The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation (award # 1335550), Utah Water Research Laboratory, Professor Joan McLean and Tessa Guy for their help during the metal/metalloids analysis. The authors also thank Laura Birkhold for her support with the data collection and Danna Olbright.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

식염수 미세 조류의 N. 살리나 성공적으로 반복 가능한 결과와 높은 바이오 매스 수율 설계 성장 시스템에서 재배 할 수있다. 공수는 7 일 성장 기간 동안 최소한의 정착 또는의 생물 연료와 잘 혼합 중지 문화 허용 혼합. 형광등 은행에서 최소한의 빛의 변화는 성장에 눈에 띄는 차이를 생산하지 표시됩니다. 이 연구는 중금속 석탄 연소 가스에 부정적인 영향을 바이오...

기존의 지상파 작물에 비해 더 높은 고유의 미세 조류는 태양 광 변환 효율 1,2- 인한 높은 생물량, 지질 및 수율을 달성하는 것으로 나타났다. 높은 생산성 속도에서 미세 조류의 배양은 외부 탄소원 등 다양한 영양소의 공급을 필요로한다. 이는 대규모 성장 설비 생산 비용을 최소화하기 위해 이러한 산업 연도 가스와 같은 산업 폐기물과 통합하고 동시에 환경 개선을 제공 할 것으로 기대된다. 산업 폐기물 탄소 기체 이산화탄소의 형태로 일반적으로 부정적인 미세 조류의 생산에 영향을 미칠 가능성이있는 오염 물질을 함유 할 수있다. 특히, 석탄 유래의 배기 가스를 포함한 다양한 오염 물질이 있지만 연소 생성물을 물과 이산화탄소뿐만 아니라 황 및 질소, 미세 먼지, 다이옥신과 퓨란 등의 유기 오염 물질의 산화물 및 무기 콘에 한정되지중금속 등 오염 물질도. 미세 조류의 생산성에 중금속으로 알려져 그들 중 일부와 무기물을 포함하여 이러한 오염 물질의 대부분의 영향은 탐구되지 않았다. 이러한 요소 중 일부는 적절한 농도의 영양분이 될 수 있지만 더 높은 농도에서 그들은 세포 기능 장애 및 사망 3를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 산업 연도 가스와 미세 조류의 통합은 직접 성장 배지 내로의 무기 오염 물질을 도입 할 가능성이있다. 석탄 기반의 배기 가스는 무기 요소 (예를 들면, CD, 공동, CR, 구리, 수은, 망간, 니켈, 납 (SB), 셀레늄, 주석, V 및 아연,로) 일부, 그 중 낮은에 다양한 농도에서의 숙박을 제공합니다 농도, 미세 조류의 성장을위한 영양분을 나타냅니다. 무기 오염 물질은 높은 친화력이 미세 조류에 결합하고 더 영양 운송을 통해 내부적으로 흡착 할 수있다. 일부 무기 오염물 (즉, CO, 구리, 아연 및 Mn)을 포함하는 효소의 일부를 형성 영양소광합성, 호흡 및 기타 기능 3,4에서 D. 그러나, 초과 금속 및 준 금속에 독성이 될 수 있습니다. 이러한 납, 카드뮴, 주석 (SB), 셀레늄로서 수은과 같은 다른 요소는 임의의 농도에서 세포의 기능을 지원하고 부정적인 배양 -3,5,6- 성장에 영향을 미칠 수있는 비 - 금속 영양소를 나타내는 알려져 있지 않다. 이러한 오염 물질의 임의의 존재는 미세 조류 세포 기능에 부정적인 영향을 생산할 수있는 잠재력을 가지고있다. 또한, 미세 조류 여러 금속의 상호 작용 성장 역학을 복잡하게하고 성장에 영향을 미칠 가능성이있다. 대규모 경제 직접 재배 시스템 7-19의 생산성에 연결되어있다. 이 질량의 99.9 및 99.4 %, 각각 20를 나타냅니다 더욱이, 개방 궤도 연못 (ORP) 또는 광 바이오 반응기 중의 미세 조류의 성장 시스템 (PBR) 중간 재활용이 중요하다. 미디어 무기 오염 물질의 존재는 궁극적으로 m을 제한 할icroalgae 생산성 인해 오염 물질 축적에 미디어의 재활용. 이 연구는 실험적으로, (CD, 공동, CR, 구리, 수은, 망간, 니켈, 납 (SB), 셀레늄, 주석, V 및 아연,로) 미세 조류 재배 시스템의 통합을 예상 농도에서 14 무기 오염 물질의 영향을 결정 석탄은 N의 생산성, 배기 가스를 유도로 살리나는 공수의 PBRS에서 성장. 이 연구에 사용 된 오염 물질은 석탄 기반의 연도 가스 그러나 생활 폐기물 기반 연도 가스, 바이오 솔리드 기반의 연도 가스, 하수, 생성 된 물, 장애인 지하수 및 해수 21-23에 존재하지 않을 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에 사용 된 농도는 미세 조류 성장 시스템은 상업용 PBR 시스템 (20)에서 입증 흡수 효율 석탄계 CO 2 소스와 통합 된 경우 예상되는 것에 기초한다. 중금속 및 무기 오염 물질의 농도를지지 상세한 계산 Napan에 제시등. 24 분석 기술은 바이오 매스 미디어 환경에서 금속의 대부분의 분포를 이해하기 위해 사용되었다. 제시된 방법은 무기 오염 물질 스트레스와 최종 운명의 정량에서 미세 조류의 생산성 잠재력의 평가를 활성화.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Chemicals</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S271-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride dihydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C79-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P217-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium meta silicate nonahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S408-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M63-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium nitrate</td><td>EMD Chemical</td><td>PX1520-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium phosphate monobasic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P285-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium ferric citrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>I72-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Boric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A73-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium molybdate, dihydrate</td><td>EMD Chemical</td><td>SX0650-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M87-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zinc sulfate heptahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>Z68-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cupric sulfate pentahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>C489-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>230090010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thiamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>148990100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vitamin B12&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>405920010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Copper (II) chloride dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>221783-100G</td><td>Irritant, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Lead (II) chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>268690-250G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dichromate dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>398063-100G</td><td>Oxidizing, Highly Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>255599-100G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>223387-500G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium (meta) arsenite&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71287</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Cadmium chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>202908-10G</td><td>Highly Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Mercury (II) chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>215465-100G</td><td>Toxic, Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Tin (II) chloride dihydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>T142-500</td><td>Corrosive. Suitable for Hg analysis. Very hazardous.