이 연구는 세인트 루이스의 워싱턴 대학의 NSF 프로그램 (학부생에 대한 경험을 연구)에 의해 지원된다.

1. 해조류 재배 및 규모 확대 <ol><li> 7H 2 O, 0.015 g / L -1 FeSO 4 · 7H · 0.55 g / L -1 요소, 0.1185 g / L -1 KH 2 PO 4, 0.102 g / L -1 망초를 포함하는 탈 이온수를 사용하여 배지를 준비 2 O 22.5 μL의 미량 원소 (18.5 g / L -1 H 3 BO 3, 21.0 g / L -1 CuSO 4 · 5H 2 O, 73.2 g / L -1 MnCl 2 · 4H 2 O, 13.7 g / L -1 COSO 4 · 7H 2 O, 59.5 g / L -1 ZnSO 4 · 5H 2 O, 3.8 g / L -1 (NH 4) 6 모 7 O 24 · 4H 2 O, 0.31 g / L -1 NH 4 VO 3 ). 7-8 중간 산도를 조정합니다. 0.22 μm의 주사기 필터를 통해 배지를 소독. </li><li> 클로렐라 SP 접종. 흔들림 FLA에 신선한 한천 플레이트에 하나의 식민지에서SK 무균 접종 루프 50 ㎖ 배지를 함유. 6 일 동안 150 rpm으로 30 ° C에서 배양 조류 (연속 빛 조건, 광자 플럭스 = 40 ~ 50 μmol의 m -2 초 -1). 분광 광도계 (OD 730)에 의해 세포의 밀도를 모니터링합니다. </li><li> 전송 50 ML의 조류 (1 ~ L 멸균 배지에) 2-L의 유리 플라스크에 넣고 문화 (&gt; 1 중간 로그 성장 단계, OD 730). 펌프 (5 일) 배양시 공기 (또는 CO 2) 문화로 여과. </li><li> 단계 1.3에 명시된 동일한 조건에서 다음 (이 단계에서, 미생물 오염의 위험이 작은) 비 멸균 배양 배지, 배양 조류를 15 L를 포함하는 20-L 유리 상자 속에 든 대형 유리 병에 전송 1 L의 조류 문화. </li><li> 발광 다이오드, 컴퓨터 제어, 혼합 가스, 세포 광학 밀도 분석기가 장착 된 평판 광 생물 반응기 (에 15 L 신선한 조류 배양 (OD 730 = 2) 85 L 비 멸균 매체를 놓고, 산도, 산소를 용해겐, 온도 및 용존 CO 2). 생물 반응기로 연도 가스 / 공기 혼합물을 펌프. </li><li> (OD 730&gt; 20) 바이오 매스 수확 후 70 % 에탄올을 사용하여 완전히 건조 청소 광 생물 반응기. </li></ol> 2. 작은 광 바이오 반응기를 사용하여 연소 가스 처리 실험실 데모 <ol><li> 유리 병에 조류 배양 (200 ㎖ / 분 중 / 병, 초기 OD 730 ~ 0.3)에 접종. </li><li> 천연 가스를 연소시켜 깔때기, 냉각 관, 및 (물 / 석회석 슬러리 함유) 0.5 L 세척 병을 통해 연도 가스 (~ 250cm 3 분 -1)를 펌프. </li><li> 질량 흐름 제어기는 조류 배양에 연도 가스 흐름 (도 1)를 제어한다. 배기 가스에와 연도 가스 - 오프 (대신 공기를 펌프) : 연소 가스 펄스는 두 가지 모드가 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. 운동 모델 개발 운동 모델은 가정 (1) 문화가 균일 한 시스템입니다의. (2) 문화의 CO 2 농도와 빛의 강도가 조류 성장의 제한 요소입니다. 및 CO 3 2 - -) 헨리의 법칙으로 간략화 H 2 CO 3, HCO 3가 (3) CO 2 분압과 액상 평형. 모델 방정식은 다음과 같습니다 : <img alt="방정식 1 및 2" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/50718eq1and2.jpg" width="500px" /> X는 바이오 매스 (kg · m의 -3)입니다. S는 용해 된 CO 2 (몰 · m의 -3)입니다. P는 기체 상 (PA)에서 CO 분압이있다. P는 내가 (예 : NO x와 SO X 등) 가스의 독성 화합물을 토륨의 부분 압력이다. P의 max.i 바이오 매스의 성장에 전체 억제를 가지고 독성 가스의 분압이다. η 나는 경험적 계수이다. K s는 미카엘 - 멘텐 상수CO 2의 (몰 · m -3). K 나는 CO 2의 억제 상수 (몰 · m의 -3)입니다. K는 빛의 강도의 미카엘 - 멘텐 상수 (μmol · m -2 · 초 -1)입니다. H는 (m 3 · 몰 -1 · PA) CO 2의 헨리 상수이다. K 라는 CO 2 (HR-1)의 질량 전달 속도이다. 