저자는 고순도의 화학 연구소에서 SEM 이미지, 실험 지원을위한 T. Marvdashti, 및 MF Churbanov와 GE Snopatin을위한 귀중한 토론, F. Afshinmanesh에 대한 G. Shambat, C. 필립스, K. Aghaei 감사드립니다 2 S 3 섬유로를 제공하기위한 러시아 과학 아카데미의 섬유 광학 연구 센터에서 물질 VG Plotnichenko 및 EM Dianov. 우리는 또한 해군 연구소, NASA, 과학 연구, 애질런트와 공동 기술 사무소의 공군 사무실의 사무실에서 지원을 감사하고 있습니다.

1. 테이퍼 설치 제작 (그림 1의 조립 설치를 참조하십시오) <ol><li> 단계가 접촉하고 서로를 향해 멀리 번역 할 수 있도록 브레드 (대략 중심으로)에 대한 자동화 된 선형 단계 보안 </li><li> 섬유 마운트를 준비하고 배치 <ol><li> 서로에게 가장 가까운 구멍을 사용하여 자동화 된 선형 단계 플레이트 (각각 하나씩)에 두 개의 광학 글을 첨부합니다. </li><li> 게시물의 꼭대기에 노출 된 광섬유 마운트를 부착합니다. 섬유 V-홈이 정렬되어 있는지 확인합니다. (참고 : 벌거 벗은 광섬유 마운트의 높이가 대략 시스템의 빔 높이있을 것이다 그에 따라 미래의 게시물 및 받침대 높이를 선택합니다..) </li></ol></li><li> 입력 및 출력 커플 링 요소를 준비하고 배치 <ol><li> 어댑터 플레이트 모터 리니어 스테이지 (입력 하나의 출력 측에 대해 하나)에 선형 변환 단계를 연결합니다. </li><li> AR 코팅 ZnSe 입력 커플 링 L를 놓고입력 변환 무대에서 ENS (받침대에 x와 y의 번역과 광학 마운트에 장착). 펌프 소스에서 섬유의 코어에 최적의 결합을 제공하는 초점 거리를 선택합니다. 렌즈의 중심이 섬유 클램프 V-그루브와 같은 높이에 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 출력 변환 무대에 코팅 ZnSe 출력 커플 링 렌즈 (받침대에 x와 y의 번역과 광학 마운트에 장착)를 배치. 렌즈의 중심이 V-그루브와 같은 높이에 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> (그림 2)을 준비하고 가열 요소를 배치 <ol><li> 기계 알루미늄 블록 섬유 (삽입 섬유를 제거하기위한 슬릿)을위한 그리고, 카트리지 히터, 8 / 용 구멍 섬유의 온도를 모니터링하기위한 구멍 원하는 치수 (~ 6mm X 25.4 mm X 17.5 mm)로 32 카트리지 히터를 장착하고 확보 위쪽과 아래쪽에 구멍을 탭. </li><li> t에 카트리지 히터를 삽입그는 적절한 알루미늄 블록의 구멍 32분의 8 세트 스크류로 고정합니다. </li><li> 열 절연을위한 최고 32분의 8 고정 나사에 세라믹 포스트를 연결합니다. </li><li> 세라믹 게시물에 광학 게시물을 부착하고 XYZ 선형 단계로 히터를 확보하기 위해 추가로 광학 글과 직각 포스트 클램프를 사용합니다. </li><li> 알루미늄 히터 2 S 3 섬유로의 구멍 섬유 클램프 V-홈을 중심으로 할 수 있도록 브레드 보드에 XYZ 리니어 스테이지를 고정합니다. </li><li> 히터 섬유 방해하지 않고 확보 할 수 있도록 벌거 벗은 광섬유 클램프 근처에 더 이상 발생하지 않도록 XYZ 리니어 스테이지 알루미늄 히터를 변환합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 칼 코게 나이드 섬유 제조 <ol><li> 2 S 3 섬유로 재킷의 원하는 길이를 적시 (해야합니다 이상 8.5 cm - 각 광섬유 테이퍼에 필요한 외피 섬유의 길이) 약 10 분 동안 아세톤 또는 때까지재킷 소프트됩니다. (다른 섬유를 사용하는 경우 재킷에 적절한 용매를 사용). </li><li> 부드럽게 한 번에 5cm 이상 더 이상 부분을 제거 KimWipe으로 부드럽게 재킷을 제거합니다. </li><li> KimWipe에 이소프로판올을 가진 벌거 벗은 섬유를 청소합니다. </li><li> 2 S 3 섬유로의 다니엘 한쪽 끝을 beavertail 칼을 사용합니다. 다니엘의 품질을 검사하는 이미지 폐기 섬유 팁. </li><li> 측정 및 섬유의 적어도 6.35-cm 길이 조각을 휴식. 이 섬유 길이가 거의 섬유 클램프 내밀어 섬유에 필요한 길이보다 ~ 2cm 이상이어야합니다. </li><li> 다니엘 섬유의 제 2 단부에 beavertail 칼을 사용합니다. 다니엘의 품질을 검사하는 이미지 폐기 섬유 팁. 섬유의 첫 번째 쪼개진 끝과의 접촉을 피할 것. </li><li> 가늘게 설정의 섬유 클램프의 섬유를 놓습니다. 섬유 (여기서 섬유 가열 될 것이다)의 중심을 만지지 마십시오. </li></ol> 3.에 현장 섬유 꼭지절차를 슬림화 <ol><li> AR 코팅 ZnSe 렌즈 (f = 12.7 mm)를 가진 섬유의 기본 모드로 몇 중반 IR 펌프 소스를. 