</td></tr><tr><td>Manganese chloride tetrahydrate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>M87-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vanadium (V) oxide</td><td>Acros Organics</td><td>206422500</td><td>Dangerous to the Environment</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon dioxide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td>I2301S-1</td><td>Compressed</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen peroxide</td><td>H325-500</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>30% in water</td></tr><tr><td>ICP-MS standard</td><td>ICP-MS-6020</td><td>High Purity Standards</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mercury standard</td><td>CGHG1-1</td><td>Inorganic Ventures</td><td>1000&amp;plusmn;6 &amp;micro;g/mL in 5% nitric acid</td></tr><tr><td>Argon</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td></td><td>Compressed</td></tr><tr><td>Helium</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td></td><td>Compressed, ultra high purity</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrogen</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td></td><td>Compressed, ultra high purity</td></tr><tr><td>Nitric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A509-P212</td><td>67-70% nitric acid, trace metal grade. Caution: manipulate under fume hood.</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A508-P212</td><td>35% hydrochloric acid, trace metal grade. Caution: manipulate under fume hood.</td></tr><tr><td>Equipment</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scientific prevacuum sterilizer</td><td>Steris</td><td>31626A</td><td>SV-120</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>46910</td><td>RC-6 Plus</td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>Shimadzu</td><td>1867</td><td>UV-1800</td></tr><tr><td>pH controller</td><td>Hanna</td><td>BL981411</td><td>X4</td></tr><tr><td>Rotometer, X5</td><td>Dwyer</td><td>RMA-151-SSV</td><td>T31Y</td></tr><tr><td>Rotometer, X5</td><td>Dwyer</td><td>RMA-26-SSV</td><td>T35Y</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath circulator</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-873-45A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compact chiller</td><td>VWR</td><td>13270-120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Freeze dryer</td><td>Labconco</td><td>7752020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir plate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>11-100-49S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH lab electrode</td><td>Phidgets Inc</td><td>3550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer</td><td>Agilent Technologies</td><td>7700 Series ICP-MS</td><td>Attached to autosampler CETAC ASX-520</td></tr><tr><td>FIAS 100</td><td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td><td>B0506520</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atomic absorption spectrometer</td><td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td><td>AAnalyst 800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell heater (quartz)</td><td>Perkin Elmer Instruments</td><td>B3120397</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microwave</td><td>Milestone</td><td></td><td>Programmable, maximum power 1,200 W</td></tr><tr><td>Microwave rotor</td><td>Milestone</td><td></td><td>Rotor with 24-75 ml Teflon vessels for closed-vessel microwave assisted digestion.</td></tr><tr><td>Materials</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 &amp;#956;m syringe filter</td><td>Whatman</td><td>6713-0425</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.2 &amp;#956;m syringe filter</td><td>Whatman</td><td>6713-1650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.45 &amp;#956;m syringe filter</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>F2500-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polystyrene tubes</td><td>Evergreen</td><td>222-2094-050</td><td>17 x 100 mm w/cap, 16 ml, polysteryne</td></tr><tr><td>Octogonal magnetic&amp;nbsp;stir&amp;nbsp;bars</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>14-513-60</td><td>Magnets encased in PTFE fluoropolymer</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantification of heavy metals and other inorganic contaminants on the productivity of microalgae

