이 연구는 NIH의 교내 연구 프로그램, 노화에 국립 연구소와 노화에있는 볼티모어 종관 연구에 의해 지원되었다. 그 지원의 일부는 메드 스타 연구소와 R &amp; D 계약을했다. 표준 프로토콜 및 기술 전문 지식 AtCor에 의해 제공되었다.

1. 순서 <ol><li> 아이콘을 두 번 클릭하여 Windows 바탕 화면에 바로 가기를 통해 소프트웨어를 엽니 다. </li><li> 환자 화면을 활성화하기 위해 환자를 클릭합니다. </li><li> 데이터베이스에 새로운 환자를 입력하려면, 환자 검색 영역에서 새로 만들기 버튼을 클릭 한 다음 새 환자를 입력하고 싶습니다 확인하려면 예 버튼을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 같은 성, 이름, 생년월일, 성별 등 환자 정보를 입력합니다. 다음 단계로 사전에 저장 버튼을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 측정을 수행 할 수 PWA 또는 PWV 버튼을 클릭합니다. 이러한 모드 중 하나만을 사용할 수있는 경우, 버튼을 클릭 할 필요가없고, 단순히 연구 화면으로 진행한다. </li></ol> 2. 중앙 혈압 측정하여 맥파 분석 (PWA) <ol><li> 연구의 매개 변수를 입력 할 연구 버튼을 클릭합니다. 보정 된 혈압계 당신이 포함하고자하는 다른 세부에서 촬영 상완 압력을 입력합니다. </li><li> 카릭측정을 진행하기 위해 데이터를 캡처 버튼을 K. 수정 리드 II 구성이나 케이블에 표시된대로 환자의 사지를 사용하여 환자에게 세 ECG 전극과 리드를 연결합니다. </li><li> 환자의 요골 동맥을 만져. 이것은 바로 엄지 손가락의 기지 근처에 손목 관절의 위, 손목의 측면에 있습니다. 부드럽게 중간과 집게 손가락으로 기본 뼈에 대한 요골 동맥을 누릅니다. </li><li> 강한 펄스 점에 안압계를 놓습니다. 당신은 데이터 캡처 화면에 표시 일관된 압력 파형을 볼 때까지 조심스럽게 안압계를 누르십시오. </li><li> 자동 캡처가 (아래 주 참조)을 사용하면, 시스템은 자동 측정을 저장할 것이다. 수동 분석을 위해 측정을 저장 (또는 사용되는 경우 풋 스위치 단계) 키보드의 스페이스 바를 누르십시오. </li><li> 반복 측정이 같은 연구의 매개 변수를 사용하여 필요한 경우, 캡처로 돌아가려면 반복 버튼을 클릭데이터 화면 위의 단계를 2.4-2.5에 설명 된대로 측정을 반복한다. </li><li> 새로운 환자에 대한 측정을 수행하려면, 환자 버튼을 클릭하고 위의 1.3 단계로 돌아갑니다. </li></ol> 3. 동맥 강성 측정하여 맥파 속도 (PWV) <ol><li> 연구의 매개 변수를 입력 할 연구 버튼을 클릭합니다. </li><li> 보정 된 혈압계에서 촬영 상완 압력을 입력 원위 (대퇴 펄스 위에 흉골 노치) 측정 거리 및 사이트 근위 (경동맥 펄스 위에 흉골 노치)를 입력합니다. 필요한 경우 약물 치료, 메모 및 운영자 필드, 입력 할 수 있습니다 </li><li> 측정을 진행 캡처 버튼을 클릭합니다. </li><li> ECG 신호가 허용 품질을 확인하십시오. </li><li> 경동맥 맥박을 만져. 이것은 목에 후두 및 흉쇄 근육 사이에 위치하고 있습니다. 그것은 측으로 근육 밀고 후두 대해 동맥을 눌러서 느껴질 수있다. </li><li&gt; 경동맥에 안압계를 배치하고 데이터 캡처 화면에 표시 일관된 압력 파형을받을 때까지 부드럽게 안압계를 누르십시오. </li><li> 일관된 파형을 13 초 최소가있을 때, OK 버튼을 누르거나 (사용하는 경우 풋 스위치를 눌러,)를 클릭합니다. </li><li> 대퇴 동맥의 맥박을 만져. 이는 중간 치골 치골과 전방 골극 사이의 복부, 허벅지에 있습니다. </li><li> 대퇴 동맥에 안압계를 놓고 당신이 캡처 화면에 표시 일관된 압력 파형을받을 때까지 부드럽게 안압계를 누르십시오. 일관된 파형을 13 초 최소가있는 경우, 확인 버튼을 클릭 (또는 사용하는 경우, 풋 스위치에를 누름). </li><li> 보고서 (들)은 지금 검토 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 측정은 일반적으로 회 반복 실시하고 있습니다. 사용자가 경동맥과 요골 동맥의 PWV를 측정하고자하는 경우, 그냥 같이 다음 단계 대신 F에서 측정하는 것을 제외하고는 반복 될 것이다emoral 동맥, 사용자가 요골 동맥에 안압계를 배치한다. 새로운 환자에 대한 측정을 수행하려면, 연구 버튼을 클릭하고이 절차를 반복하거나 기존 환자를 검색하는 검색 기능을 사용합니다. </li></ol> 4. 종료 <ol><li> 이 소프트웨어는 자동으로 모든 보고서를 저장합니다. 소프트웨어를 종료하려면 주 메뉴에서 시스템을 클릭 한 다음 끝내기를 클릭합니다. 저장 모듈 트레이에 안압계를 놓습니다. </li></ol>