이미지 전원이 기본 모드에서 주로인지 확인하는 Pyrocam와 섬유의 출력 패싯에 코팅 ZnSe 렌즈 (F = 20mm)를 사용합니다. 펌프 빔 섬유의 축을 따라 전파되어 있는지 확인합니다. 그렇지 않은 경우 자동화 된 단계가 움직이기 시작하면, 커플 링 변경됩니다. </li><li><ol><li> 펌프 소스 앞에 헬기를 배치합니다. (이 단계는 AC 커플 탐지기 필요합니다.) </li><li> 단색을 통해와 단색 전후 코팅 CAF 2 렌즈 (F = 20mm)를 사용하여 InSb을 검출기 섬유의 몇 출력. </li><li> 전송 된 신호가 거의 노이즈 플로어 (~ 3.9 μm의)에서 위에까지 스펙트럼의 장파장 측 단색을 통과 할 수 있도록 단색의 격자를 회전합니다. 대신 필터단색과 ING (단계 3.2.2 및 3.2.3), 적절한 광학 필터는 펌프의 긴 측정 가능한 파장 내용보다 더 검출 파장 전력을 측정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 섬유 슬릿을 통해 미끄러 져 알루미늄 히터의 섬유 구멍의 중앙까지 알루미늄 히터를 변환합니다. </li><li> 카트리지 히터 중 하나를 사용하여 RTD 센서 수준을 놓습니다. 그림 2와 같이이 블록과 접촉 완전히되도록 부드럽게 알루미늄 히터에 대한 RTD 센서를 누릅니다. RTD가 제대로 히터 (혹은 반복 방식)과 접촉하지 않은 경우, 블록의 온도를 알 수 있으며 섬유가 가늘어 동안 중단하게됩니다. 단색의 신호가 감소되지 않았는지 확인합니다. <ol><li> 작은 RTD는 구멍에 온도를 모니터링하기 위해 히터 블록의 다른 구멍 안쪽에 배치 할 수 있습니다. (선택 사항) </li></ol></li><li> 나에 디지털 방식으로 현미경을 사용하여테이퍼 과정에서 섬유의 모니터링이 가능하도록 히터 블록의 마법사 섬유. (선택 사항) </li><li> 공기 흐름을 줄이고 안정적​​인 가늘게 온도 허용하는 상자 (입력 및 출력 빔의 구멍)와 설정을 포함합니다. </li><li> RTD 및 카트리지 히터 연결로, 온도 조절기의 전원을 켭니다. 섬유가 부드럽게 시작 ~ 200 ° C (정확한 온도가 섬유 주위 히터, 환경 온도, 공기 흐름의 크기에 따라 달라집니다) 온도를 설정합니다. </li><li> 온도가 설정 점을 중심으로 안정되면, 멀리 한 각 방향 ~ 10 ㎛ / 초에서 서로 전동 스테이지를 변환하는 LabVIEW 프로그램을 시작합니다. </li><li> 스펙트럼 측정 신호의 InSb 검출기의 신호를 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. 검출기 신호가 최대 값 (탐지기를 포화하지 않도록주의)에 도달하면, 자동화 단계를 중지하고 카트리지 히터 (온도 조절기)를 해제. </li><li> (검출기 신호가 굴절 인덱스 또는 열 수축 온도 의존성으로 인해 대부분,이 과정에서 약간 감소합니다) 응고 섬유 ~ 10 분 기다립니다. </li><li> 섬유 untapered 인 섬유 클램프쪽으로 섬유를 따라 히터 블록을 변환합니다. 다음 섬유가 통과 할 수 있도록 히터 블록에 슬릿을 사용하여 섬유 히터 블록을 멀리 번역. </li><li> 단색과 스펙트럼 측정을 통해 SCG의 특성. InAs로 필터는 정확하게 스펙트럼의 긴 파장 부분을 측정하기 위해 필요할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 원하는 경우 섬유를 제거합니다. </li></ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Octave+spanning+supercontinuum+in+an+As2S3+taper+using+ultralow+pump+pulse+energy.">Octave spanning supercontinuum in an As2S3 taper using ultralow pump pulse energy.</a> Optics Letters. 36, 1122-1124 (2011).</li><li>Domachuk, P., Wolchover, N. A., Cronin-Golomb, M., Wang, A., George, A. K., Cordeiro, C. M. B., Knight, J. C., Omenetto, F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Over+4000+nm+bandwidth+of+mid-IR+supercontinuum+generation+in+sub-centimeter+segments+ofhighly+nonlinear+tellurite+PCFs.">Over 4000 nm bandwidth of mid-IR supercontinuum generation in sub-centimeter segments ofhighly nonlinear tellurite PCFs.</a> Optics Express. 