재생 연료에 대한 수요의 증가와 같은 미세 조류 등의 대체 원료의 가능성을 조사하는 연구가있다. 고유의 장점은 폐기물 높은 잠재적 인 수율, 비 경작지의 사용 및 통합을 포함한다. 미세 조류 대량 생산 시스템의 영양 요구는 배기 가스와 폐수로부터 영양분 이산화탄소 등의 산업 폐기물 자원으로 재배 시스템의 결합을 필요로 할 것이다. 이 폐기물에 존재하는 무기 오염 물질은 잠재적으로 부정적인 생산성과 제한 최종 사용에 영향을 미칠 미세 조류 바이오 매스의 생물 축적으로 이어질 수 있습니다. 이 연구는 충격의 실험 평가 및 Nannochloropsis의 살리나 성장에 14 무기 오염 물질 (AS, CD, 공동, CR, 구리, 수은, 망간, 니켈, 납 (SB), 셀레늄, 주석, V 및 아연)의 운명에 초점을 맞추고 . 미세 조류는 성장 M에서의 pH 7에서 984 μmol m -2 초에 조명 광 바이오 반응기에서 재배 -1 유지되었다수준의 무기 오염 물질로 오염 edia 상업적 석탄 연소 가스 시스템으로 볼 조성물을 기준으로 예상했다. 바이오 매스와 7 일간 성장 기간 말 매질에 존재 오염 분석적, 수은과 같이, CD 공동 CR, 구리, 망간, 니켈을위한 유도 결합 플라즈마 질량 분석을 통해 차가운​​ 증기를 원자 흡광 법으로 정량 하였다 납 (SB), 셀레늄, 주석, V 및 아연. 결과는 N.을 보여 살리나 이러한 오염물 도입 yieldwith 생물량 통계적 감소에 다중 금속 환경에 민감한 균주이다. 여기에 제시된 기술은 조류 성장을 정량화 및 무기 오염 물질의 운명을 결정하기에 적합.

