<ol>
	<li>Alexandersson, E., Saalbach, G., Larsson, C., Kjellbom, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+plasma+membrane+proteomics+identifies+components+of+transport,+signal+transduction+and+membrane+trafficking.">Arabidopsis plasma membrane proteomics identifies components of transport, signal transduction and membrane trafficking.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 45, 1543-1556 (2004).</li><li>Brown, D. A., Rose, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorting+of+GPI-anchored+proteins+to+glycolipid-enriched+membrane+subdomains+during+transport+to+the+apical+cell+surface.">Sorting of GPI-anchored proteins to glycolipid-enriched membrane subdomains during transport to the apical cell surface.</a> Cell. 68, 533-544 (1992).</li><li>Lanquar, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=15N-metabolic+labeling+for+comparative+plasma+membrane+proteomics+in+Arabidopsis+cells.">15N-metabolic labeling for comparative plasma membrane proteomics in Arabidopsis cells.</a> Proteomics. 7, 750-754 (2007).</li><li>Kierszniowska, S., Walther, D., Schulze, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ratio-dependent+significance+thresholds+in+reciprocal+15N-labeling+experiments+as+a+robust+tool+in+detection+candidate+proteins+responding+to+biological+treatment.">Ratio-dependent significance thresholds in reciprocal 15N-labeling experiments as a robust tool in detection candidate proteins responding to biological treatment.</a> Proteomics. 9, 1916-1924 (2009).</li><li>Singer, S. J., Nicolson, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fluid+mosaic+model+of+the+structure+of+cell+membranes.">The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes.</a> Science. 175, 720-731 (1972).</li><li>Simons, K., Ikonen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+rafts+in+cell+membranes.">Functional rafts in cell membranes.</a> Nature. 387, 569-5672 (1997).</li><li>Baumgart, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+fluid/fluid+phase+separation+of+proteins+and+lipids+in+giant+plasma+membrane+vesicles.">Large-scale fluid/fluid phase separation of proteins and lipids in giant plasma membrane vesicles.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104, 3165-3170 (2007).</li><li>Silvius, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Partitioning+of+membrane+molecules+between+raft-and+non+raft-domains:+insights+from+model+membrane+studies.">Partitioning of membrane molecules between raft-and non raft-domains: insights from model membrane studies.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1746, 193-202 (2005).</li><li>Tanner, W., Malinsky, J., Opekarova, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+plant+and+animal+cells,+detergent-resistant+membranes+do+not+define+functional+membrane+rafts.">In plant and animal cells, detergent-resistant membranes do not define functional membrane rafts.</a> Plant Cell. , (2011).</li><li>Lauwers, E., Andre, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+yeast+transporters+with+detergent-resistant+membranes+correlates+with+their+cell-surface+location.">Association of yeast transporters with detergent-resistant membranes correlates with their cell-surface location.</a> Traffic. 7, 1-15 (2006).</li><li>Kierszniowska, S., Seiwert, B., Schulze, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Definition+of+Arabidopsis+sterol-rich+membrane+microdomains+by+differential+treatment+with+methyl-&#223;-cyclodextrin+and+quantitative+proteomics.">Definition of Arabidopsis sterol-rich membrane microdomains by differential treatment with methyl-&#223;-cyclodextrin and quantitative proteomics.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 8, 612-623 (2009).</li><li>Simons, K., Toomre, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+rafts+and+signal+transduction.">Lipid rafts and signal transduction.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1, 31-39 (2000).</li><li>Maeda, Y., Kinoshita, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+remodeling,+trafficking+and+functions+of+glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored+proteins.">Structural remodeling, trafficking and functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins.</a> Prog. Lipid Res. 50, (2011).</li><li>Keinath, N. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PAMP-induced+changes+in+plasma+membrane+compartmentalization+reveal+novel+components+of+plant+immunity.">PAMP-induced changes in plasma membrane compartmentalization reveal novel components of plant immunity.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 285, 39140-39149 (2010).</li><li>Stanislas, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+proteomics+reveals+a+dynamic+association+of+proteins+to+detergent+resistant+membranes+upon+elicitor+signaling+in+tobacco.">Quantitative proteomics reveals a dynamic association of proteins to detergent resistant membranes upon elicitor signaling in tobacco.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 8, 2186-2198 (2009).</li><li>Minami, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+detergent-resistant+plasma+membrane+microdomains+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana+during+cold+acclimation.">Alterations in detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains in Arabidopsis thaliana during cold acclimation.</a> Plant Cell Physiol. 50, 341-359 (2008).</li><li>Pauly, M., Eberhard, S., Albersheim, P., Darvill, A., York, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+the+mur1+mutation+on+xyloglucans+produced+by+suspension-cultured+Arabidopsis+thaliana+cells.">Effects of the mur1 mutation on xyloglucans produced by suspension-cultured Arabidopsis thaliana cells.</a> Planta. 214, 67-74 (2001).</li><li>Jouanneau, J. P., Peaud-Lenoel, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+synthesis+of+proteins+in+cell+suspensions+of+a+kinetin+dependent+tobacco.">Growth and synthesis of proteins in cell suspensions of a kinetin dependent tobacco.