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저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다. 저자는 프로토콜 설명 및 설명이 제품을 제조 SphygmoCor에서 연구의 성과에 대한 지원을 받았다.

맥박 파 속도 (PWV)의 측정은 비교적 간단하고 재현 가능한 방식으로 3 중부 동맥 경화를 분석하기위한 비 침습적 방법이다. PWV, (하행 대동맥에 대한 대리) 경동맥과 대퇴 펄스 파형은 하이파이 안압계를 이용하여 취득을 평가하기 위해, 동시에 기록 EKG 파도에 두 사이트 사이에 예상되는 참조의 맥파 도착의 시간 지연 동맥 시스템 3,10의 propagative 모델에 맞는 맞춤 설계된 컴퓨터 ?...

A correction was made to <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50817">Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging</a>. There was an error with the author, Majd AlGhatrif's, name. The author's name has been corrected to:
Majd AlGhatrif
instead of:
Majd al Ghatrif

A correction to the author list has been made for article <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/50817">Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging</a>.

Erratum: Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

맥파 속도 (PWV)는 동맥 경화 (2)의 평가에 황금 표준으로 간주된다. 미국에서 임상 적으로 사용하지 않는 동안, 유럽 3에 걸쳐 검증되고 널리 임상에 이용되고있다. PWV의 변화는 고혈압, 비만, 내당능 장애, 고지혈증 등 심혈관 질환의 위험 요인과 상관 관계가되었다. 높은 대동맥 강성은 제 4 심혈관 질환, 말초 동맥 질환 6 과목에서 근육 질량 감소 5, 느린 보행 속도에 대한 위험 증가와 관련이있다. PWV의 평가는 혈액의 펄스 대퇴 동맥 7 경동맥에서 이동하는 속도를 분석함으로써 달성된다. 그것은 재현성이 높은 결과를 비교적 간단한 방법입니다. 기술의 진보는 오퍼레이터 의존성을 줄이고 필요한 시간의 양을 감소시키는 절차를 단순화하기 위해 계속시험. SphygmoCorand는 심전도와 경동맥과 대퇴 펄스의 파형을 획득 할 수있는 하이파이 안압계를 이용하여 우리의 실험실에서 사용되는이 시스템은 생산됩니다. 소프트웨어는 맥파가 심전도 파형이 각 동맥 사이트에 상대적으로 압력 파 입하의 타이밍을 참조하여 경동맥과 대퇴 사이트간에 이동하는 데 걸리는 시간) 분할을 추정) (1)에 의해 속도를 결정하기 위해 이러한 변수를 분석 예상 시간에 의해 두 사이트 사이의 측정 된 거리. 가까이 함께 샘플링 사이트, 이러한 대퇴골과 경동맥 등의 큰 혈관이 방법의 사용을 제한, PWV 정확도는 떨어진다. PWV을 결정하는 것에 더하여, 시스템은 &quot;중앙 압력&quot;및 압력 방사형 펄스 (8)에 의해 생성 된 파형에 전달 함수를 적용하여 대동맥의 압력을 계산할 수 토출의 시간에 가장 직접적으로 영향 심장. 이 정보는 신뢰성과 비 침습적 방식으로 15에서 좌심실에 동맥 시스템의 효과의 평가에 도움을 줄 수있다. 