6, 7161-7168 (2008).</li><li>Hu, J., Menyuk, C. R., Shaw, L. B., Sanghera, J. S., Aggarwal, I. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maximizing+the+bandwidth+of+supercontinuum+generation+in+As2Se3+chalcogenide+fibers.">Maximizing the bandwidth of supercontinuum generation in As2Se3 chalcogenide fibers.</a> Optics Express. 18, 6722-6739 (2010).</li><li>El-Amraoui, M., Fatome, J., Jules, J. C., Kibler, B., Gadret, G., Fortier, C., Smektala, F., Skripatchev, I., Polacchini, C. F., Messaddeq, Y., Troles, J., Brilland, L., Szpulak, M., Renversez, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strong+infrared+spectral+broadening+inlow-loss+As-S+chalcogenide+suspended+core+microstructured+optical+fibers.">Strong infrared spectral broadening inlow-loss As-S chalcogenide suspended core microstructured optical fibers.</a> Optics Express. 18, 4547-4556 (2010).</li><li>Marandi, A., Leindecker, N., Byer, R. L., Vodopyanov, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherence+properties+of+a+broadband+femtosecond+mid-IR+optical+parametric+oscillator+operating+at+degeneracy.">Coherence properties of a broadband femtosecond mid-IR optical parametric oscillator operating at degeneracy.</a> Optics Express. 20, 7255-7262 (2012).</li><li>Dudley, J. M., Coen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coherence+properties+of+supercontinuum+spectra+generated+in+photonic+crystal+and+tapered+optical+fibers.">Coherence properties of supercontinuum spectra generated in photonic crystal and tapered optical fibers.</a> Optics Letters. 27, 1180-1182 (2002).</li><li>Corwin, K. L., Newbury, N. R., Dudley, J. M., Coen, S., Diddams, S. A., Weber, K., Windeler, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamental+noise+limitations+to+supercontinuum+generation+in+microstructure+fiber.">Fundamental noise limitations to supercontinuum generation in microstructure fiber.</a> Physical Review Letters. 90, 113904 (2003).</li><li>Birks, T. A., Li, Y. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+shape+of+fiber+tapers.">The shape of fiber tapers.</a> Journal of Lightwave Technology. 10, 432-438 (1992).</li><li>Churbanov, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-purity+chalcogenide+glasses+as+materials+for+fiber+optics.">High-purity chalcogenide glasses as materials for fiber optics.</a> Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. 184, 25-29 (1995).</li></ol>