나는 · 다음과 같은 9 ((3)은 식)를 산출 할 수있다 m -2 · 초 -1, 평균 빛의 강도, μmol입니다. <img alt="식 3" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/50718eq3.jpg" width="500px" /> 모델 파라미터의 정의는 표 1에있다. 초기 조건은 바이오 매스 용해 CO 2 농도는 각각 100 ㎎ / L, 13 μmol / L,한다고 가정합니다. 체적 물질 전달 계수는 경험적 상관 식에 의해 추정 될 수있다생물 반응기에 기 10 매개 변수 : <img alt="식 4" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/50718eq4.jpg" width="500px" /> P의 G / V는 생물 반응기에서 폭기 시스템의 소비 전력 (W / m 3)이다. U는 바이오 리액터 (m / 초)를 통해 가스 흐름의 외관 속도이며 gs와. α, β, γ 및 조건을 혼합 관련 상수이다. <ol><li> 모델 시뮬레이션 (스크린 샷은 보조 자료 I에 제시되어있다)를위한 시뮬링크 파일을 생성합니다. <ol><li> 시뮬링크 모델을 생성하기 위해 MATLAB 인터페이스에서 파일 / 새 / 모델을 선택하고 열기 &quot;라이브러리 브라우저&quot;(스크린 샷 1). </li><li> 수학 식 1과 2에 대한 서브 시스템을 만들기 위해 라이브러리 브라우저에서 &#39;서브&#39;블록을 선택합니다. , 시뮬링크 모델 파일을 하나의 서브 블록을 드래그 &#39;식 (1)&#39;로 이름을 변경 한 다음 식 2에 대해 같은 단계를 반복합니다. </li><l난&gt; 각 서브 시스템에 적합한 블록 및 매개 변수를 만듭니다 (스크린 샷 3). 더블 더블 매개 변수를 설정하는 블록을 클릭하고 다른 서브 시스템에 대해 이러한 단계를 반복 라이브러리 브라우저에서 해당 블록을 선택하고 계산 순서를 나타내는 화살표와 함께 그들을 연결, &#39;수학 1&#39;블록을 클릭합니다. 주 : 1) 시퀀스는 입력 블록으로 시작 및 출력 블록으로 종결한다 2) 덧셈, 뺄셈, 곱셈, 분할 및 통합을위한 연산자 블록은 모든 라이브러리 브라우저에서 발견 될 수 있고, 우리는 사용자가 도움말 파일을 찾아 제안 시뮬링크를 사용하는 방법을 이해하기 위해, 3) 최적화 해석 도구 모음에 경로 시뮬레이션 / 구성 매개 변수를 통해 설정할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 모델 방정식 (1, 2)를 대표하는 두 개의 서브 시스템을 연결합니다. 필요한 경우 화살표로 다른 서브 시스템의 입력 한 서브 시스템의 출력을 연결합니다. 예를 들어, 용해 된 CO 2 농도는 O이며utput 식 2 서브 시스템, 또한 수학 식 1 서브 시스템에 입력. </li><li> 온 - 오프 CO 2 펄스를 시뮬레이션하는 &#39;식 2&#39;에 대한 입력으로 블록 &#39;발전기 펄스&#39;를 사용, 표면 광 입력 값으로 &#39;상수&#39;블록을 사용합니다. 두 번 같은 기간의 시간 및 진폭과 같은 매개 변수를 변경하기 위해 블록을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 라이브러리 브라우저 &#39;멀티플렉서&#39;블록을 선택합니다. &#39;멀티플렉서&#39;에 모든 출력을 연결 한 다음 시뮬레이션 결과를 저장하는 블록 &#39;작업 공간&#39;에 연결합니다. </li><li> 상단 툴바의 &#39;시뮬레이션 정지 시간을&#39;정의 &#39;버튼을 클릭 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/playarrow.jpg" alt="화살" width="10px" fo:content-width="0.1in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50718/playarrow.jpg" /> &quot;시뮬레이션을 시작하고, 그 결과 (스크린 샷 4) MATLAB 작업 공간에 표시됩니다. </li></ol></li><li> 최적의 CO 2 조건을 프로파일 링하는 동적 최적화 접근 방식을 적용합니다. </리&gt; </ol> 바이오 매스 생산 11, MATLAB &#39;fmincon&#39;기능과 CVP (제어 벡터 파라미터) (12)가 사용을 극대화 입구 유입 CO 2 프로파일 (P 옵트 인)의 변화를 찾을 수 있습니다. 2는 최적화 알고리즘을 보여줍니다 그림 (지원에 MATLAB 프로그래밍 코드를 참조 자료 II).