에코 추적을 통해 이러한 경동맥 팽창성 등의 혈관 강성의 시험에 사용되는 대체 기술, 전문 지식의 큰 거래를 필요로하고 PWV보다 더 많은 시간이 소요됩니다. 에코 트래킹은 또한 일반적으로 비디오 이미지 분석을 이용하고, 따라서 이러한 측정의 정확도는 3에 한정된다. 혈관의 변화를 조사하기위한 다른 기술을 얻을 단면 및 가로 이미지 경동맥 elastance의 원유 근사치를 제공 할 수 있지만, 더 밀접하게 죽상 동맥 경화 진행에 관련된 결과를 제공 경동맥 내막 중간 두께 (IMT)의 평가를 포함. 이 방법은, 그러나, 상술 한 팽창성 연구와 같은 제약 조건의 일부에 시달리고있다. 연구진은 다양한 질병 상태에있는 역할 동맥 경화 재생보고 지속적으로,PWV 측정 가능성이 양적 및 재현성 대리 엔드 포인트를 제공 할 것입니다.

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			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:64px;">SphygmoCor System</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">AtCor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">SPT-304, Module EM3</td>
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pulse wave velocity testing in the baltimore longitudinal study of aging

경동맥 - 대퇴 맥파 속도는 비 침습적 인 방법 1을 통해 얻은 중심 동맥 경화의 측정을위한 황금 표준으로 간주됩니다. 주제는 부정사 위치에 배치 전에 시험을 시작하기 최소 10 분 동안 조용히 휴식을 사용할 수 있습니다. 적절한 커프 사이즈가 선택되고, 혈압이 오실로 장치를 사용하여 얻어진다. 쉬고 혈압이 수득되면, 압력 파형 오른쪽 대퇴 및 우측 총 경동맥으로부터 취득한다. 이 시스템은 자동으로 (하행 대동맥에 대한 대리로 경동맥을 사용)이 두 사이트 사이의 펄스 전송 시간을 계산합니다. 체표 측정이 샘플링 사이트 간의 맥파에 의해 이동 한 거리를 결정하는 데 사용된다. 이 거리는 다음 맥파 속도의 결과로 펄스 전송 시간으로 분할된다. 측정은 삼중으로 수행되고 보통은 항문에 사용ysis.

<html><img alt="표 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50817/50817table1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50817/50817table1.jpg" /> 표 1. PWV 결과는 초당 미터에서 생산됩니다. 건강한 주제에,이 속도는 (30에서 과목) 평균 6.2 m / 초에서 10.9 m / 초에 이르기까지 다양 할 수 있습니다 (70 세 이상 과목에서).이 값은 건강한 사람들에있는 문서 &quot;맥파 속도의 결정 요인에 설...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging at JoVE.com

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

맥파 속도 (PWV) 측정은 동맥 압력 파동은 일반적으로는 경동맥을 사용한 하행 대동맥 (에서 여행이 파를 걸리는 시간에 근접, 동맥 트리를 따라 이동하는 속도를 측정 안압계 기반 시스템에 의해 동맥 경화를 평가 대퇴 동맥에 대리로 동맥). 경동맥 - 대퇴 PWV는 2 ~ 어른의 수명에 걸쳐 삼중 증가한다.