미국 임시 특허는이 문서에 기재된 기술을 보호 제기하고있다.

우리는 새로운 섬유를 가늘게하는 절차를 설명하고 중반 IR에서 SCG를 수행하여 그 유효성을 확인했습니다. 우리가 아는 한,이 응용 프로그램의 다른 방법은 계산을 통해 광섬유 테이퍼에 SCG을 최적화하기 위해 충분한 도파로 분산을 추가 테이퍼 섬유 직경을 만드는 데 필요한 섬유 당겨 길이를 결정하는 기반으로하지만, 당기는 길이는 필요 때문에 섬유의 특정 길이 확대 스펙트럼을 극대화하려?...

먼저 가시 파장 범위에서 생산 된 후 1.7 SCG 소스가 크게 분광학의 응용 프로그램에 의해 구동 중반 IR, 3., 황화물, 셀렌 및 tellurides 등 4 칼 코게 나이드 섬유 향해 이동했다에 대한 인기가 소재하고있다 그들의 낮은 전파 손실 및 100 이상 18 이하 높은 비선형에 중반 IR 인해 dB / km 19과 2로 용 ​​~ 200 배 실리카의 S 3, 20 각각. 그러나, 대부분의 chalcogenides의 제로 GVD 파장 대량 재료 또는 표준 단일 모드 칼 코게 나이드 섬유 도전 SCG을 만들기 가능한 초고속 펌프 소스의 대부분의 중심 파장을 넘어 중반 IR에 위치하고 있습니다. 도파관 분산은 SCG의 제로 GVD 점을 수정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 강력한 도파로 분산을 도입 7 방법은 섬유 마이크로 구조 섬유, 22-24를 사용하여 21, 8, 테이퍼 또는 포함펌프 파장 아래의 제로 GVD 파장을 이동하여 두. 10도 조합 펌프는 섬유 변칙 분산을 경험하게 될 것입니다. 변칙 분산 체제에서 솔리톤 형성은 자기 위상 변조와 GVD에 의한 선형 처프에 의한 비선형 짹짹의 균형을 통해 발생합니다. 펨토초 펌프 소스, 확대 스펙트럼은 일반적으로 펄스가 광섬유를 따라 전파로 초기 시간 압축 한 후 발생 솔리톤 분열 또는 펄스의 파괴에 의해 지배된다. 섬유의 경우 7, 가늘게 전체 자료 모두 GVD-등을 계산하고 도파관 분산 - 수 크게 확대 스펙트럼을 생산하는 데 필요한 최종 테이퍼 직경의 근사치를 제공합니다. 때문에 GVD와 섬유 펌프의 테이퍼 영역과 결합하기 전에 섬유 길이의 변경 등의 실험 실험 사이의 변동에 SCG의 강력한 의존도, 계산 된 대략이 충분 F하지 않습니다또는 단일 재판에 최적화 된 테이퍼를 달성. 스펙트럼 모니터링의 현장 가늘어에 대해 관찰하고 설명 할 수있는 실험 장치에서 이러한 변화를 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 짧은 테이퍼 광섬유의 효율적인 초 연속 (SC)를 생성하는 SCG의 일관성과 펌프 소스의 주파수 빗 특성을 보존 비선형 잡음 증폭의 양을 줄일 수 있습니다. 25-27 적절한 분산 관리, 그러므로에서의 필요성 가늘게 현장, 길이 SCG 허용 비늘, 섬유 길이가 짧은 경우 더욱 중요해집니다. 의 현장 가늘게 설정 테이퍼 될 것으로 2 S 3 광섬유의 코어에 결합 모드 잠금 어븀 첨가 광섬유 레이저, 9 저조하다 펌프 소스로 시작합니다. 섬유의 출력은 스펙트럼 프로파일의 특성을 장치에 연결된다. experim에서펌프 소스 (~ 3.9 μm의에서)에서 매우 낮은 신호가 처음으로이 곳 ENT, 해상도 ~ 20 m로 단색 이후의 InSb 검출기 섬유를 모니터링 할 수 있도록 출력 스펙트럼의 일부를 모니터링하는 데 사용됩니다 동안 테이퍼. 섬유 테이퍼과 스펙트럼이 넓어 때, 분산 등의 스펙트럼 측정 신호의 증가는 개별 실험에 최적화되어 있습니다. 가늘게 절차를 수행하는 동안 스펙트럼을 모니터링하여, 테이퍼가 확대 스펙트럼이 극대화 된 시점에서 중지 할 수 있습니다.에서 현장 가늘게은 단일 광섬유 테이퍼의 효율적인 SCG에 최적화 된 분산 관리 할 수 있습니다. 정적, 좁은 열 영역에 가늘게하는 저잡음 SCG를 허용하는 짧은 섬유 테이퍼 허리, 28를 생성합니다. 함께, 테이퍼의 현장 정적 중반 IR의 일관성, 낮은 소음, 옥타브에 걸친 SCG를 활성화 할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Name of Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Linear Stages</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>MFA-PPD</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Motorized Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>ESP301</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Aluminum Block</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dimensions will vary depending on desired taper length.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>RTD Sensor</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>1PT100GX1510</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cartridge Heaters</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSS-01115/120V</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Temperature Controller</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>CSC32</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>CVI</td>
			<td>07TXS224</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>422-1S</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>XYZ Linear Translation Stage</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>461</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Optical Breadboard</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MB12</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Input Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AL72512-E</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Input coupling focal length depends on pump source and fiber mode field diameter.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Output Coupling ZnSe Lens</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics</td>