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이 저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 연구에서, 우리는 광 바이오 반응기에서 조류 cultivati​​ons을 확장하기위한 실험 프로토콜을 보여줍니다. 우리는 또한 조류의 성장을 촉진하는 연소 가스의 입력을위한 여러 가지 방법을 검토합니다. 물질 전달 및 바이오 반응 모델을 사용하여, 우리는 CO 2 질량 전달 계수 (생물 반응기의 혼합 조건 및 CO 2 외관 속도에 의해 결정) K 라 강하게 조류 성장에 영향을 미치는...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="636">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21"> 
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:212px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Thermal Scientific, Texas USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">CO2 gas analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">LI-COR, Biosciences, Nebraska USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">Mass flow controllers</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">OMEGA Engineering INC, Connecticut USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">FMA5416</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="58">
			<td height="58" style="height:58px;width:212px;">Data acquisition card</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Measurement Computing Corporation, Massachusetts USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">USB-1208FS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">Filters</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Aerocolloid LLC, Minnesota USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:212px;">MATLAB/Simulink</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Mathworks, Massachusetts USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">R2010a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:212px;">Glass bottles</td>
			<td style="width:212px;">Fisher USA</td>
			<td style="width:212px;"> </td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimize flue gas settings to promote microalgae growth in photobioreactors via computer simulations

