Name: the rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rnaion)
Uploaded: 2016-11-20T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION at JoVE.com

We thank the many students and fellows who have worked on this model to improve its effectiveness, and to understand its mechanisms. Special thanks are due to Dr&#39;s. Mary Johnson (University of Maryland-Baltimore), Nitza Goldenberg-Cohen (Schneiderman Childrens Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel), Charles Zhang (Einstein Medical College, Bronx, NY), and Valerie Touitou (Hopital Salpetrie, Paris, France). This study was funded in part by RO1 EY015304 to SLB.

This protocol was approved by the University of Maryland Institutional Animal Care and Utilization Committee (IACUC; Baltimore, MD, USA)
1. Experimental Set-up
<ol>
	<li>Make a custom designed contact lens from a clear optical grade circular 7 mm in diameter Plexiglas, of 3 mm thickness. Cut the circular lenses with a drill press. Use a standard drill bit to make the inner curve, and finally polish the outer and inner curves using a contact lens polisher of ultrafine grit (1000/3000).</li>
	...

<ol>
	<li>Banik, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonarteritic+Anterior+Ischemic+Optic+Neuropathy:+An+Update+on+Demographics,+Clinical+Presentation,+Pathophysiology,+Animal+Models,+Prognosis,+and+Treatment.">Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: An Update on Demographics, Clinical Presentation, Pathophysiology, Animal Models, Prognosis, and Treatment.</a> J. Clin. Experimental Ophthalmol. 10, 1-5 (2013).</li><li>IONDT study group. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+patients+with+nonarteritic+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy+eligible+for+the+Ischemic+Optic+Neuropathy+Decompression+Trial.">Characteristics of patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy eligible for the Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 114, 1366-1374 (1996).</li><li>Tesser, R. A., Niendorf, E. R., Levin, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+morphology+of+an+infarct+in+nonarteritic+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy.">The morphology of an infarct in nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.</a> Ophthalmology. 110, 2031-2035 (2003).</li><li>Bernstein, S. L., Johnson, M. A., Miller, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonarteritic+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy+(NAION)+and+its+experimental+models.">Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) and its experimental models.</a> Prog Retin Eye Res. 30, 167-187 (2011).</li><li>Nicholson, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PGJ2+Provides+Prolonged+CNS+Stroke+Protection+by+Reducing+White+Matter+Edema.">PGJ2 Provides Prolonged CNS Stroke Protection by Reducing White Matter Edema.</a> PLoS One. 7 (12), (2012).</li><li>Goldenberg-Cohen, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendrocyte+Dysfunction+Following+Induction+of+Experimental+Anterior+Optic+Nerve+Ischemia.">Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction Following Induction of Experimental Anterior Optic Nerve Ischemia.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 46, 2716-2725 (2005).</li><li>Bernstein, S. L., Guo, Y., Kelman, S. E., Flower, R. W., Johnson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+and+cellular+responses+in+a+novel+rodent+model+of+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy.">Functional and cellular responses in a novel rodent model of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 44, 4153-4162 (2003).</li><li>Berger, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral-Domain+Optical+Coherence+Tomography+of+the+Rodent+Eye:+Highlighting+Layers+of+the+Outer+Retina+Using+Signal+Averaging+and+Comparison+with+Histology.">Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography of the Rodent Eye: Highlighting Layers of the Outer Retina Using Signal Averaging and Comparison with Histology.</a> PLoS One. 9 (5), (2014).</li><li>Huang, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effects+of+systemic+treatment+with+methylprednisolone+in+a+rodent+model+of+non-arteritic+anterior+ischemic+optic+neuropathy+(rNAION).">Protective effects of systemic treatment with methylprednisolone in a rodent model of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION).</a> Exp Eye Res. 131, 69-76 (2015).</li><li>Mantopoulos, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Experimental+Model+of+Optic+Nerve+Head+Injury.">An Experimental Model of Optic Nerve Head Injury.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 57, 6222 (2014).</li><li>You, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+Evoked+Potential+Recording+in+a+Rat+Model+of+Experimental+Optic+Nerve+Demyelination.">Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (101), e52934 (2015).</li><li>Templeton, J. P., Geisert, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+approach+to+optic+nerve+crush+in+the+mouse.">A practical approach to optic nerve crush in the mouse.</a> Mol Vis. 18, 2147-2152 (2012).</li><li>Magharious, M. M., D'Onofrio, P. M., Koeberle, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+Nerve+Transection:+A+Model+of+Adult+Neuron+Apoptosis+in+the+Central+Nervous+System.">Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System.</a> J Vis Exp. (51), e2241 (2011).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Rodent+Model+of+Posterior+Ischemic+Optic+Neuropathy.">A Novel Rodent Model of Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.</a> JAMA Ophthalmol. 131 (2), 194-204 (2013).</li><li>Huang, T. L., Chang, C. H., Chang, S. W., Lin, K. H., Tsai, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+Intravitreal+Injections+of+Antivascular+Endothelial+Growth+Factor+Agents+in+a+Rat+Model+of+Anterior+Ischemic+Optic+Neuropathy.">Efficacy of Intravitreal Injections of Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents in a Rat Model of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.</a> IOVS. 56, 2290-2296 (2015).</li></ol>

While there are a number of models of optic nerve damage (optic nerve crush12, optic nerve transection13, and PION14), the rNAION model is humane, adaptable to both rats and mice. It more closely resembles the human clinical condition of NAION. This condition includes progressive anterior optic nerve edema, an anterior optic nerve compartment syndrome, focal axonal ischemia, isolated retinal ganglion cell axonal damage and loss over a prolonged time course. The current report gives the ap...

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the anterior portion of the optic nerve (ON)1. NAION is the most common cause of sudden optic nerve related vision loss in individuals over the age of 502. The mechanism is believed to be a compartment syndrome that results in intraneural edema, and causes compression of the capillaries supplying the axons within the optic nerve3.
Since the ON is actually a central nervous system (CNS) tract, the rodent NAION (rNAION) model can be used to study the mechanisms and responses to isolated CNS white matter strokes. The rNAION model may therefore be useful in dissecting many problems associated with stroke related damage to white matter. It can be used to evaluate different neuroprotective strategies and agents in white matter stroke.
One of the most attractive features of the model is that it is a painless, noninvasive procedure. The laser power can be adjusted to produce various degree of ischemic damage. Another feature is that it relies on laser induced superoxide radicals to damage the capillary endothelium, producing a progressive capillary dysfunction. It is this dysfunction and progressive edema that is believed to be remarkably similar to the mechanism that causes NAION. Research has shown that it does not cause direct capillary clotting, but works through at least two mechanisms: superoxide induced death and stripping of some of the capillary endothelial cells4, and NFkB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) associated inflammatory up regulation in remaining endothelium, with increased fluid transport across the cell membranes into the interstitium5 . The closure of the optic nerve capillaries and compression caused by interstitial fluid accumulation result in optic nerve head ischemia. A schematic picture is shown in Figure 2. The rNAION model can be used in both rat and mouse species6,7, and can be varied in the level of its severity, from a mild lesion to a complete, but painless destruction of the optic nerve and the retina, such as central retinal artery occlusion(CRAO).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="600">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50mW 532nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Iridex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Standard Ophthalmic Laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">0-100mW 532nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Laserglow technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Substitute for iridex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laser slit lamp adapter</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Iridex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>SMA coupled adapter for laser output</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cpherent Fieldmate laser meter with thermopile sensor</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Coherent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>others also appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ophthalmic Examing Slit lamp biomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">VArious</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Haag-Streit is the best; cheaper versions available on ebay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Rose Bengal</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">330000-1G</td>
			<td>Photoinducing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fundus Contact lens or glass cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">custom/Cantor and Nissel (UK)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom designed planoconvex plastic lens for eye exam and induction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tropicamide 1%</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tamiya polishing compound</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Tamiya, INC</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">87068</td>
			<td>polishing contact lens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">2.5% Hypromellose (Goniovisc)/1% Methycellulose</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">HUB Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>contact lens coupling agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2.5% Neosynephrine Ophthalmic drops</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Alcon labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>pupil dilating agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tropicamide 1%</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Alcon labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>pupil dilating agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">0.5% Proparacaine</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Alcon labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>topical Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">30ga fused needle insulin syringe</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Various</td>
			<td>for intravenous injection of rose bengal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Ophthamic Antibiotic ointment with dexamethasone added (Triple antibiotic ointment)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Various</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Various</td>
			<td>Apply after induciton to minimize corneal scarring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Heidelberg Corporation Spectral domain-Optical Coherence Tomograph</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Heidelberg Corportion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For Optical coherence measurements baseline and post-induction; not essential for induction</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rnaion)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their lifetime. NAION results in optic nerve edema, selective loss of the retinal ganglion cell neurons (RGCs) and atrophy of the optic nerve. A rodent model of NAION that expresses most NAION features and sequelae has been developed, which is applicable to both rats and mice. This model utilizes a focal laser application of 532 nm wavelength to illuminate a photoactive dye, Rose Bengal (RB), to cause capillary damage and leakage at the targeted anterior optic nerve (the laminar region). After rNAION induction, there is an early optic nerve ischemia, optic nerve edema, and intraneural inflammation, followed by selective RGC and axonal loss. Since the optic nerve is a CNS white matter tract, the rNAION model is applicable to mechanistic studies of selective white matter ischemia, as well as neuroprotective analyses and short and long-term mechanisms of glial and neuronal response to ischemia.

The contact lens enabled central retina visualization (Figure 1). The focal laser spot illuminates the optic disc at the back of the retina (Figure 2). The normal un-induced retina is shown imaged by slit lamp bio-microscope (Figure 3A) and by SD-OCT (Figure 3B and 3C). During laser induction, when no dye is present in the circulation, laser light does not result in vessel and disk fluorescence (Figure 4A...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION at JoVE.com

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION

The following report describes how to replicate the rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rNAION), using the appropriate dye, contact lens and laser parameters. We also reveal the appropriate steps for evaluating the rNAION lesion in vivo.

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their ...

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