			<td>NT62-961</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Box</td>
			<td>Any type will do.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Must be large enough to allow stage movement. Needs apertures for input and output coupling of light.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Ceramic Optical Post</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Digital Microscope</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Table Clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CL5</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Bare Fiber clamps</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>HFF003</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 1. Tapering Setup Materials.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>As2S3 Optical Fiber</td>
			<td>Fiber Optics Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors, such as CorActive. </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Beavertail Cleaver</td>
			<td>Fiber Network Tools</td>
			<td>S-315</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors. Hand cleaving or polishing fiber tips can also produce high quality fiber tips.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>KimWipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Acetone, Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 2. Materials for Chalcogenide Fiber Preparation.</td>
	 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Pyrocam</td>
			<td>Ophir Photonics</td>
			<td>Pyrocam III Series</td>
			<td>Any camera with sensitivity at pump wavelength will work.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Monochromator</td>
			<td>Photon Technology International</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A 100 line/mm grating was used. Any spectral measurement device will work (e.g. longpass filter). </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CaF2 Lenses</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LB5922</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>InAs Filter</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Amplified InSb Detector</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>P4631-03</td>
			<td>Available from other vendors.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DAQ</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>USB X Series</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for motorized stages</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Labview software for collecting detector data</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Optional. Custom program.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Assorted posts, optics mounts, bases, and forks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>1" Gold mirrors</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Chopper and controller</td>
			<td>Any vendor.</td>
			<td>SRS Model SR540</td>
			<td>Optional. Depends on detector being used.</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td></td>
		 <td>Table 3. Materials for In-situ Tapering Procedure.</td>
	 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

in-situ tapering of chalcogenide fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation

테이퍼 칼 코게 나이드 섬유 초 연속 생성 (SCG)은 같은 분자 지문, 3 추적 가스 감지, 4와 같은 응용 프로그램에 대한 중간 적외선 (또는 대략 2-20 μm의 파장 범위, 중반 IR) 주파수 빗 1, 2,을 확대하는 것이 바람직하다 고조파 발생을 통해 레이저 기반의 입자 가속, 5, X-선 생산. 6 테이퍼 광섬유의 효율적인 SCG를 달성의 시작 부분에 군속도 분산 (GVD) 및 광 펄스의 시간적 특성의 정밀한 제어를 필요로 섬유, 테이퍼 형상에 크게 의존한다 7. 실험 - 같은 섬유 길이, 환경 온도 테이퍼, 또는 섬유에 결합 된 전원으로 연속 SCG의 끝이 가늘어 설정 및 절차의 차이로 인해 8의에서 현장 스펙트럼 모니터링 SCG는 단일 실험의 출력 스펙트럼을 최적화 할 필요가있다. SCG에 대한 테이퍼의 현장 섬유 스펙트럼 측정 장치 테이퍼 될 수있는 광섬유를 통해 펌프 소스를 커플 링으로 구성되어 있습니다. 스펙트럼 측정 신호를 실시간으로 관찰하는 동안 섬유는 가늘게이다. 신호가 그것의 첨단을 도달 할 때, 테이퍼가 중지됩니다. 의 현장 가늘게 절차는 시중에서 가까운 IR 주파수 빗의 서브 하모닉의 안정, 옥타브에 걸친 중반 IR 주파수 빗의 생성을 허용합니다. 9이 방법으로 인해 시간과 필요한 재료의 감소로 비용을 절감 단지 2 mm의 허리 길이와 최적의 테이퍼를 제조한다. 의 현장 가늘게 기술이 융합 된 섬유 커플러 (12) 및 파장 분할 멀티플렉서 (WDMs), 13 MOFs를, 11 최적화 테이퍼 광섬유 쌍의 통과 대역의 10 튜닝 SCG위한 마이크로 구조 광섬유 (MOF)을 최적화 확장 할 수 있습니다또는 압축 분산 보상을 수정 또는 광 펄스 스트레칭. 14-16

의 현장 가늘게 절차를 성공적으로 완료 한 후, 펌프 스펙트럼은 그림 3에서 볼 2.2-5 μm의 (피크 아래 ~ 40dB시)에서 충당하기 위해 확대. 으로 2 S 3 섬유 펌프 펄스 에너지 100 FSEC에 따라 초기 펄스 길이 ~ 250 PJ했다. 테이퍼 허리의 짧은 길이 ~ 2.1 mm는, 광대역, 일관된 SC의 생성을 허용합니다. 이 펌프 소스의 주파수 빗 속성을 유지합니다. 주파수 빗 SCG의 다른 속성?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation at JoVE.com

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

우리가하는 방법을 설명<em&gt;의 현장</em&gt;으로의 테이퍼<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; 3</sub효율적인 중간 적외선 supercontinuum의 발전을 달성하기&gt; 섬유. 초 연속의 스펙트럼을 모니터링하면서 가늘게하여, 스펙트럼 폭은 광섬유 테이퍼를 위해 극대화 할 수 있습니다.<em&gt;에서 현장</em가늘게&gt; 섬유는 다른 섬유 기반 장치의 성능을 최적화하기 위해 적용 할 수 있습니다.

의 현장 중간 적외선 supercontinuum의 생성을위한 칼 코게 나이드 광섬유 테이퍼

Supercontinuum  generation (SCG) in a tapered chalcogenide fiber is desirable for broadening mid-infrared  (or mid-IR, roughly the 2-20 &mu;m wavelength ...

in-situ-tapering-chalcogenide-fiber-for-mid-infrared-supercontinuum

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

12.2K 조회수.  Stanford University. 우리가하는 방법을 설명의 현장으로의 테이퍼 2 S 3 섬유. 초 연속의 스펙트럼을 모니터링하면서 가늘게하여, 스펙트럼 폭은 광섬유 테이퍼를 위해 극대화 할 수 있습니다.에서 현장 섬유는 다른 섬유 기반 장치의 성능을 최적화하기 위해 적용 할 수 있?...

비디오: In-situ Tapering of Chalcogenide Fiber for Mid-infrared Supercontinuum Generation

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric vehicles.1,2 However, many challenges, such as energy density and battery lifetimes, need to be overcome before this particular battery technology can be widely implemented in such applications.3 This research is challenging, and we outline a method to address these challenges using in situ NPD to probe the crystal structure of electrodes undergoing electrochemical cycling (charge/discharge) in a battery. NPD data help determine the underlying structural mechanism responsible for a range of electrode properties, and this information can direct the development of better electrodes and batteries.
We briefly review six types of battery designs custom-made for NPD experiments and detail the method to construct the &#8216;roll-over&#8217; cell that we have successfully used on the high-intensity NPD instrument, WOMBAT, at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The design considerations and materials used for cell construction are discussed in conjunction with aspects of the actual in situ NPD experiment and initial directions are presented on how to analyze such complex in situ data.