노화의 볼티모어 종관 연구에 웨이브 속도 테스트 펄스

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity is considered the gold standard for measurements of central arterial stiffness obtained through noninvasive ...

pulse-wave-velocity-testing-baltimore-longitudinal-study

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16.9K 조회수.  National Institute of Aging.  맥파 속도 (PWV) 측정은 동맥 압력 파동은 일반적으로는 경동맥을 사용한 하행 대동맥 (에서 여행이 파를 걸리는 시간에 근접, 동맥 트리를 따라 이동하는 속도를 측정 안압계 기반 시스템에 의해 동맥 경화를 평가 대퇴 동맥에 대리로 동맥). 경동맥 - 대퇴 PWV는 2 ~ 어른의 수명에 걸쳐 삼중 증가한다. 

비디오: Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for objective diagnosis but also for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and resilience to trauma. Ongoing research is directed at identifying molecular biomarkers for PTSD, including traumatic stress induced proteins, transcriptomes, genomic variances and genetic modulators, using biologic samples from subjects' blood, saliva, urine, and postmortem brain tissues. However, the correlation of these biomarker molecules in peripheral or postmortem samples to altered brain functions associated with psychiatric symptoms in PTSD remains unresolved. Here, we present an animal model of PTSD in which both peripheral blood and central brain biomarkers, as well as behavioral phenotype, can be collected and measured, thus providing the needed correlation of the central biomarkers of PTSD, which are mechanistic and pathognomonic but cannot be collected from people, with the peripheral biomarkers and behavioral phenotypes, which can.
Our animal model of PTSD employs restraint and tail shocks repeated for three continuous days - the inescapable tail-shock model (ITS) in rats. This ITS model mimics the pathophysiology of PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10. We and others have verified that the ITS model induces behavioral and neurobiological alterations similar to those found in PTSD subjects 17, 7, 10, 9. Specifically, these stressed rats exhibit (1) a delayed and exaggerated startle response appearing several days after stressor cessation, which given the compressed time scale of the rat's life compared to a humans, corresponds to the one to three months delay of symptoms in PTSD patients (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D/E 13), (2) enhanced plasma corticosterone (CORT) for several days, indicating compromise of the hypothalamopituitary axis (HPA), and (3) retarded body weight gain after stressor cessation, indicating dysfunction of metabolic regulation.
The experimental paradigms employed for this model are: (1) a learned helplessness paradigm in the rat assayed by measurement of acoustic startle response (ASR) and a charting of body mass; (2) microdissection of the rat brain into regions and nuclei; (3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for blood levels of CORT; (4) a gene expression microarray plus related bioinformatics tools 18. This microarray, dubbed rMNChip, focuses on mitochondrial and mitochondria-related nuclear genes in the rat so as to specifically address the neuronal bioenergetics hypothesized to be involved in PTSD.

We describe a rat model of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that reveals the persistent alterations in neuroendocrine function and the delayed long-term, exaggerated fear response, characteristic of PTSD patients. The animal model and methods described here are useful for correlating biomarkers in brain nuclei, which are mechanistic but cannot be measured in patients, with biomarkers in peripheral white blood cells, which can.

PTSD의, 신경 Hematologic, 그리고 행동 상관 관계를 누설하는 행위에 대해서는 동물 모델에서 생체

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

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Through the Looking Glass: Time-lapse Microscopy and Longitudinal Tracking of Single Cells to Study Anti-cancer Therapeutics

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing factor in the overall outcome. Immunoblotting, flow cytometry and fixed cell experiments are often used to study how cells respond to anti-cancer drugs. These methods are important, but they have several shortcomings. Variability in drug responses between cancer and normal cells, and between cells of different cancer origin, and transient and rare responses are difficult to understand using population averaging assays and without being able to directly track and analyze them longitudinally. The microscope is particularly well suited to image live cells. Advancements in technology enable us to routinely image cells at a resolution that enables not only cell tracking, but also the observation of a variety of cellular responses. We describe an approach in detail that allows for the continuous time-lapse imaging of cells during the drug response for essentially as long as desired, typically up to 96 hr. Using variations of the approach, cells can be monitored for weeks. With the employment of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors numerous processes, pathways and responses can be followed. We show examples that include tracking and quantification of cell growth and cell cycle progression, chromosome dynamics, DNA damage, and cell death. We also discuss variations of the technique and its flexibility, and highlight some common pitfalls.