발전소에서 연소 가스는 조류 재배를 촉진하고 온실 가스 배출 1을 줄일 수 있습니다. 미세 조류는보다 효율적으로 식물 3보다 태양 에너지를 캡처뿐만 아니라 고급 바이오 연료 2-4를 합성뿐만 아니라. 일반적으로, 대기 CO 2는 최대 조류 성장 5를 지원하기위한 충분한 소스가 아닙니다. 한편, 산업용 배기 가스 중의 CO (2)의 높은 농도는 조류 생리학에 악영향이있다. 결과적으로, (예 영양소 및 빛 등) 둘 재배 조건으로 광 생물 반응기에 연도 가스 흐름의 제어 시스템 &quot;조류하는 배연&quot;효율적인 개발하는 것이 중요하다. 연구진은 다른 광 생물 반응기 구성 4,6 재배 전략 배기 가스와 7,8를 제안했다. 여기서는 가스 설정 연도에 응답하여 미세 조류 성장을 예측하는 모델을 사용하는 방법을 보여주는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 우리는 PERFORM은 모두 실험 그림 및 모델 시뮬레이션 배기 가스와 조류의 성장을위한 유리한 조건을 결정합니다. 우리는 균일 한 광 생물 반응기에서 미세 조류의 성장을 시뮬레이션하는 물질 전달과 빛의 강도 방정식과 함께 모 노드 기반 모델을 개발한다. 모델 시뮬레이션은 다른 배기 가스 설정에서 조류의 성장과 배기 가스 소비량을 비교합니다. 모델을 보여줍니다 : 1) 방법 조류의 성장이 CO 2의 다른 부피 물질 전달 계수에 의해 영향을 받는다 2) 우리는 어떻게 동적 최적화 방법 (DOA)를 통해 조류의 성장을위한 최적의 CO 2 농도를 찾을 수 있으며, 3) 우리는 어떻게 디자인 할 수 있습니다 조류 바이오 매스의 성장을 촉진하고, 배기 가스의 사용량을 줄이기 위해 온 - 오프 배연 펄스 직사각형. 실험적인 측면에서, 우리는 (천연 가스 연소에 의해 생성 된) 연도 ​​가스에서 클로렐라 성장을위한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 실험 결과는 정 성적으로 예측 모델을 검증하는 고주파 배연 PULSES 크게 조류 재배를 향상시킬 수 있습니다.

우리의 이전 실험 분석이 억제 (13)을 완화 할 수 CO 2 노출 시간을 감소시키면서 연속되는 연소 가스에 노출 악영향, 클로렐라 성장에 영향을 미치는 것을 나타낸다. 나은 연도 가스 유입 및 조류 성장 관계를 이해하기 위해, 우리는 연도 가스의 존재하에 미생물 성장을 시뮬레이션하는 경험적 모델을 개발한다. 우리는 배기 가스가 15 % CO 2 (: 산소 연소 발전소에서 연...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations at JoVE.com

Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

발전소에서 연소 가스는 조류의 성장을위한 저렴한 CO 2 소스입니다. 우리는 시스템 &quot;재배 조류하는 배기 가스&quot;프로토 타입을 구축하고 조류 재배 과정을 확장하는 방법을 설명했다. 우리는 클로렐라 (SP)의 성장을위한 연도 가스의 최적의 동작을 시뮬레이션하고 설계하는 대량 전송 바이오 반응 모델의 사용을 증명하고있다. 조류 사진 - 생물 반응기.

컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해 광 바이오 반응기에서 미세 조류의 성장을 촉진하기 위해 연소 가스 설정을 최적화

Flue gas from power plants can promote algal cultivation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions1. Microalgae not only capture solar energy more efficiently ...

optimize-flue-gas-settings-to-promote-microalgae-growth

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

14.2K 조회수.  Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis.  발전소에서 연소 가스는 조류의 성장을위한 저렴한 CO 2 소스입니다. 우리는 시스템 "재배 조류하는 배기 가스"프로토 타입을 구축하고 조류 재배 과정을 확장하는 방법을 설명했다. 우리는 클로렐라 (SP)의 성장을위한 연도 가스의 최적의 동작을 시뮬레이션하고 설계하는 대량 전송 바이오 반응 모델의 사용을 증명하고있다. 조류 사진 -...

비디오: Optimize Flue Gas Settings to Promote Microalgae Growth in Photobioreactors via Computer Simulations

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

미세 조류의 지방산 콘텐츠 및 조성 분석

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

연구

환경과학

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

정적 챔버를 사용하여 농업 토양에서 온실 가스 유출 측정

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages include high potential yield, use of non-arable land and integration with waste streams. The nutrient requirements of a large-scale microalgae production system will require the coupling of cultivation systems with industrial waste resources, such as carbon dioxide from flue gas and nutrients from wastewater. Inorganic contaminants present in these wastes can potentially lead to bioaccumulation in microalgal biomass negatively impact productivity and limiting end use. This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the impact and the fate of 14 inorganic contaminants (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn) on Nannochloropsis salina growth. Microalgae were cultivated in photobioreactors illuminated at 984 &#181;mol m-2 sec-1 and maintained at pH 7 in a growth media polluted with inorganic contaminants at levels expected based on the composition found in commercial coal flue gas systems. Contaminants present in the biomass and the medium at the end of a 7 day growth period were analytically quantified through cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry for Hg and through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, V and Zn. Results show N. salina is a sensitive strain to the multi-metal environment with a statistical decrease in biomass yieldwith the introduction of these contaminants. The techniques presented here are adequate for quantifying algal growth and determining the fate of inorganic contaminants.

Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

중금속과 미세 조류의 생산성에 다른 무기 오염 물질의 정량화

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling from hydrothermal sources in the Precambrian ocean was oxidized by molecular oxygen [O2] produced by cyanobacteria. The oldest BIFs, deposited prior to the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at about 2.4 billion years (Gy) ago, could have formed by direct oxidation of Fe(II) by anoxygenic photoferrotrophs under anoxic conditions. As a method for testing the geochemical and mineralogical patterns that develop under different biological scenarios, we designed a 40 cm long vertical flow-through column to simulate an anoxic Fe(II)-rich marine upwelling system representative of an ancient ocean on a lab scale. The cylinder was packed with a porous glass bead matrix to stabilize the geochemical gradients, and liquid samples for iron quantification could be taken throughout the water column. Dissolved oxygen was detected non-invasively via optodes from the outside. Results from biotic experiments that involved upwelling fluxes of Fe(II) from the bottom, a distinct light gradient from top, and cyanobacteria present in the water column, show clear evidence for the formation of Fe(III) mineral precipitates and development of a chemocline between Fe(II) and O2. This column allows us to test hypotheses for the formation of the BIFs by culturing cyanobacteria (and in the future photoferrotrophs) under simulated marine Precambrian conditions. Furthermore we hypothesize that our column concept allows for the simulation of various chemical and physical environments &#8212; including shallow marine or lacustrine sediments.

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

We simulated a Precambrian ferruginous marine upwelling system in a lab-scale vertical flow-through column. The goal was to understand how geochemical profiles of O2 and Fe(II) evolve as cyanobacteria produce O2. The results show the establishment of a chemocline due to Fe(II) oxidation by photosynthetically produced O2.

선캄브리아 해양 용승 시스템 광합성 박테리아의 성장을 탐구하는이 풍부한 철 (II)의 실험실 시뮬레이션

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a series of incubators. A temperature gradient is passively established across the surface of the table between the heated and cooled ends and is lost quickly at distances above the surface. Since temperature is only controlled on the table surface, experiments are restricted to shallow containers, such as Petri dishes, placed on the table. Welding continuous aluminum vertical strips or gussets perpendicular to the surface of a table enables temperature control in depth via convective heat flow. Soil in the channels between gussets was maintained across a gradient of temperatures allowing a greater diversity of experimentation. The gusseted design was evaluated by germinating oat, lettuce, tomato, and melon seeds. Soil temperatures were monitored using individual, battery-powered dataloggers positioned across the table. LED lights installed in the lids or along the sides of the gradient table create a controlled temperature chamber where seedlings can be grown over a range of temperatures. The gusseted design enabled accurate determination of optimum temperatures for fastest germination rate and the highest percentage germination for each species. Germination information from gradient table experiments can help predict seed germination and seedling growth under the adverse soil conditions often encountered during field crop production. Temperature effects on seed germination, seedling growth, and soil ecology can be tested under controlled conditions in a laboratory using a gusseted thermogradient table.

Traditional thermogradient tables create a range of temperatures across the surface. Welding gussets perpendicular to the surface of a thermogradient table will control temperature in depth increasing possible research applications.