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

We describe the design and construction of an electrochemical cell for the examination of electrode materials using in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD). We briefly comment on alternate in situ NPD cell designs and discuss methods for the analysis of the corresponding in situ NPD data produced using this cell.

제자리 중성자 분말 회절에서 사용자 정의 - 만든 리튬 이온 배터리를 사용하여

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

연구

공학

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 &#176;C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

We demonstrate use of a fiber optic distributed sensor for mapping the temperature field of mixing air jets. The Rayleigh scattering-based sensor generates thousands of data points along a single fiber to provide exceptional spatial resolution that is unattainable with traditional sensors such as thermocouples.

고해상도 온도 필드 매핑을위한 광섬유 분산 센서

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two chalcogenide compositions are demonstrated: Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60, which have both been studied extensively for planar mid-infrared (mid-IR) microphotonic devices. In this approach, uniform thickness films are fabricated through the use of computer numerical controlled (CNC) motion. Chalcogenide glass (ChG) is written over the substrate by a single nozzle along a serpentine path. Films were subjected to a series of heat treatments between 100 &#176;C and 200 &#176;C under vacuum to drive off residual solvent and densify the films. Based on transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and surface roughness measurements, both compositions were found to be suitable for the fabrication of planar devices operating in the mid-IR region. Residual solvent removal was found to be much quicker for the As40S60 film as compared to Ge23Sb7S70. Based on the advantages of electrospray, direct printing of a gradient refractive index (GRIN) mid-IR transparent coating is envisioned, given the difference in refractive index of the two compositions in this study.

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

A method of uniform thickness solution-derived chalcogenide glass film deposition is demonstrated using computer numerical controlled motion of a single-nozzle electrospray.

균일 한 두께의 Ge 전기 분무 증착<sub&gt; (23)</sub&gt;의 Sb<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; (70)</sub&gt;와 같이<sub&gt; (40)</sub&gt; S<sub&gt; (60)</sub&gt; 칼 코게 나이드 유리 필름

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

에 의한 나노 구조 산화 이트륨 안정화 지르코니아 (YSZ) 비계의 고온 제작<em&gt; 시츄</em&gt; 탄소 템플릿 생성 크 세로 겔

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and forging. Adoption of this technique is proceeding despite disagreement concerning the underlying mechanism responsible for EAD. The experimental procedure described herein enables a more explicit study compared to previous EAD research by removing thermal effects, which are responsible for disagreement in interpreting previous EAD results. Furthermore, as the procedure described here enables EAD observation in situ and in real time in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is superior to existing post-mortem methods that observe EAD effects post-test. Test samples consist of a single crystal copper (SCC) foil having a free-standing tensile test section of nanoscale thickness, fabricated using a combination of laser and ion beam milling. The SCC is mounted to an etched silicon base that provides mechanical support and electrical isolation while serving as a heat sink. Using this geometry, even at high current density (~3,500 A/mm2), the test section experiences a negligible temperature increase (&#60;0.02 &#176;C), thus eliminating Joule heating effects. Monitoring material deformation and identifying the corresponding changes to microstructures, e.g. dislocations, are accomplished by acquiring and analyzing a series of TEM images. Our sample preparation and in situ experiment procedures are robust and versatile as they can be readily utilized to test materials with different microstructures, e.g., single and polycrystalline copper.

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Isolating electrical and thermal effects on electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is very difficult using macroscopic samples. Metallic sample micro- and nanostructures together with a custom test procedure have been developed to evaluate the impact of applied current on the formation without joule heating and evolution of dislocations on these samples.

에 대한 소설 방법<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 나노 크기 시편의 전자 기계적 특성 분석

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. However, a number of setbacks prevent their integration into commercial devices. The main limiting factor is due to nanoscale phenomena occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, ultimately leading to degradation of battery operation. These key problems are highly challenging to observe and characterize as these batteries contain multiple buried interfaces. One approach for direct observation of interfacial phenomena in thin film batteries is through the fabrication of electrochemically active nanobatteries by a focused ion beam (FIB). As such, a reliable technique to fabricate nanobatteries was developed and demonstrated in recent work. Herein, a detailed protocol with a step-by-step process is presented to enable the reproduction of this nanobattery fabrication process. In particular, this technique was applied to a thin film battery consisting of LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si, and has further been previously demonstrated by in situ cycling within a transmission electron microscope.

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

A protocol for the fabrication of electrochemically active LiPON-based solid-state lithium-ion nanobatteries using a focused ion beam is presented.

집중 된 이온 빔 제작 현장에서 테스트 LiPON 기반 고체 리튬-이온 Nanobatteries

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they can delay or even prevent debonding failure. However, a major concern faced by designers is the premature failure of the anchors due to stress concentration. Poor installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes can result in stress concentration that provokes this premature failure. This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole. The method involves three parts: the drilling and cleaning of the holes, the smoothing of the hole edges with a customized drill bit, and the installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion. Anchor fans (the free length of the spikes) are then bonded to the external FRP reinforcement. For the end anchorage, and in the case of reinforcements with multiple plies, it is recommended that the anchor fan be inserted between two plies to assist the stress-transfer mechanism. 
The proposed procedure is complemented with a design approach for spike anchors, based on an extensive database. It is proposed that the design follow a number of steps, namely: selection of the anchor diameter and subsequent tensile strength of the connector (that is to say, the anchor before fanning out the free end), evaluation of the reduction in the tensile strength due to bending, provision of enough embedment to prevent slippage failure, and consideration of the number and spacing of anchors for a given reinforcement. In this sense, it should be noted that further research is needed in order to obtain a general expression for the contribution of spike anchors to overall bond strength of FRP reinforcements.

This manuscript presents a method for controlling the quality of installation for spike anchors designed to delay delamination of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers. The protocol includes the preparation of the drill hole and the insertion process. The most influential parameters on the efficiency of the anchors are discussed.

섬유에 대 한 품질 관리를 향상 시키기 위해 설치 방법 강화 폴리머 스파이크 앵커

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

3 차원 초음파 바늘 팁 광섬유 초음파 수신기와 함께 추적

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory setups is presented. The experiments are easily repeatable compared to operational scale experiments (pool diameter &#8805;2 m), while still featuring quite realistic in situ burning conditions of crude oil on water. Experimental conditions include a flowing water sub-layer that cools the oil slick and an external heat flux (up to 50 kW/m2) that simulates the higher heat feedback to the fuel surface in operational scale crude oil pool fires. These conditions enable a controlled laboratory study of the burning efficiency of crude oil pool fires that are equivalent to operational scale experiments. The method also provides quantitative data on the requirements for igniting crude oils in terms of the critical heat flux, ignition delay time as a function of the incident heat flux, the surface temperature upon ignition, and the thermal inertia. This type of data can be used to determine the required strength and duration of an ignition source to ignite a certain type of fresh or weathered crude oil. The main limitation of the method is that the cooling effect of the flowing water sub-layer on the burning crude oil as a function of the external heat flux has not been fully quantified. Experimental results clearly showed that the flowing water sub-layer does improve how representative this setup is of in situ burning conditions, but to what extent this representation is accurate is currently uncertain. The method nevertheless features the most realistic in situ burning laboratory conditions currently available for simultaneously studying the flammability and burning efficiency of crude oil on water.

Experimental Procedure for Laboratory Studies of In Situ Burning : Flammability and Burning Efficiency of Crude Oil

Here, we present a protocol to simultaneously study the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil under conditions that simulate in situ burning operations on the sea.

현장에서 불타의 실험실 연구에 대 한 실험 절차: 가연성 및 원유의 점화 효율성

A new method for the simultaneous study of the flammability and burning efficiency of fresh and weathered crude oil through two experimental laboratory ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

물으로 만든 광섬유의 설계 및 제조

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...