바이오 매스 수율 N의 생산 살리나 본 연구에 사용한 PBR 시스템에서 8.5까지 1g / L -1에서 ± 0.19 g / L-1 (N = 12) 대조군 반응기 및 4.0 ± 0.3 g / ℓ -1 (N = 12)을 성장 다중 금속은 7 일 오염. 실험은 세중 원자로 및 여러 배치에 걸쳐 반복 데이터를 생산. 그림 2A는 3 개의 독립적 인 PBRS에서 샘플링을 기반으로 매우 작은 표준 오차와 평?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae at JoVE.com

Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

중금속과 미세 조류의 생산성에 다른 무기 오염 물질의 정량화

Increasing demand for renewable fuels has researchers investigating the feasibility of alternative feedstocks, such as microalgae. Inherent advantages ...

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JoVE Journal

Environment

15.9K 조회수.  Utah State University. Integration of microalgal cultivation with industrial flue gas will ultimately introduce heavy metals and other inorganic compounds into the growth media. This study presents a procedure used to determine the end fate and impact of heavy metals and inorganic contaminants on the growth of Nannochloropsis salina grown in photobioreactors.

비디오: Quantification of Heavy Metals and Other Inorganic Contaminants on the Productivity of Microalgae

Analysis of Fatty Acid Content and Composition in Microalgae

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of microalgal biomass. These fatty acids can be present in different acyl-lipid classes. Especially the fatty acids present in triacylglycerol (TAG) are of commercial interest, because they can be used for production of transportation fuels, bulk chemicals, nutraceuticals (&omega;-3 fatty acids), and food commodities. To develop commercial applications, reliable analytical methods for quantification of fatty acid content and composition are needed. Microalgae are single cells surrounded by a rigid cell wall. A fatty acid analysis method should provide sufficient cell disruption to liberate all acyl lipids and the extraction procedure used should be able to extract all acyl lipid classes.
With the method presented here all fatty acids present in microalgae can be accurately and reproducibly identified and quantified using small amounts of sample (5 mg) independent of their chain length, degree of unsaturation, or the lipid class they are part of.
This method does not provide information about the relative abundance of different lipid classes, but can be extended to separate lipid classes from each other.
The method is based on a sequence of mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification of fatty acids to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and quantification and identification of FAMEs using gas chromatography (GC-FID). A TAG internal standard (tripentadecanoin) is added prior to the analytical procedure to correct for losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

A method for the determination of fatty acid content and composition in microalgae based on mechanical cell disruption, solvent based lipid extraction, transesterification, and quantification and identification of fatty acids using gas chromatography is described. A tripentadecanoin internal standard is used to compensate for the possible losses during extraction and incomplete transesterification.

미세 조류의 지방산 콘텐츠 및 조성 분석

A method to determine the content and composition of total fatty acids present in microalgae is described. Fatty acids are a major constituent of ...

연구

환경과학

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ammonia removal, nitrogen removal and algal growth are compared over an 8-week period in paired sets of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) reactors designed for algal remediation of landfill wastewater. Contents of the small and large scale reactors were mixed before the beginning of each weekly testing interval to maintain equivalent initial conditions across the two scales. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted to better equalize conditions occurring at both scales. During the short 8-week representative time period, starting ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.1-14 mg NH3-N/L, and 8.1-20.1 mg N/L, respectively. The performance of the treatment system was evaluated based on its ability to remove ammonia and total nitrogen and to produce algal biomass. Mean &#177; standard deviation of ammonia removal, total nitrogen removal and biomass growth rates were 0.95&#177;0.3 mg NH3-N/L/day, 0.89&#177;0.3 mg N/L/day, and 0.02&#177;0.03 g biomass/L/day, respectively. All vessels showed a positive relationship between the initial ammonia concentration and ammonia removal rate (R2=0.76). Comparison of process efficiencies and production values measured in reactors of different scale may be useful in determining if lab-scale experimental data is appropriate for prediction of commercial-scale production values.

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) scale reactors designed for algae remediation of landfill wastewater. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted based on application.

폐수의 해조 교정을위한 광합성 원자로 시스템의 규모 비교

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

Cultivation of Green Microalgae in Bubble Column Photobioreactors and an Assay for Neutral Lipids

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the treatment of wastes. As most new research efforts begin at laboratory scale, there is a need for cost-effective methods for culturing microalgae in a reproducible manner. Here, we communicate an effective approach to culture microalgae in laboratory-scale photobioreactors, and to measure the growth and neutral lipid content of that algae. Instructions are also included on how to set up the photobioreactor system. Although the example organisms are species of Chlorella and Auxenochlorella, this system can be adapted to cultivate a wide range of microalgae, including co-cultures of algae with non-algae species. Stock cultures are first grown in bottles to produce inoculum for the photobioreactor system. Algae inoculum is concentrated and transferred to photobioreactors for cultivation in batch mode. Samples are collected daily for the optical density readings. At the end of the batch culture, cells are harvested by centrifuge, washed, and freeze dried to obtain a final dry weight concentration. The final dry weight concentration is used to create a correlation between the optical density and the dry weight concentration. A modified Folch method is subsequently used to extract total lipids from the freeze-dried biomass and the extract is assayed for its neutral lipid content using a microplate assay. This assay has been published previously but protocol steps were included here to highlight critical steps in the procedure where errors frequently occur. The bioreactor system described here fills a niche between simple flask cultivation and fully-controlled commercial bioreactors. Even with only 3-4 biological replicates per treatment, our approach to culturing algae leads to tight standard deviations in the growth and lipid assays.

Here, we present a protocol to construct lab-scale bubble column photobioreactors and use them to culture microalgae. It also provides a method for the determination of the culture growth rate and neutral lipid content.

중립 지질에 대 한 녹색 미세 거품 열 Photobioreactors에 시험 재배

There is significant interest in the study of microalgae for engineering applications such as the production of biofuels, high value products, and for the ...

Microalgae Cultivation and Biomass Quantification in a Bench-Scale Photobioreactor with Corrosive Flue Gases

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for microalgal cultivation with temperature, pH, and gas composition and flow rate control. At bench-scale, photobioreactors are advantageous to researchers studying microalgal properties, productivity, and growth optimization. At industrial scales, photobioreactors can maintain product purity and improve production efficiency. The video describes the preparation and use of a bench-scale photobioreactor for microalgal cultivation, including the safe use of corrosive gas inputs, and details relevant biomass measurements and biomass productivity calculations. Specifically, the video illustrates microalgal culture storage and preparation for inoculation, photobioreactor assembly and sterilization, biomass concentration measurements, and a logistic model for microalgal biomass productivity with rate calculations including maximum and overall biomass productivities. Additionally, since there is growing interest in experiments to cultivate microalgae using simulated or real waste gas emissions, the video will cover the photobioreactor equipment adaptations necessary to work with corrosive gases and discuss safe sampling in such scenarios.

Bench-scale, axenic cultivation facilitates microalgal characterization and productivity optimization before subsequent process scale-up. Photobioreactors provide the necessary control for reliable and reproducible microalgal experiments and can be adapted to safely cultivate microalgae with the corrosive gases (CO2, SO2, NO2) from municipal or industrial combustion emissions.

부식성 연도 가스가 있는 벤치 스케일 광생물반응기에서 미세조류 재배 및 바이오매스 정량화

Photobioreactors are illuminated cultivation systems for experiments on phototrophic microorganisms. These systems provide a sterile environment for ...

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal toxicity test is frequently used in regulatory risk assessment of chemicals. In order to achieve high reliability and reproducibility the development of standardized guidelines is vital. For algal toxicity testing, the guidelines require stable and uniform conditions of parameters such as pH, temperature, carbon dioxide levels and light intensity. Nanomaterials and other so-called difficult substances can interfere with light causing a large variation in results obtained hampering their regulatory acceptance. To address these challenges, we have developed LEVITATT (LED Vertical Illumination Table for Algal Toxicity Tests). The setup utilizes LED illumination from below allowing for a homogenous light distribution and temperature control while also minimizing intra-sample shading. The setup optimizes the sample volume for biomass quantification and does at the same time ensure a sufficient influx of CO2 to support exponential growth of the algae. Additionally, the material of the test containers can be tailored to minimize adsorption and volatilization. When testing colored substances or particle suspensions, the use of LED lights also allows for increasing the light intensity without additional heat generation. The compact design and minimal equipment requirements increase the possibilities for implementation of the LEVITATT in a wide range of laboratories. While compliant with standardized ISO and OECD guidelines for algal toxicity testing, LEVITATT also showed a lower inter-sample variability for two reference substances (3,5-Dicholorophenol and K2Cr2O7) and three nanomaterials (ZnO, CeO2, and BaSO4) compared to Erlenmeyer flasks and microtiter plates.

We demonstrate algal toxicity testing for difficult substances (e.g., colored substances or nanomaterials) using a setup illuminated vertically with an LED.

나노 물질 및 기타 어려운 물질의 조류 독성 테스트를위한 소규모 설정

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal ...

Coupling Carbon Capture from a Power Plant with Semi-automated Open Raceway Ponds for Microalgae Cultivation

In the United States, 35% of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from the electrical power industry, of which 30% represent natural gas electricity generation. Microalgae can biofix CO2 10 to 15 times faster than plants and convert algal biomass to products of interest, such as biofuels. Thus, this study presents a protocol that demonstrates the potential synergies of microalgae cultivation with a natural gas power plant situated in the southwestern United States in a hot semi-arid climate. State-of-the-art technologies are used to enhance carbon capture and utilization via the green algal species Chlorella sorokiniana, which can be further processed into biofuel. We describe a protocol involving a semi-automated open raceway pond and discuss the results of its performance when it was tested at the Tucson Electric Power plant, in Tucson, Arizona. Flue gas was used as the main carbon source to control pH, and Chlorella sorokiniana was cultivated. An optimized medium was used to grow the algae. The amount of CO2 added to the system as a function of time was closely monitored. Additionally, other physicochemical factors affecting algal growth rate, biomass productivity, and carbon fixation were monitored, including optical density, dissolved oxygen (DO), electroconductivity (EC), and air and pond temperatures. The results indicate that a microalgae yield of up to 0.385 g/L ash-free dry weight is attainable, with a lipid content of 24%. Leveraging synergistic opportunities between CO2 emitters and algal farmers can provide the resources required to increase carbon capture while supporting the sustainable production of algal biofuels and bioproducts.

A protocol is described to utilize the carbon dioxide in natural gas power plant flue gas to cultivate microalgae in open raceway ponds. Flue gas injection is controlled with a pH sensor, and microalgae growth is monitored with real time measurements of optical density.

발전소의 탄소 포집과 미세조류 재배를 위한 반자동 개방형 경마장 연못 결합

In the United States, 35% of the total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions come from the electrical power industry, of which 30% represent natural gas ...

돼지 폐기물 바이오 가스로부터의 바이오 메탄 억제를 위한 미세조류 배양

Biogas Purification through the use of a Microalgae-Bacterial System in Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of polluting gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide to increase the content of methane. In this study, we used a microalgal cultivation technology to treat and purify biogas produced from organic waste from the swine industry to obtain ready-to-use biomethane. For cultivation and purification, two 22.2 m3 open-pond photobioreactors coupled with an absorption-desorption column system were set up in San Juan de los Lagos, Mexico. Several recirculation liquid/biogas ratios (L/G) were tested to obtain the highest removal efficiencies; other parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), temperature, and biomass growth, were measured. The most efficient L/Gs were 1.6 and 2.5, resulting in a treated biogas effluent with a composition of 6.8%vol and 6.6%vol in CO2, respectively, and removal efficiencies for H2S up to 98.9%, as well as maintaining O2 contamination values of less than 2%vol. We found that pH greatly determines CO2 removal, more so than L/G, during cultivation because of its participation in the photosynthetic process of microalgae and its ability to vary pH when solubilized due to its acidic nature. DO, and temperature oscillated as expected from the light-dark natural cycles of photosynthesis and the time of day, respectively. Biomass growth varied with CO2 and nutrient feeding as well as reactor harvesting; however, the trend remained primed for growth.

저자 스포트라이트: 바이오메탄 생산 향상을 위한 미세조류 생명공학 확장 

Air pollution impacts the quality of life of all organisms. Here, we describe the use of microalgae biotechnology for the treatment of biogas (simultaneous removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide) and the production of biomethane through semi-industrial open high-rate algal ponds and subsequent analysis of treatment efficiency, pH, dissolved oxygen, and microalgae growth.

Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds에서 Microalgae-Bacterial System을 사용하여 바이오 가스 정화

In recent years, a number of technologies have emerged to purify biogas into biomethane. This purification entails a reduction in the concentration of ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Enhancing Chlorophyll production in Microalgae via Growth Factor Optimization(성장 인자 최적화를 통한 미세조류의 엽록소 생산 향상)

Evaluation of the Effect of Growth Factors on Chlorophylls a and b Production from Microalgae

Microalgae contain two main groups of pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light energy and transforms it into chemical energy to facilitate the synthesis of organic compounds. This pigment serves as a valuable primary source for biotechnological input products in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries due to its high antioxidant properties and coloring capabilities. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of growth factors (CO2 concentration, light color, and light intensity) through a Taguchi L4 experimental design on cell growth and the cellular content of chlorophyll a and b in Chlorella sorokiniana, followed by validation of the method using Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae as an additional study model. Cell growth was quantified using the optical density spectrophotometric technique at a wavelength of 550 nm. For the quantification of chlorophylls, a cell extract was obtained using a 90% pure acetone solution, and subsequently, the concentrations of chlorophylls a and b were quantified using spectrophotometric techniques at wavelengths of 647 nm and 664 nm, according to the method described by Jeffrey and Humphrey. The experimental results indicated that controlling conditions of low CO2 addition, purple light, and low light intensity increases both cell growth and the concentration of chlorophylls a and b within the cells. The implementation of this chlorophyll quantification method allows for quick, simple, and precise determination of chlorophyll content, as the wavelengths used are at the absorbance peaks of both types of chlorophylls, making this technique easily reproducible for any microalgae under study.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: Optimizing Growth Factors for Production of Biotechically Relevant Secondary Metabolites (생명공학적으로 관련된 2차 대사산물 생산을 위한 성장 인자 최적화)

The present study highlights the advantages of employing the method developed by Jeffrey and Humphrey for extracting and quantifying fat-soluble pigments from microalgae. This method serves as a valuable tool for assessing the influence of growth factors on chlorophyll production and cellular content in these organisms.

미세조류로부터의 엽록소 a 및 b 생산에 대한 성장 인자의 영향 평가

Microalgae contain two main groups of pigments: chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light energy and transforms it ...

중금속과 미세 조류의 생산성에 다른 무기 오염 물질의 정량화

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

미세 조류의 지방산 콘텐츠 및 조성 분석

폐수의 해조 교정을위한 광합성 원자로 시스템의 규모 비교

중립 지질에 대 한 녹색 미세 거품 열 Photobioreactors에 시험 재배

부식성 연도 가스가 있는 벤치 스케일 광생물반응기에서 미세조류 재배 및 바이오매스 정량화

나노 물질 및 기타 어려운 물질의 조류 독성 테스트를위한 소규모 설정

발전소의 탄소 포집과 미세조류 재배를 위한 반자동 개방형 경마장 연못 결합

Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds에서 Microalgae-Bacterial System을 사용하여 바이오 가스 정화

Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds에서 Microalgae-Bacterial System을 사용하여 바이오 가스 정화

Semi-Industrial High Rate Algal Ponds에서 Microalgae-Bacterial System을 사용하여 바이오 가스 정화

미세조류로부터의 엽록소 a 및 b 생산에 대한 성장 인자의 영향 평가