Here, we describe a method of long-term time-lapse microscopy to longitudinally track single cells in response to anti-cancer therapeutics.

유리를 통해 보면 : 시간 ​​경과 현미경 및 단일 세포의 종 추적 항암 치료를 공부하기

The response of single cells to anti-cancer drugs contributes significantly in determining the population response, and therefore is a major contributing ...

A Phenotyping Regimen for Genetically Modified Mice Used to Study Genes Implicated in Human Diseases of Aging

Age-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent and the burden continues to grow as our population ages. Effective treatments are necessary to lessen the impact of debilitating conditions but remain elusive in many cases. Only by understanding the causes and pathology of diseases associated with aging, can scientists begin to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop strategies for intervention. The most common age-related conditions are neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and blindness. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Genome wide association studies have previously identified loci that are associated with increased susceptibility to this disease and identified two regions of interest: complement factor H (CFH) and the 10q26 locus, where the age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) and high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HtrA1) genes are located. CFH acts as a negative regulator of the alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system while HtrA1 is an extracellular serine protease. ARMS2 is located upstream of HtrA1 in the primate genome, although the gene is absent in mice. To study the effects of these genes, humanized knock-in mouse lines of Cfh and ARMS2, knockouts of Cfh, HtrA1, HtrA2, HtrA3 and HtrA4 as well as a conditional neural deletion of HtrA2 were generated. Of all the genetically engineered mice produced only mice lacking HtrA2, either systemically or in neural tissues, displayed clear phenotypes. In order to examine these mice thoroughly and systematically, an initial phenotyping schedule was established, consisting of a series of tests related to two main diseases of interest: AMD and Parkinson's. Genetically modified mice can be subjected to appropriate experiments to identify phenotypes that may be related to the associated diseases in humans. A phenotyping regimen with a mitochondrial focus is presented here alongside representative results from the tests of interest.

A reverse-genetics approach to understanding gene families associated with human disease is presented, using mouse as a model system, and the subsequent mouse phenotyping schedule is described. Because mice defective in a gene of interest, HtrA2, manifested Parkinsonian symptoms, the phenotyping regimen is focused on identifying neurological defects.

노화의 인간의 질병에 관여 유전자를 연구에 사용 된 유전자 변형 마우스에 대한 표현형 요법

Age-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent and the burden continues to grow as our population ages. Effective treatments are necessary to ...

Ultrasound-based Pulse Wave Velocity Evaluation in Mice

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This parameter is being increasingly investigated in small rodent models in which it is used for assessing alterations in vascular function related to particular genotypes/treatments or for characterizing cardiovascular disease progression. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm which leads to non-invasive arterial PWV measurement in mice using ultrasound (US) images only. The proposed technique has been used to assess abdominal aorta PWV in mice and evaluate its age-associated changes.
Abdominal aorta US scans are obtained from mice under gaseous anesthesia using a specific US device equipped with high-frequency US probes. B-mode and Pulse-Wave Doppler (PW-Doppler) images are analyzed in order to obtain diameter and mean velocity instantaneous values, respectively. For this purpose, edge detection and contour tracking techniques are employed. The single-beat mean diameter and velocity waveforms are time aligned and combined in order to achieve the diameter-velocity (lnD-V) loop. PWV values are obtained from the slope of the linear part of the loop, which corresponds to the early systolic phase.
With the present approach, anatomical and functional information about the mouse abdominal aorta can be non-invasively achieved. Requiring the processing of US images only, it may represent a useful tool for the non-invasive characterization of different arterial sites in the mouse in terms of elastic properties. The application of the present technique can be easily extended to other vascular districts, such as the carotid artery, thus providing the possibility to obtain a multi-site arterial stiffness assessment.