</a> Physiol. Plant. 20, 834-850 (1967).</li><li>Engelsberger, W. R., Erban, A., Kopka, J., Schulze, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+labeling+of+plant+cell+cultures+with+K15NO3+as+a+tool+for+quantitative+analysis+of+proteins+and+metabolites.">Metabolic labeling of plant cell cultures with K15NO3 as a tool for quantitative analysis of proteins and metabolites.</a> Plant Methods. 2, 1-11 (2006).</li><li>Arsova, B., Kierszniowska, S., Schulze, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+heavy+nitrogen+in+quantitative+proteomics+experiments+in+plants.">The use of heavy nitrogen in quantitative proteomics experiments in plants.</a> Trends Plant Sci. 17, 102-112 (2012).</li><li>Rappsilber, J., Ishihama, Y., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stop+And+Go+Extraction+tips+for+matrix-assisted+laser+desorption/ionization,+nanoelectrospray,+and+LC/MS+sample+pretreatment+in+proteomics.">Stop And Go Extraction tips for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, nanoelectrospray, and LC/MS sample pretreatment in proteomics.</a> Anal. Chem. 75, 663-670 (2003).</li><li>Olsen, J. V., Macek, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+accuracy+mass+spectrometry+in+large-scale+analysis+of+protein+phosphorylation.">High accuracy mass spectrometry in large-scale analysis of protein phosphorylation.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 492, 131-142 (2009).</li><li>Schroeder, M. J., Shabanowitz, J., Schwartz, J. C., Hunt, D. F., Coon, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neutral+loss+activation+method+for+improved+phosphopeptide+sequence+analysis+by+quadrupole+ion+trap+mass+spectrometry.">A neutral loss activation method for improved phosphopeptide sequence analysis by quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry.</a> Anal. Chem. 76, 3590-3598 (2004).</li><li>Frese, C. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+peptide+identification+by+targeted+fragmentation+using+CID,+HCD+and+ETD+on+an+LTQ-Orbitrap+Velos.">Improved peptide identification by targeted fragmentation using CID, HCD and ETD on an LTQ-Orbitrap Velos.</a> Journal of Protrome Research. 10, 2377-2388 (2011).</li><li>van Breukelen, B., vanden Toorn, H. W., Drugan, M. M., Heck, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=StatQuant:+a+post-quantification+analysis+toolbox+for+improving+quantitative+mass+spectrometry.">StatQuant: a post-quantification analysis toolbox for improving quantitative mass spectrometry.</a> Bioinformatics. 25, 1472-1473 (2009).</li><li>Zauber, H., Schulze, W. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics+wants+cRacker:+Automated+standardized+data+analysis+of+LC/MS+derived+proteomic+data.">Proteomics wants cRacker: Automated standardized data analysis of LC/MS derived proteomic data.</a> J. Proteome Res. 11, 5548-5555 (2012).</li><li>Raffaele, S., Mongrand, S., Gamas, P., Niebel, A., Ott, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+annotation+of+remorins,+a+plant-specific+protein+family:+Evolutionary+and+functional+perspectives.">Genome-wide annotation of remorins, a plant-specific protein family: Evolutionary and functional perspectives.</a> Plant Physiol. 145, 593-600 (2007).</li><li>Shah, M. B., Sehgal, P. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nondetergent+isolation+of+rafts.">Nondetergent isolation of rafts.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 398, 21-28 (2007).</li><li>Persaud-Sawin, D. -. A., Lightcap, S., Harry, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+rafts+from+mouse+brain+tissue+by+a+detergent-free+method.">Isolation of rafts from mouse brain tissue by a detergent-free method.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 50, 759-767 (2009).</li><li>Macdonald, L. J., Pike, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simplified+method+for+the+preparation+of+detergent-free+lipid+rafts.">A simplified method for the preparation of detergent-free lipid rafts.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 46, 1061-1067 (2005).</li><li>M&#252;hlhaus, T., Weiss, J., Hemme, D., Sommer, F., Schroda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+shotgun+proteomics+using+a+uniform+15N-labeled+standard+to+monitor+proteome+dynamics+in+time+course+experiments+reveals+new+insights+into+the+heat+stress+response+of+Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii.">Quantitative shotgun proteomics using a uniform 15N-labeled standard to monitor proteome dynamics in time course experiments reveals new insights into the heat stress response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.</a> Mol. Cell. Proteomics. 10, M110.004739 (2011).</li><li>Schulze, W., Usadel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+in+mass-spectrometry-based+proteomics.">Quantitation in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics.</a> Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 61, 491-516 (2010).</li><li>Foster, L. J., de Hoog, C., Mann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbiased+quantiative+proteomics+of+lipid+rafts+reveales+high+specificity+for+signaling+factors.">Unbiased quantiative proteomics of lipid rafts reveales high specificity for signaling factors.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100, 5813-5818 (2003).</li><li>Lilley, K. S., Dupree, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+organelle+proteomics.">Plant organelle proteomics.</a> Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 10, 594-599 (2007).</li><li>Sadowski, P. G., Groen, A. J., Dupree, P., Lilley, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-cellular+localization+of+membrane+proteins.">Sub-cellular localization of membrane proteins.</a> Proteomics. 8, 3991-4011 (2008).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다. 저자되었습니다 Witold Szymanski는 분자 식물 생리학의 맥스 플랑크 연구소의 직원입니다. 저자는 트라우트 슐츠는 호헨 하임 대학, 독일의 직원입니다.

