes (Figure 2), each capable of capturing time-lapse videos. The assay is rigorous enough to allow consistent replication of quantifiable data, and the resulting videos allow us to observe and track subtle changes in swarm behavior. Once captured, the videos are transferred to an analysis/storage computer with enough memory to process and store thousands of videos. The flexibility of this setup has proven useful to several members of the M. xanthus community.

Recording Multicellular Behavior in Myxococcus xanthus Biofilms using Time-lapse Microcinematography

To study Myxococcus xanthus swarm behavior, we have designed a time-lapse microcinematography protocol that can be modified for different assays. It employs standard growth conditions adapted for microscopy, and yields reproducible results by the use of inexpensive, reusable silicone gaskets. We have used this method to quantify multicellular chemotaxis.

에서 다세포 행동을 기록 Myxococcus 산투스</em시간 저속 Microcinematography를 사용하여> Biofilms

A swarm of the &delta;-proteobacterium Myxococcus xanthus contains millions of cells that act as a collective, coordinating movement through a series of ...

Quantitative Analysis of Random Migration of Cells Using Time-lapse Video Microscopy

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During directional migration, cells move rapidly in response to an extracellular chemotactic signal, or in response to intrinsic cues 3 provided by the basic motility machinery. Random migration occurs when a cell possesses low intrinsic directionality, allowing the cells to explore their local environment.
Cell migration is a complex process, in the initial response cell undergoes polarization and extends protrusions in the direction of migration 2. Traditional methods to measure migration such as the Boyden chamber migration assay is an easy method to measure chemotaxis in vitro, which allows measuring migration as an end point result. However, this approach neither allows measurement of individual migration parameters, nor does it allow to visualization of morphological changes that cell undergoes during migration.
Here, we present a method that allows us to monitor migrating cells in real time using video - time lapse microscopy. Since cell migration and invasion are hallmarks of cancer, this method will be applicable in studying cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. Random migration of platelets has been considered as one of the parameters of platelet function 4, hence this method could also be helpful in studying platelet functions. This assay has the advantage of being rapid, reliable, reproducible, and does not require optimization of cell numbers. In order to maintain physiologically suitable conditions for cells, the microscope is equipped with CO2 supply and temperature thermostat. Cell movement is monitored by taking pictures using a camera fitted to the microscope at regular intervals. Cell migration can be calculated by measuring average speed and average displacement, which is calculated by Slidebook software.

This method allows monitoring of cells in real time and quantitative measurements of different cell migration parameters such as speed, displacement, and velocity. Unlike the traditional methods, this real time approach is not based on endpoint quantitative migration measurements; instead it allows monitoring and calculating different parameters continuously.

시간 경과 비디오 현미경을 이용한 세포의 무작위 마이 그 레이션의 정량 분석

Cell migration is a dynamic process, which is important for embryonic development, tissue repair, immune system function, and tumor invasion 1, 2. During ...

Budding Yeast Protein Extraction and Purification for the Study of Function, Interactions, and Post-translational Modifications

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously hard to disrupt. Here we describe the use of a bead mill homogenizer for the extraction of proteins into buffers optimized to maintain the functions, interactions and post-translational modifications of proteins. Logarithmically growing cells expressing the protein of interest are grown in a liquid growth media of choice. The growth media may be supplemented with reagents to induce protein expression from inducible promoters (e.g. galactose), synchronize cell cycle stage (e.g. nocodazole), or inhibit proteasome function (e.g. MG132). Cells are then pelleted and resuspended in a suitable buffer containing protease and/or phosphatase inhibitors and are either processed immediately or frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use. Homogenization is accomplished by six cycles of 20 sec&#160;bead-beating (5.5 m/sec), each followed by one minute incubation on ice. The resulting homogenate is cleared by centrifugation and small particulates can be removed by filtration. The resulting cleared whole cell extract (WCE) is precipitated using 20% TCA for direct analysis of total proteins by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting. Extracts are also suitable for affinity purification of specific proteins, the detection of post-translational modifications, or the analysis of co-purifying proteins. As is the case for most protein purification protocols, some enzymes and proteins may require unique conditions or buffer compositions for their purification and others may be unstable or insoluble under the conditions stated. In the latter case, the protocol presented may provide a useful starting point to empirically determine the best bead-beating strategy for protein extraction and purification. We show the extraction and purification of an epitope-tagged SUMO E3 ligase, Siz1, a cell cycle regulated protein that becomes both sumoylated and phosphorylated, as well as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase subunit, Slx5.

The preparation of high quality yeast cell extracts is a necessary first step in the analysis of individual proteins or entire proteomes. Here we describe a fast, efficient, and reliable homogenization protocol for budding yeast cells that has been optimized to preserve protein functions, interactions, and post-translational modifications.