Arterial stiffness represents a key factor in cardiovascular disease and pulse wave velocity (PWV) can be considered as a surrogate index for arterial stiffness. This protocol describes an image processing algorithm for calculating PWV in mice based on ultrasound image processing that is applicable at different arterial sites.

마우스에 맥파 속도 평가 초음파 기반

Arterial stiffness can be evaluated by calculating pulse wave velocity (PWV), i.e., the speed with which the pulse wave travels in a conduit vessel. This ...

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their lifetime. NAION results in optic nerve edema, selective loss of the retinal ganglion cell neurons (RGCs) and atrophy of the optic nerve. A rodent model of NAION that expresses most NAION features and sequelae has been developed, which is applicable to both rats and mice. This model utilizes a focal laser application of 532 nm wavelength to illuminate a photoactive dye, Rose Bengal (RB), to cause capillary damage and leakage at the targeted anterior optic nerve (the laminar region). After rNAION induction, there is an early optic nerve ischemia, optic nerve edema, and intraneural inflammation, followed by selective RGC and axonal loss. Since the optic nerve is a CNS white matter tract, the rNAION model is applicable to mechanistic studies of selective white matter ischemia, as well as neuroprotective analyses and short and long-term mechanisms of glial and neuronal response to ischemia.

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION

The following report describes how to replicate the rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION), using the appropriate dye, contact lens and laser parameters. We also reveal the appropriate steps for evaluating the rNAION lesion in vivo.

Nonarteritic 전방 허혈성 시신경 병증의 설치류 모델 (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular plasticity or damage occurring overtime and in relation to neuronal activity or blood flow. In vivo two-photon microscopy allows the study of the structural and functional plasticity of large cellular units in the living brain. In particular, the thinned-skull window preparation allows the visualization of cortical regions of interest (ROI) without inducing significant brain inflammation. Repetitive imaging sessions of cortical ROI are feasible, providing the characterization of disease hallmarks over time during the progression of numerous CNS diseases. This technique accessing the pial structures within 250 &#956;m of the brain relies on the detection of fluorescent probes encoded by genetic cellular markers and/or vital dyes. The latter (e.g., fluorescent dextrans) are used to map the luminal compartment of cerebrovascular structures. Germane to the protocol described herein is the use of an in vivo marker of amyloid deposits, Methoxy-O4, to assess Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) progression. We also describe the post-acquisition image processing used to track vascular changes and amyloid depositions. While focusing presently on a model of AD, the described protocol is relevant to other CNS disorders where pathological cerebrovascular changes occur.

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

This manuscript describes a procedure to track the remodeling of the cerebrovasculature during amyloid plaque accumulation in vivo using longitudinal two-photon microscopy. A thinned-skull preparation enables the visualization of fluorescent dyes to assess the progression of cerebrovascular damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer&#39;s disease.

종<em&gt; 생체</em&gt;은 Cerebrovasculature의 이미징 : CNS 질환에 관련성

Remodeling of the brain vasculature is a common trait of brain pathologies. In vivo imaging techniques are fundamental to detect cerebrovascular ...

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is often capped with biocompatible materials in order to expedite pulpal wound healing. The ultimate goal is to regenerate reparative dentin, a physical barrier that functions as a "biological seal" and protects the underlying pulp tissue. Although this direct pulp-capping procedure has long been used in dentistry, the underlying molecular mechanism of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation is still poorly understood. To induce reparative dentin, pulp capping has been performed experimentally in large animals, but less so in mice, presumably due to their small sizes and the ensuing technical difficulties. Here, we present a detailed, step-by-step method of performing a pulp-capping procedure in mice, including the preparation of a Class-I-like cavity, the placement of pulp-capping materials, and the restoration procedure using dental composite. Our pulp-capping mouse model will be instrumental in investigating the fundamental molecular mechanisms of pulpal wound healing in the context of reparative dentin in vivo by enabling the use of transgenic or knockout mice that are widely available in the research community.