본 논문에서 제시하는 프로토콜은 여러 단계를 포함하고, 그들 모두는 세제 저항 막 및 세제 용해 분수에 식물 세포막의 순수하고 대표 분별을 얻을 매우 중요합니다. 따라서 지침에 따라 각 단계를 수행하는 것이 중요합니다. 비 - 이온 성 세제 (단계 3.2)와 세포막 분획의 치료는 막 마이크로 도메인 분획의 품질에 강한 영향을 미친다. 상이한 제제 사이 재현 가능한 결과를 ?...

1972 년, 조나단 가수와 거스 니콜슨은 일반적으로 1960 년대 초에 허용 된 단백질 지질 단백질 샌드위치 모델을 교체, 유체 모자이크 모델에게 세포막의 구조 모델을 제안했다. 가수 니콜슨은 생체막 모든 지질 및 단백질 분자는 자유롭게하고 쉽게 확산 5 이차원 액체로서 고려 될 수 있음을 가정했다. 그때 이후로, 막 조성의 세포막 및 지식의 구조 모델은 더 복잡하게되었다. 특히, 세포막 내에 그러한 단백질 복합체 및 지질 / 스테롤 기반 구조적 무질서 같은 마이크로 도메인 구조를 관찰 할 수있다. 인공 모델 막을 6,7에서 스테롤과 스핑 고리 피드 가로 방향으로 변형 된 신체 기능과 영역을 형성하기 위해 다른 지질 종에서 분리 할 수 있습니다. 세포막 내에서이 분리는 주로 스테롤 높은 SA의 자기 연관 특성에 의해 발생합니다phopsho 및 스핑 고지 8 turated 탄화수소 사슬. 특히, 강성 스테롤 반지 엄격한 및 똑바로 포화 지질 종과 이들의 상호 작용이 막 두께와 경도를 증가, 더 확장 된 입체 형태로 이웃 탄화수소 사슬을 강제로와의 상호 작용을 선호. 스테롤이 풍부한 막 마이크로 도메인의 일반적으로 관찰 된 기능 중 하나는 비 이온 계면 활성제 등의 트리톤 (Triton) X-100 BRIJ (35) 치료에 따라 자신의 불용성했다. 이 분획을 막 마이크로 도메인과 동일한 것으로 생각하고, 그들의 생화학 제조 방법 2에 따라 세제 저항 막 (DRM)라고했다. DRM 추출시 비이 온성 세제의 사용은 생화학 DRM 준비가 직접 사는 셀 (9) 내에서 특정 막 칸에 해당하지 않을 수 있으므로 약간의 비판을 받았다. 특히, 단백질의 비율 세제 등 준비에 중요한 것의 다른 세제뿐만 아니라 다른 세제 양의 세제 저항 막 분획 (10)의 다른 구성을 얻을 수 있습니다. 그러나, 특정 단백질의 종류는 특히 이러한 세포 스테롤이 풍부한 막 도메인과 연결하고,이 단백질이 잘 세제 저항 막 분수 (11)의 생화학 적 준비에 충실하는 증거가있다. 식물 DRM 분획에서 발견되었고,의 DRM에 존재 종속 스테롤했다하는 단백질의 핵심은, 이러한 fasciclin 같은 아라 비노 갈 락탄 단백질 (FLAs) 및 SKU 단백질 가족의 일원으로, 특히 GPI-고정 단백질이었다. 또한 수용체 같은 키나제 또는 포스 포 리파제 등 일부 신호 단백질은 11 발견되었다. 이러한 결과는 포유류 막 마이크로 도메인 12,13 많은 프로테오믹스 연구와 일치한다. 또한 식물에 스트레스 반응 (14)의 맥락에서 막 마이크로 도메인의 역할에 대한 증거가 증가하고있다 -16. 여기에 설명 된 프로토콜은 세포막 분획의 마이크로 도메인을위한 강력한 방법을 제공하고, 특히주세요 스테롤 풍부한 세포막 구획 4,11,14의 스트레스 유도 변화를 묘사 할 수의 세제 농도의 단백질을 사용한다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>REAGENTS </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals were ordered from Sigma-Aldrich unless noted otherwise</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonia (stock 25 % solution)</td>
			<td>WAKO</td>
			<td>010-03166</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TiO2 10 &mu;m</td>
			<td>GL-Science</td>
			<td>5020-75010</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Empore Disk C18</td>
			<td>Varian</td>
			<td>12145004</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene glycol(PEG 3350)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>88276</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran T500</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9219.2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V5113</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail (PIC)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9599</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K15NO3</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td>NLM-765-PK</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT </td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima L-80 XP Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EASY-nLC II nano-Liquid Chromatograph</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5417R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Speed Vac RVC 2-25</td>
			<td>Christ</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker Unimax 2010</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

metabolic labeling and membrane fractionation for comparative proteomic analysis of arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell cultures

세포막 마이크로 도메인은 지질 및 스테롤 환경의 물리적 특성에 기초하여 기능하고 신호 전달 프로세스에서 특정 역할이있다. 프로테옴 분석을 위해 식물 세포에서 스테롤이 풍부한 막 마이크로 도메인을 추출하면 여러 준비 단계 및 다른 세포 구획에서의 오염 물질에 대한 소스에 주로 어려운 작업입니다. 세포막은 식물 세포에있는 멤브레인의 단지 대략 5-20 %에 구성하고, 따라서 고순도 세포막 분획의 분리 도전적이다. 자주 사용하는 방법은 95 % (1)의 순도 세포막 소포를 산출 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 및 덱스 트란의 수성 두 단계의 분할을 포함한다. 세포막 내 스테롤이 풍부한 막 마이크로 도메인은 알칼리 pH에서 차가운 비 이온 계 계면 활성제 치료에 불용성이다. 이 세제 저항 막 분획은 초 원심 분리에 의해 대량 세포막으로부터 분리 될 수있다ucrose 그라데이션 2. 이어서, 단백질은 메탄올 / 클로로포름 침전 자당 구배 저밀도 대역으로부터 추출 될 수있다. 추출 된 단백질은 소화 탈염 마지막 LC-MS/MS 분석 트립신됩니다. 스테롤이 풍부한 마이크로 도메인에 대한 우리의 추출 프로토콜은 애기 장대의 세포 배양에서 청소 세제 저항 막 분수의 준비를 위해 최적화되어 있습니다. 우리는 또한 3의 생물학적 처리 다음과 같은 정량적 인 비교 프로테오믹스 연구를위한 유일한 질소원으로 K 15 NO 3와 애기 장대 서스펜션 세포 배양의 전체 신진 대사 라벨을 사용합니다. 조인트 단백질 추출을위한 표지 및 표지되지 않은 세포 배양의 동등한 비율을 혼합하여 최종 정량 결과의 준비 단계의 영향은 최소로 유지된다. 또한 추출 중 물질의 손실은 제어와 같은 방법으로 처리 샘플 모두에 영향을 미칠 것이다D 따라서 빛과 올림 펩타이드의 비율이 일정하게 유지됩니다. 제안 된 방법으로 표시하거나 다른 컨트롤 4 역할을하면서 레이블이없는 세포 배양은 생물학적 처리를 거쳐 하나.

대사 적으로 표지 된 애기 세포 배양을 이용하여 제시된 프로토콜로는 식물 조직 (STEP2가, 2 및도 4)에서 원형질막을 분리하고, 세포막 내에 세제 저항 막 분획에 대한 풍부 할 수있다 (단계 3, 4 및도 5). 이어서, 프로토콜은 수있는 세제 저항 막 분획 (단계 4) 및 비교 프로테옴 분석 (단계 5)에 대한 단백질의 소화로부터 단백질의 추출. 마지막으로, 포스 포 (8 단계)의 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures at JoVE.com

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

여기에서 우리는 완전히 15 N 표시 애기 장대 세포 배양 레이블의 혼합물에 따라 세제 저항하고 세제 용해 막에 식물 세포막의 분별과 생체 내에서 강력한 방법을 설명합니다. 절차는 시그널링 프로세스를 이해하기 위해, 비교 단백체 연구에 적용된다.

비교 단백체 분석을위한 신진 대사 라벨링 및 막 분별<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 서스펜션 세포 배양

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

metabolic-labeling-membrane-fractionation-for-comparative-proteomic

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

14.0K 조회수.  Max Plank Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology.  여기에서 우리는 완전히 15 N 표시 애기 장대 세포 배양 레이블의 혼합물에 따라 세제 저항하고 세제 용해 막에 식물 세포막의 분별과 생체 내에서 강력한 방법을 설명합니다. 절차는 시그널링 프로세스를 이해하기 위해, 비교 단백체 연구에 적용된다. 

비디오: Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Toxin Induction and Protein Extraction from Fusarium spp. Cultures for Proteomic Studies

Fusaria are filamentous fungi able to produce different toxins. Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T2, zearelenone, fusaric acid, moniliformin, etc... have adverse effects on both human and animal health and some are considered as pathogenicity factors. Proteomic studies showed to be effective for deciphering toxin production mechanisms (Taylor et al., 2008) as well as for identifying potential pathogenic factors (Paper et al., 2007, Houterman et al., 2007) in Fusaria. It becomes therefore fundamental to establish reliable methods for comparing between proteomic studies in order to rely on true differences found in protein expression among experiments, strains and laboratories. The procedure that will be described should contribute to an increased level of standardization of proteomic procedures by two ways. The filmed protocol is used to increase the level of details that can be described precisely. Moreover, the availability of standardized procedures to process biological replicates should guarantee a higher robustness of data, taking into account also the human factor within the technical reproducibility of the extraction procedure.
The protocol described requires 16 days for its completion: fourteen days for cultures and two days for protein extraction (figure 1). 
Briefly, Fusarium strains are grown on solid media for 4 days; they are then manually fragmented and transferred into a modified toxin inducing media (Jiao et al., 2008) for 10 days. Mycelium is collected by filtration through a Miracloth layer. Grinding is performed in a cold chamber. Different operators performed extraction replicates (n=3) in order to take into account the bias due to technical variations (figure 2). Extraction was based on a SDS/DTT buffer as described in Taylor et al. (2008) with slight modifications. Total protein extraction required a precipitation process of the proteins using Aceton/TCA/DTT buffer overnight and Acetone /DTT washing (figure 3a,3b). Proteins were finally resolubilized in the protein-labelling buffer and quantified. Results of the extraction were visualized on a 1D gel (Figure 4, SDS-PAGE), before proceeding to 2D gels (IEF/SDS-PAGE). The same procedure can be applied for proteomic analyses on other growing media and other filamentous fungi (Miles et al., 2007).

Toxin Induction and Protein Extraction from Fusarium spp. Cultures for Proteomic Studies

Protein extraction for proteomic analyses in fungal species requires high levels of standardization to be accomplished according with the minimum information about a proteomic experiment (MIAPE) guidelines. We present a video-protocol that includes a procedure for minimizing experimental bias during toxin induction and protein extraction from Fusarium spp.

에서 독소 유도와 단백질 추출 Fusarium 종.</emProteomic 연구> 문화

Fusaria are filamentous fungi able to produce different toxins. Fusarium mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T2, zearelenone, fusaric acid, ...

연구

생물학

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral-dip transformation method1-2 has replaced all previous methods because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Specifically, shoots of young flowering Arabidopsis plants are dipped in a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying specific plasmid constructs. After dipping, the plants are returned to normal growth and yield seeds, a small percentage of which are transformed with the foreign gene and can be selected for on medium containing antibiotics. This floral-dip method significantly facilitated Arabidopsis research and contributed greatly to our understanding of plant gene function. In this study, we use the floral-dip method to transform a reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of TSO2 promoter. TSO2, coding for the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) small subunit3, is a cell cycle regulated gene essential for dNDP biosynthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Examination of GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings shows that TSO2 is expressed in actively dividing tissues. The reported experimental method and materials can be easily adapted not only for research but also for education at high school and college levels.

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&amp;#946;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

This article illustrates the floral-dip method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. By introducing a cell-cycle regulated promoter-reporter, pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), into Arabidopsis, we illustrates how one detects GUS reporter expression in transgenic seedlings.

의 꽃 - 물놀이 변환 Arabidopsis thaliana 검사 pTSO2 : β - glucuronidase 리포터 유전자 발현

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis ...

Measuring Cell Cycle Progression Kinetics with Metabolic Labeling and Flow Cytometry

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating cells. Cell cycle division is an integral part of growth and reproduction and deregulation of key cell cycle components have been implicated in the precipitating events of carcinogenesis 1,2. Molecular agents in anti-cancer therapies frequently target biological pathways responsible for the regulation and coordination of cell cycle division 3. Although cell cycle kinetics tend to vary according to cell type, the distribution of cells amongst the four stages of the cell cycle is rather consistent within a particular cell line due to the consistent pattern of mitogen and growth factor expression. Genotoxic events and other cellular stressors can result in a temporary block of cell cycle progression, resulting in arrest or a temporary pause in a particular cell cycle phase to allow for instigation of the appropriate response mechanism. 
The ability to experimentally observe the behavior of a cell population with reference to their cell cycle progression stage is an important advance in cell biology. Common procedures such as mitotic shake off, differential centrifugation or flow cytometry-based sorting are used to isolate cells at specific stages of the cell cycle 4-6. These fractionated, cell cycle phase-enriched populations are then subjected to experimental treatments. Yield, purity and viability of the separated fractions can often be compromised using these physical separation methods. As well, the time lapse between separation of the cell populations and the start of experimental treatment, whereby the fractionated cells can progress from the selected cell cycle stage, can pose significant challenges in the successful implementation and interpretation of these experiments.
Other approaches to study cell cycle stages include the use of chemicals to synchronize cells. Treatment of cells with chemical inhibitors of key metabolic processes for each cell cycle stage are useful in blocking the progression of the cell cycle to the next stage. For example, the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea halts cells at the G1/S juncture by limiting the supply of deoxynucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. Other notable chemicals include treatment with aphidicolin, a polymerase alpha inhibitor for G1 arrest, treatment with colchicine and nocodazole, both of which interfere with mitotic spindle formation to halt cells in M phase and finally, treatment with the DNA chain terminator 5-fluorodeoxyridine to initiate S phase arrest 7-9. Treatment with these chemicals is an effective means of synchronizing an entire population of cells at a particular phase. With removal of the chemical, cells rejoin the cell cycle in unison. Treatment of the test agent following release from the cell cycle blocking chemical ensures that the drug response elicited is from a uniform, cell cycle stage-specific population. However, since many of the chemical synchronizers are known genotoxic compounds, teasing apart the participation of various response pathways (to the synchronizers vs. the test agents) is challenging. 
Here we describe a metabolic labeling method for following a subpopulation of actively cycling cells through their progression from the DNA replication phase, through to the division and separation of their daughter cells. Coupled with flow cytometry quantification, this protocol enables for measurement of kinetic progression of the cell cycle in the absence of either mechanically- or chemically- induced cellular stresses commonly associated with other cell cycle synchronization methodologies 10. In the following sections we will discuss the methodology, as well as some of its applications in biomedical research.

Tracking subtle changes in the progression and kinetics of cell cycle stages can be accomplished by use of a combination of metabolic labeling of nucleic acids with BrdU and total genomic DNA staining via Propidium Iodide. This method avoids the need of chemical synchronization of cycling cells, thereby preventing the introduction of non-specific DNA damage, which in turn affects cell cycle progression.

신진 대사 레이블 및 유동세포계측법와 세포주기 진행의 동력학 측정

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating ...

Metabolic Labeling of Leucine Rich Repeat Kinases 1 and 2 with Radioactive Phosphate

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are paralogs which share a similar domain organization, including a serine-threonine kinase domain, a Ras of complex proteins domain (ROC), a C-terminal of ROC domain (COR), and leucine-rich and ankyrin-like repeats at the N-terminus. The precise cellular roles of LRRK1 and LRRK2 have yet to be elucidated, however LRRK1 has been implicated in tyrosine kinase receptor signaling1,2, while LRRK2 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease3,4. In this report, we present a protocol to label the LRRK1 and LRRK2 proteins in cells with 32P orthophosphate, thereby providing a means to measure the overall phosphorylation levels of these 2 proteins in cells. In brief, affinity tagged LRRK proteins are expressed in HEK293T cells which are exposed to medium containing 32P-orthophosphate. The 32P-orthophosphate is assimilated by the cells after only a few hours of incubation and all molecules in the cell containing phosphates are thereby radioactively labeled. Via the affinity tag (3xflag) the LRRK proteins are isolated from other cellular components by immunoprecipitation. Immunoprecipitates are then separated via SDS-PAGE, blotted to PVDF membranes and analysis of the incorporated phosphates is performed by autoradiography (32P signal) and western detection (protein signal) of the proteins on the blots. The protocol can readily be adapted to monitor phosphorylation of any other protein that can be expressed in cells and isolated by immunoprecipitation.

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are multidomain proteins which encode both GTPase and kinase domains and which are phosphorylated in cells. Here, we present a protocol to label LRRK1 and LRRK2 in cells with 32P orthophosphate, thereby providing a means to measure their overall cellular phophorylation levels.

류신 리치의 신진 대사 라벨링 방사성 인산과 키니 아제 1과 2를 반복

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are paralogs which share a similar domain organization, including a serine-threonine kinase domain, ...

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex composition under different conditions. In this protocol the approach is demonstrated by comparing the composition of the protein complex responsible for cyclic electron flow (CEF) in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, isolated from genetically different strains. The procedure comprises the isolation of thylakoid membranes, followed by their separation into multiprotein complexes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, SDS-PAGE, immunodetection and comparative, quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) based on differential metabolic labeling (14N/15N) of the analyzed strains. Detergent solubilized thylakoid membranes are loaded on sucrose density gradients at equal chlorophyll concentration. After ultracentrifugation, the gradients are separated into fractions, which are analyzed by mass-spectrometry based on equal volume. This approach allows the investigation of the composition within the gradient fractions and moreover to analyze the migration behavior of different proteins, especially focusing on ANR1, CAS, and PGRL1. Furthermore, this method is demonstrated by confirming the results with immunoblotting and additionally by supporting the findings from previous studies (the identification and PSI-dependent migration of proteins that were previously described to be part of the CEF-supercomplex such as PGRL1, FNR, and cyt f). Notably, this approach is applicable to address a broad range of questions for which this protocol can be adopted and e.g. used for comparative analyses of multiprotein complex composition isolated from distinct environmental conditions.

A New Approach for the Comparative Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry

The described comparative, quantitative proteomic approach aims at obtaining insights into the composition of multiprotein complexes&#160;under different conditions and is demonstrated by comparing genetically different strains. For quantitative analysis equal volumes of different fractions from a sucrose density gradient are mixed and analyzed by mass spectrometry.

multiprotein의 단지의 비교 분석을위한 새로운 접근 방식을 기반으로<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N 대사 라벨링 및 정량 질량 분석

The introduced protocol provides a tool for the analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane, by revealing insights into complex ...

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively in the study of secondary cell wall formation. Secondary cell wall deposition occurs after the primary cell wall is laid down, a process carried out exclusively by specialized cells such as those forming vessel and fiber tissues. Most secondary cell walls are composed of cellulose (40&#8211;50%), hemicellulose (25&#8211;30%), and lignin (20&#8211;30%). Several mutations affecting secondary cell wall biosynthesis have been isolated, and the corresponding mutants may or may not exhibit obvious biochemical composition changes or visual phenotypes since these mutations could be masked by compensatory responses. Staining procedures have historically been used to show differences on a cellular basis. These methods are exclusively visual means of analysis; nevertheless their role in rapid and critical analysis is of great importance. Congo red and calcofluor white are stains used to detect polysaccharides, whereas M&#228;ule and phloroglucinol are commonly used to determine differences in lignin, and toluidine blue O is used to differentially stain polysaccharides and lignin. The seemingly simple techniques of sectioning, staining, and imaging can be a challenge for beginners. Starting with sample preparation using the A. thaliana model, this study details the protocols of a variety of staining methodologies that can be easily implemented for observation of cell and tissue organization in secondary cell walls of plants.

Histochemical Staining of Arabidopsis thaliana Secondary Cell Wall Elements

Plant cell wall composition varies between tissue types and can include lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectin. Various staining techniques have been developed to visualize differences at the cell-type level. This paper is a compilation of commonly used cell wall staining techniques.

의 조직 화학 염색<em&gt; 애기 장대</em&gt; 차 전지 벽 요소

Arabidopsis thaliana is a model organism commonly used to understand and manipulate various cellular processes in plants, and it has been used extensively ...

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and composed of mature enterocytes, goblet cells and enteroendocrine cells; and crypts, residing proximal to the submucosa and the muscularis, harboring adult stem and progenitor cells and mature Paneth cells, as well as stromal and immune cells of the crypt microenvironment. Until the last few years, in vitro studies of small intestine was limited to cell lines derived from either benign or malignant tumors, and did not represent the physiology of normal intestinal epithelia and the influence of the microenvironment in which they reside. Here, we demonstrate a method adapted from Sato et al. (2009) for culturing primary mouse intestinal crypt organoids derived from C57BL/6 mice. In addition, we present the use of crypt organoid cultures to assay the crypt metabolic profile in real time by measurement of basal oxygen consumption, glycolytic rate, ATP production and respiratory capacity. Organoids maintain properties defined by their source and retain aspects of their metabolic adaptation reflected by oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates. Real time metabolic studies in this crypt organoid culture system are a powerful tool to study crypt organoid energy metabolism, and how it can be modulated by nutritional and pharmacological factors.

Real Time Analysis of Metabolic Profile in Ex Vivo Mouse Intestinal Crypt Organoid Cultures

Small intestinal crypt organoids cultured ex vivo provide a tissue culture system that recapitulates growth of crypts dependent on stem cells and their niche. We established a method to assay the metabolic profile in real time in primary mouse crypt organoids. We found organoids maintain physiological properties defined by their source.

대사 프로파일의 실시간 분석<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 마우스 장내 크립트 Organoid 문화

The small intestinal mucosa exhibits a repetitive architecture organized into two fundamental structures: villi, projecting into the intestinal lumen and ...

Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Despite their physiological importance, enteroendocrine cells represent only a small fraction of the epithelial cell population and in the past, their characterization has presented a considerable challenge resulting in a reliance on cell line models. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary cultures have been used to identify the signaling pathways underlying the stimulation and inhibition of gut peptide secretion in response to a number of nutrients and neuropeptides as well as pharmacological agents. Furthermore, in combination with the use of transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, we have demonstrated that these primary cultures become a powerful tool for the examination of fluorescently-tagged enteroendocrine cells at the intracellular level, using methods such as patch clamping and single-cell calcium and cAMP-FRET imaging.

This protocol describes the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary intestinal cultures enable the investigation of signaling pathways underlying gut peptide secretion using a number of techniques.

장 내분비 세포의 굿 호르몬 분비의 연구 및 라이브 세포 이미징을위한 의도 된 쥐 소장의 혼합 차 문화

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal ...

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light conditions, which are preferably variable in quantity and quality so that studies under different setups can be conducted. These requirements are met by climatic chambers featuring light emitting diodes (LED) lights, which can &#8211; in contrast to fluorescent lights &#8211; be set to different wavelengths. LEDs are energy conserving and emit virtually no heat even at light intensities, which often constitutes a problem with other light sources. The presented protocol provides a step-by-step guidance of how to program a climatic chamber equipped with variable LED lights as well as describing several approaches for in depth analysis of growth phenotypes. Depending on the experimental set-up various characteristics of the growing plants can be observed and analyzed. Here we describe how to determine fresh weight, leaf area, photosynthetic activity, and stomatal density. We demonstrate that in order to obtain reliable data and draw valid conclusions it is mandatory to use a sufficient number of individuals for statistical evaluation. Taking too few plants for this kind of analysis results in high statistical errors and consequently in less clear interpretations of the data.

Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Growth Behavior in Different Light Qualities

Here, we present a protocol for studying plant growth behavior and especially phenotypes in a reproducible manner. We show how to provide variable and at the same time stable light conditions. Proper analyses depend on sufficient sample numbers and valid statistical evaluations.

다른 빛 자질에 애기 thaliana 성장 행동의 분석

Plant biologists often need to observe the growth behavior of their chosen species. To this end, the plants need constant environmental and stable light ...

컨포칼 이미징을 통한 ERL1 동역학의 시공간 조사

Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane system. This includes the secretory transport of newly synthesized proteins to the cell surface or the outside of the cell, the endocytic transport of extracellular cargoes or plasma membrane components into the cell, and the recycling or shuttling transport of cargoes between the subcellular organelles, etc. Membrane trafficking events are crucial to the development, growth, and environmental adaptation of all eukaryotic cells and, thus, are under stringent regulation. Cell-surface receptor kinases, which perceive ligand signals from the extracellular space, undergo both secretory and endocytic transport. Commonly used approaches to study the membrane trafficking events using a plasma membrane-localized leucine-rich-repeat receptor kinase, ERL1, are described here. The approaches include plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup. To monitor the spatiotemporal regulation of ERL1, this study describes the co-localization analysis between ERL1 and a multi-vesicular body marker protein, RFP-Ara7, the time series analysis of these two proteins, and the z-stack analysis of ERL1-YFP treated with the membrane trafficking inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin.

저자 스포트라이트: 기공 계통 세포에서 막 이동 이벤트를 연구하기 위한 이미지 기반 방법  

Several commonly used methods are introduced here to study the membrane trafficking events of a plasma membrane receptor kinase. This manuscript describes detailed protocols including the plant material preparation, pharmacological treatment, and confocal imaging setup.

기공 계통 세포에서 막 트래피킹 사건을 연구하기 위한 이미지 기반 방법

In eukaryotic cells, membrane components, including proteins and lipids, are spatiotemporally transported to their destination within the endomembrane ...