함수의 연구, 상호 작용, 그리고 번역 후 수정을위한 신진 효모 단백질 추출 및 정제

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

고해상도 시간 경과 이미징 및 생활 인간 제대 정맥 내피 세포의 미세 소관 역학의 자동 분석

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

Applications of pHluorin for Quantitative, Kinetic and High-throughput Analysis of Endocytosis in Budding Yeast

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants are widely used tools for studying protein localization and dynamics of events such as cytoskeletal remodeling and vesicular trafficking in living cells. Quantitative methodologies using chimeric GFP fusions have been developed for many applications; however, GFP is somewhat resistant to proteolysis, thus its fluorescence persists in the lysosome/vacuole, which can impede quantification of cargo trafficking in the endocytic pathway. An alternative method for quantifying endocytosis and post-endocytic trafficking events makes use of superecliptic pHluorin, a pH-sensitive variant of GFP that is quenched in acidic environments. Chimeric fusion of pHluorin to the cytoplasmic tail of transmembrane cargo proteins results in a dampening of fluorescence upon incorporation of the cargo into multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and delivery to the lysosome/vacuole lumen. Thus, quenching of vacuolar fluorescence facilitates quantification of endocytosis and early events in the endocytic pathway. This paper describes methods using pHluorin-tagged cargos for quantification of endocytosis via fluorescence microscopy, as well as population-based assays using flow cytometry.

Accurate quantification of vesicular trafficking events often provides key insights into roles for specific proteins and the effects of mutations. This paper presents methods for using superecliptic pHluorin, a pH-sensitive GFP variant, as a tool for quantification of endocytic events in living cells using quantitative fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry.

신진 효모의 세포 내 이입의 양적, 운동 및 높은 처리량 분석을위한 pHluorin의 응용 프로그램

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants are widely used tools for studying protein localization and dynamics of events such as cytoskeletal ...

Using Microfluidic Devices to Measure Lifespan and Cellular Phenotypes in Single Budding Yeast Cells

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects on the lifespan across species. However, the molecular causes of aging and death remain elusive. To gain a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying yeast aging, we need high-throughput methods to measure lifespan and to quantify various cellular and molecular phenotypes in single cells. Previously, we developed microfluidic devices to track budding yeast mother cells throughout their lifespan while flushing away newborn daughter cells. This article presents a method for preparing microfluidic chips and for setting up microfluidic experiments. Multiple channels can be used to simultaneously track cells under different conditions or from different yeast strains. A typical setup can track hundreds of cells per channel and allow for high-resolution microscope imaging throughout the lifespan of the cells. Our method also allows detailed characterization of the lifespan, molecular markers, cell morphology, and the cell cycle dynamics of single cells. In addition, our microfluidic device is able to trap a significant amount of fresh mother cells that can be identified by downstream image analysis, making it possible to measure the lifespan with higher accuracy.

This article presents a protocol optimized for the production of microfluidic chips and the setup of microfluidic experiments to measure the lifespan and cellular phenotypes of single yeast cells.

마이크로 유체 장치를 사용하면 단일 신진 효모 세포의 수명과 세포 표현형을 측정하는

Budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important model organism in aging research. Genetic studies have revealed many genes with conserved effects ...

High-resolution Imaging and Analysis of Individual Astral Microtubule Dynamics in Budding Yeast

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells regulate these processes and how genetic mutations impact regulation. The quantification of microtubule dynamics in metazoan models has a number of associated challenges, including a high microtubule density and limitations on genetic manipulations. In contrast, the budding yeast model offers advantages that overcome these challenges. This protocol describes a method to measure the dynamics of single microtubules in living yeast cells. Cells expressing fluorescently tagged tubulin are adhered to assembled slide chambers, allowing for stable time-lapse image acquisition. A detailed guide for high-speed, four-dimensional image acquisition is also provided, as well as a protocol for quantifying the properties of dynamic microtubules in confocal image stacks. This method, combined with conventional yeast genetics, provides an approach that is uniquely suited for quantitatively assessing the effects of microtubule regulators or mutations that alter the activity of tubulin subunits.

Budding yeast is an advantageous model for studying microtubule dynamics in vivo due to its powerful genetics and the simplicity of its microtubule cytoskeleton. The following protocol describes how to transform and culture yeast cells, acquire confocal microscopy images, and quantitatively analyze microtubule dynamics in living yeast cells.

고해상도 이미징 및 개인 별이 미세 소관 역학의 분석 신진 효모에서

Dynamic microtubules are fundamental to many cellular processes, and accurate measurements of microtubule dynamics can provide insight into how cells ...

Examination of Mitotic and Meiotic Fission Yeast Nuclear Dynamics by Fluorescence Live-cell Microscopy

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does not interfere with cell physiology, and requires minimal experimental handling. The low levels of technical interference enable researchers to study cells across multiple cycles of mitosis and to observe meiosis from beginning to end. Using fluorescent tags such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and Red Fluorescent Protein (RFP), researchers can analyze different factors whose functions are important for processes like transcription, DNA replication, cohesion, and segregation. Coupled with data analysis using Fiji (a free, optimized ImageJ version), live-cell imaging offers various ways of assessing protein movement, localization, stability, and timing, as well as nuclear dynamics and chromosome segregation. However, as is the case with other microscopy methods, live-cell imaging is limited by the intrinsic properties of light, which put a limit to the resolution power at high magnifications, and is also sensitive to photobleaching or phototoxicity at high wavelength frequencies. However, with some care, investigators can bypass these physical limitations by carefully choosing the right conditions, strains, and fluorescent markers to allow for the appropriate visualization of mitotic and meiotic events.

Here, we present live-cell imaging which is a non-toxic microscopy method that allows researchers to study protein behavior and nuclear dynamics in living fission yeast cells during mitosis and meiosis.

형광 라이브 세포 현미경 검사법에 의한 미토틱 및 Meiotic 핵분열 효모 핵 역학의 검사

Live-cell imaging is a microscopy technique used to examine cell and protein dynamics in living cells. This imaging method is not toxic, generally does ...