거싯 Thermogradient 표는 토양 프로세스 식물 성장 평가 및 모니터링을위한 토양 온도를 제어하는

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Procedures of Laboratory Fumigation for Pest Control with Nitric Oxide Gas

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on fresh products and procedures for residue analysis and product quality evaluation. An airtight fumigation chamber containing fresh fruit and vegetables is first flushed with nitrogen (N2) to establish an ultralow oxygen (ULO) environment followed by injection of NO. The fumigation chamber is then kept at a low temperature of 2 - 5 &#176;C for a specified time period necessary to kill a target pest to complete a fumigation treatment. At the end of a fumigation treatment, the fumigation chamber is flushed with N2 to dilute NO prior to opening the chamber to ambient air to prevent the reaction between NO and O2, which produces NO2 and may damage delicate fresh products. At different times after NO fumigation, NO2 in headspace and nitrate and nitrite in liquid samples were measured as residues. Product quality was evaluated after 2 weeks of post-treatment cold storage to determine effects of NO fumigation on product quality. Keeping&#160;O2 from reacting with NO is critical to NO fumigation and is an important part of the protocols. Measuring NO levels is challenging and a practical solution is provided. Possible protocol modifications are also suggested for measuring NO levels in the fumigation chambers as well as residues. NO fumigation has the potential to be a practical alternative to methyl bromide fumigation for postharvest pest control on fresh and stored products. This publication is intended to assist other researchers in conducting NO fumigation research for postharvest pest control and accelerating the development of NO fumigation for practical applications.

This paper describes nitric oxide (NO) fumigation protocols for postharvest pest control. Fumigation chambers are flushed with nitrogen (N2) to establish ultralow oxygen conditions before NO is injected. At the end, chambers are flushed with N2 to dilute NO before exposing products to ambient air to prevent exposure to NO2.

산화 질소 가스와 해충에 대 한 훈 증 실험실의 절차

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on ...

Lab-Scale Model to Evaluate Odor and Gas Concentrations Emitted by Deep Bedded Pack Manure

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope facilities. This protocol has been used to effectively evaluate many different bedding materials, environmental variables (temperature, humidity), and potential mitigation treatments that can improve air quality in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. The model is dynamic and allows researchers to easily collect many chemical and physical measurements from the bedded pack. Weekly measurements, collected over the course of six to seven weeks, allows sufficient time to see changes in air quality measurements over time as the bedded pack matures. The data collected from the simulated bedded packs is within the range of concentrations previously measured in commercial deep-bedded mono-slope facilities. Past studies have demonstrated that 8 - 10 experimental units per treatment are sufficient to detect statistical differences among the simulated bedded packs. The bedded packs are easy to maintain, requiring less than 10 minutes of labor per bedded packs per week to add urine, feces, and bedding. Sample collection using the gas sampling system requires 20 - 30 minutes per bedded pack, depending on the measurements that are being collected. The use of lab-scaled bedded packs allows the researcher to control variables such as temperature, humidity, and bedding source that are difficult or impossible to control in a research or commercial facility. While not a perfect simulation of &#34;real-world&#34; conditions, the simulated bedded packs serve as a good model for researchers to use to examine treatment differences among bedded packs. Several lab-scale studies can be conducted to eliminate possible treatments before trying them in a research or commercial-sized facility.

A protocol has been developed to measure gases, odors, and nutrient composition in lab-scaled bedded manure packs, which can be used to study ways to improve air quality in commercial cattle facilities using deep-bedded manure packs.

냄새 및 가스 농도 깊은 방출 실험실 스케일 모델 침대 팩 비료

A lab-scaled simulated bedded pack model was developed to study air quality and nutrient composition of deep-bedded packs used in cattle mono-slope ...

Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Particle Size and Methane Sorption Capacity in Shale

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard for evaluating the mining value of shale gas. Currently, studies on the correlation between particle size and methane adsorption are controversial. In this study, an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, is used to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes in shale to determine the relationship between the particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale. Thegravimetric method requires fewer parameters and produces better results in terms of accuracy and consistency than methods like the volumetric method. Gravimetric measurements are performed in four steps: a blank measurement, preprocessing, a buoyancy measurement, and adsorption and desorption measurements. Gravimetric measurement is presently considered to be a more scientific and accurate method of measuring the amount of adsorption; however, it is time-consuming and requires a strict measuring technique. A Magnetic Suspension Balance (MSB) is the key to verify the accuracy and consistency of this method. Our results show that adsorption capacity and particle size are correlated, but not a linear correlation, and the adsorptions in particles sieved into 40 - 60 and 60 - 80 meshes tend to be larger. We propose that the maximum adsorption corresponding to the particle size is approximately 250 &#181;m (60 mesh) in the shale gas fracturing.

We use an isothermal adsorption apparatus, the gravimetric sorption analyzer, to test the adsorption capacity of different particle sizes of shale, in order to find out the relationship between particle size and the adsorption capacity of shale.

입자 크기와 셰 일에서 메탄 수 착 용량 사이의 관계의 실험적 연구

The amount of adsorbed shale gas is a key parameter used in shale gas resource evaluation and target area selection, and it is also an important standard ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive harvest or expensive equipment. We present a customizable and affordable rhizobox method that allows the non-destructive visualization of root growth over time and is particularly well-suited to studying root plasticity in response to localized resource patches. The method was validated by assessing maize genotypic variation in plasticity responses to patches containing 15N-labeled legume residue. Methods are described to obtain representative developmental measurements over time, measure root length density in resource-containing and control patches, calculate root growth rates, and determine 15N recovery by plant roots and shoots. Advantages, caveats, and potential future applications of the method are also discussed. Although care must be taken to ensure that experimental conditions do not bias root growth data, the rhizobox protocol presented here yields reliable results if carried out with sufficient attention to detail.

Visualizing and measuring root growth in situ is extremely challenging. We present a customizable rhizobox method to track root development and proliferation over time in response to nutrient enrichment. This method is used to analyze maize genotypic differences in root plasticity in response to an organic nitrogen source.

루트 성장 및 지역화 된 양분에 응답을 시각화 하는 최적화 된 Rhizobox 프로토콜

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the treatment of wastes. As most new research efforts begin at laboratory scale, there is a need for cost-effective methods for culturing microalgae in a reproducible manner. Here, we communicate an effective approach to culture microalgae in laboratory-scale photobioreactors, and to measure the growth and neutral lipid content of that algae. Instructions are also included on how to set up the photobioreactor system. Although the example organisms are species of Chlorella and Auxenochlorella, this system can be adapted to cultivate a wide range of microalgae, including co-cultures of algae with non-algae species. Stock cultures are first grown in bottles to produce inoculum for the photobioreactor system. Algae inoculum is concentrated and transferred to photobioreactors for cultivation in batch mode. Samples are collected daily for the optical density readings. At the end of the batch culture, cells are harvested by centrifuge, washed, and freeze dried to obtain a final dry weight concentration. The final dry weight concentration is used to create a correlation between the optical density and the dry weight concentration. A modified Folch method is subsequently used to extract total lipids from the freeze-dried biomass and the extract is assayed for its neutral lipid content using a microplate assay. This assay has been published previously but protocol steps were included here to highlight critical steps in the procedure where errors frequently occur. The bioreactor system described here fills a niche between simple flask cultivation and fully-controlled commercial bioreactors. Even with only 3-4 biological replicates per treatment, our approach to culturing algae leads to tight standard deviations in the growth and lipid assays.

Here, we present a protocol to construct lab-scale bubble column photobioreactors and use them to culture microalgae. It also provides a method for the determination of the culture growth rate and neutral lipid content.

중립 지질에 대 한 녹색 미세 거품 열 Photobioreactors에 시험 재배

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the ...