We describe a step-by-step method of performing direct pulp capping on mice teeth for the evaluation of pulpal wound healing and reparative dentin formation in vivo.

치수의의 평가에 대한 직접 펄프 캐핑 모델의 개발 상처 치유와 마우스의 수복 상아질 형성

Dental pulp is a vital organ of a tooth fully protected by enamel and dentin. When the pulp is exposed due to cariogenic or iatrogenic injuries, it is ...

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central nervous system (CNS) and shares prominent similarities with the brain in terms of embryological origin, anatomical features and physiological properties.&#160; The vascular and neuronal structure in the retina can now be visualized easily and non-invasively using retinal imaging techniques, including fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and quantified semi-automatically using computer-assisted analysis programs. Studying the associations between vascular and neuronal changes in the retina and dementia could improve our understanding of dementia and, potentially, aid in diagnosis and risk assessment.&#160; This protocol aims to describe a method of quantifying and analyzing retinal vasculature and neuronal structure, which are potentially associated with dementia. This protocol also provides examples of retinal changes in subjects with dementia, and discusses technical issues and current limitations of retinal imaging.

The retina shares prominent similarities with the brain and thus represents a unique window to study vasculature and neuronal structure in the brain non-invasively. This protocol describes a method to study dementia using retinal imaging techniques. This method can potentially aid in diagnosis and risk assessment of dementia.

망막 화상 진 찰을 사용 하 여 치 매 공부 하기

The retina offers a unique &#8220;window&#8221; to study pathophysiological processes of dementia in the brain, as it is an extension of the central ...

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (Cf-PWV) to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively by the measurement of carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) (Class I; Level of Evidence A). In literature, numerous community-based or disease-specific studies have reported that higher cf-PWV is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Here, we discuss strategies to evaluate arterial stiffness with cf-PWV. Following the well-defined steps detailed here, e.g., proper position operator, distance measurement, and tonometer position, we will obtain a standard cf-PWV value to evaluate arterial stiffness. In this paper, a detailed stepwise method to record a good quality PWV and pulse wave analysis (PWA) using a non-invasive tonometry-based device will be discussed.

Measuring the Carotid to Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity Cf-PWV to Evaluate Arterial Stiffness

This protocol describes a method to standardize the measurements of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity to evaluate arterial stiffness.

For the elderly, arterial stiffening is a good marker for aging evaluation and it is recommended that the arterial stiffness be determined noninvasively ...

Integration of Brain Tissue Saturation Monitoring in Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Patients with Heart Failure

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HF). However, in clinical cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), cerebral hemodynamics is not assessed. NIRS is used to measure cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (SctO2) in the frontal lobe. This method is reliable and valid and has been utilized in several studies. SctO2 is lower during both rest and peak exercise in patients with HF than in healthy controls (66.3 &#177; 13.3% and 63.4 &#177; 13.8% vs. 73.1 &#177; 2.8% and 72 &#177; 3.2%). SctO2 at rest is significantly linearly correlated with peak VO2 (r = 0.602), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (r = 0.501), and brain natriuretic peptide (r = -0.492), all of which are recognized prognostic and disease severity markers, indicating its potential prognostic value. SctO2 is determined mainly by end-tidal CO2 pressure, mean arterial pressure, and hemoglobin in the HF population. This article demonstrates a protocol that integrates SctO2 using NIRS into incremental CPET on a calibrated bicycle ergometer.

This protocol integrated near-infrared spectroscopy into conventional cardiopulmonary exercise testing to identify the involvement of the cerebral hemodynamic response in exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure.

심부전 환자에서 심폐 운동 테스트에서 뇌 조직 포화 모니터링의 통합

Cerebral hypo-oxygenation during rest or exercise negatively impacts the exercise capacity of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction ...