이 작품은 CDMRP, USUHS 보조금 G188LE, G188MG, 그리고 G188QC (HL까지), 그리고 충격으로 스트레스 연구에 대한 USUHS 센터에 의해 지원되었다.

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관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

PTSD의 진단은 잠재적 인 대상으로 자기보고 정신 증상 (DSM IV)에 기반을두고 있습니다. 더 잘 정의 된 biomarker는 현재 잠재적 인 PTSD 환자의 pathophysiological 상태를 액세스 할 수 없습니다. PTSD 인생은 외상성 사건을 위협하고 주요 정신 증상이 초기 사건 이후 몇 달, 심지어 몇 년 동안 생존자의 삶에 존재 유지에 의해 도발 장애입니다. PTSD 환자에 공개 가장 유명하고 지속적인 증상은 hypervigilance, 지연 과장 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답 14, 15, 16 및 고전력 증폭기 축 명백한 타협입니다. 외상성 스트레스 (24)의 정지 후, 인간에서 이러한 증상이 남아, 또는 3 개월 지연 나타납니다. 150g 무게 쥐의 피할 꼬리 - 충격 모델 (ITS) - PTSD의 biomarker 연구에 대한 우리의 현재 모델은 구속 세 연속 일 (40, 2 석사 tailshocks의 2 시간 세션)에 대한 반복 꼬리 충격을 고용하고 있습니다. 이 ITS 모델이 있습니다상당한 정도 PTSD 17 pathophysiology, 7, 4, 10 흉내 게재 된. 우리 연구실 및 기타 실험실 쥐의 스트레스의 ITS 모델이 PTSD 과목 17, 7, 10, 9에서 발견 된 것과 유사한 행동 및 신경 생물학적 변경을 유도하는지 확인했습니다. 특히, 이러한 스트레스 쥐 (1) 인간에 비해 쥐의 삶의 압축 시간 척도를 제공 스트레스 중단 후 몇 일 게재 지연과 과장 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답, PTSD 환자의 증상의 1~3개월 지연에 해당하는 전시 (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D / E 13), (2) hypothalamopituitary 축 (고전력 증폭기)의 손상을 나타내는 몇 가지 (10) 일, 그리고 (3) 저능아가 체중 증가에 대한 강화 된 플라즈마 corticosterone (CORT) 후 스트레스 PTSD의 신진 대사 조절의 장애에 해당하는 중단. 여우 냄새, 육식 동물에 노출, 또는 potentiated 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답 exhi을 두려워하는 문학의 증거는 없습니다비트이 지속적 행동 및 neuroendocrinologic phenotypes는 PTSD와 관련된. 하나의 스트레스 세션 (1DS)에 노출 쥐가 과도 전시했지만, 3DS 쥐 17으로 표시 지속적인 이상은 본 실험은 3DS와 1DS 쥐 4, 7, 그리고 스트레스 정지 후 10 일 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답을 비교 없습니다. 이전 작품과 일치, 쥐가 높은 기초 플라즈마 CORT 수준에게 첫 날 후 스트레스 17 전시 강조했다. 이 CORT 수준은 1DS 쥐에 비해 3DS의 쥐에서 더 높은 CORT 수준과 스트레스 노출의 수에 민감했다. 펄쩍 뛰게하다 sensitization은 3DS의 쥐에 10 일 게시 스트레스 분명해집니다 반면에 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답은, 1DS의 쥐가 과장 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답 7 일 후 스트레스을 나타냅니다. 따라서, 스트레스 정지 후 과장 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답의 모양은 스트레스 세션 노출 수에 관련이있는 것으로 나타납니다. 3DS 스트레스 모델에 나타납니다PTSD의 증상과 스트레스의 중단에 따라 타이밍과 관련된 주요 측정 행동 phenotypes와 관련된 생체의 변경된 표현에 대한 통찰력을 얻을하는 데 유용합니다. 게놈 결과는 크게 PTSD 등의 복잡하고 multifactorial neurologic 장애, 하부 분자 메커니즘을 시스템 - 생물 연구와 이해를 촉진 할 차동 경로와 유전자 및 단백질 생체를 식별 할 수 rMNChip 및 생물 정보학 도구를 적용하기위한 원칙을 증명하는 서류를 제시 발표했다. 우리의 패러다임은인지와 PTSD의 더 복잡한 행동 측면으로 탐구하지 않지만, 우리는 ITS 모델 1에 해당 변경된 수면 패턴은 어려움 내려와 잠 숙박과 PTSD 환자 11 (DSM-IV-TR PTSD의 악몽에 해당합니다 기준 D 13), 그리고 탈출 / 회피 ITS 모델 학습 및 appetitive 작업의 학습에 결함 <sup가난한 농도와 PTSD 5 (DSM-IV-TR PTSD 기준 C 13)의 메모리 적자로&gt; 12에 해당합니다. 현재 모델은 PTSD의 특징 주요 증상과 잘 상관 관계 및 중앙, 기계론의 생체과 함께, 환자로부터 수집 할 수 있습니다 PTSD의 주변 생체를 상호 연관에 대한 좋은 모델, 할 수없는 여섯을 제공합니다.

biomarkers in an animal model for revealing neural, hematologic, and behavioral correlates of ptsd

후 외상 후 스트레스 장애의 pathophysiology의 발전을 대표하는 생체 인식은 (PTSD) 목적 진단뿐만 아니라 외상에 대한 치료 효능과 회복력의 평가뿐만 아니라, 매우 중요합니다. 지속적인 연구 과목 &#39;혈액, 타액, 소변, 사후 뇌 조직으로부터 생물학적 샘플을 사용하여 충격으로 스트레스를 유발 단백질, transcriptomes, 게놈 차이와 유전자 변조기를 포함하여 PTSD에 대한 분자 생체를 식별에 관한 것이다. 그러나, PTSD의 정신 증상과 관련된 변경된 뇌 기능에 주변 또는 사후 샘플에서 이러한 biomarker 분자의 상관 관계가 해결되지 않은 남아 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 따라서 기계론의와 pathogno 아르 PTSD의 중심 생체의 필요한 상관 관계를 제공하고, 말초 혈 및 중앙 뇌 생체뿐만 아니라 행동 표현형 모두 수집하고 측정 할 수있는 PTSD의 동물 모델을 제시monic하지만이되는 수, 주변 생체 및 행동 phenotypes와 함께, 사람들로부터 수집 할 수 없습니다. 쥐의 피할 꼬리 - 충격 모델 (ITS) - PTSD 우리의 동물 모델은 구속 세 연속 일 동안 반복 꼬리 충격을 고용하고 있습니다. 이 ITS 모델은 PTSD 17, 7, 4, 10 pathophysiology을 모방 한 것이 었지요. 우리와 다른 ITS 모델이 PTSD 과목 17, 7, 10, 9에서 발견 된 것과 유사한 행동 및 신경 생물학적 변경을 유도하는지 확인했습니다. 특히, 이러한 스트레스 쥐 (1) 인간에 비해 쥐의 삶의 압축 시간 척도를 제공 스트레스 중단 후 몇 일 게재 지연과 과장 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답, PTSD 환자의 증상의 1~3개월 지연에 해당하는 전시 (DSM-IV-TR PTSD Criterian D / E 13), (2) 향상된 플라즈마 hypothalamopituitary 축 (고전력 증폭기)의 손상을 나타내는 몇 일 동안 corticosterone (CORT), (3) 저능아 보신진 대사 조절의 장애를 나타내는 스트레스 정지 후 마구 체중 증가. 이 모델에 사용 된 실험 패러다임은 다음과 같습니다 음향 펄쩍 뛰게하다 응답 (ASR) 및 신체 질량 차트의 측정에 의해 assayed 쥐 (1) 배운 helplessness 패러다임, 지역 및 핵에 쥐의 뇌의 (2) microdissection ( CORT의 혈액 수준 3) 효소 결합 면역 분석 (엘리사), (4) 유전자 발현의 microarray 플러스 관련 생물 정보학 도구 18. rMNChip 별명이 microarray은, 특히 PTSD에 참여하는 가상 neuronal bioenergetics를 해결하기만큼 쥐의 mitochondrial 및 미토콘드리아 관련 핵 유전자에 초점을 맞추고 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD at JoVE.com

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

우리는 PTSD 환자의 특징 neuroendocrine 기능의 영구적 인 변경 및 지연, 장기, 과장된 공포 반응을 보여 후 외상 후 스트레스 장애 (PTSD)의 쥐 모델을 설명합니다. 동물 모델과 여기에 설명 된 방법은 기계론의이지만 주변 흰색 혈액 세포의 생체과 함께, 환자로 측정 할 수없는 뇌 핵에 생체, 수를 상호 연관 유용합니다.

PTSD의, 신경 Hematologic, 그리고 행동 상관 관계를 누설하는 행위에 대해서는 동물 모델에서 생체

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.9K 조회수.  Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. 우리는 PTSD 환자의 특징 neuroendocrine 기능의 영구적 인 변경 및 지연, 장기, 과장된 공포 반응을 보여 후 외상 후 스트레스 장애 (PTSD)의 쥐 모델을 설명합니다. 동물 모델과 여기에 설명 된 방법은 기계론의이지만 주변 흰색 혈액 세포의 생체과 함께, 환자로 측정 할 수없는 뇌 핵에 생체, 수를 상호 연관 유용합니다.

비디오: Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

소설 허벌 요법을 평가하는 패혈증의 동물 모델의 사용

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

연구

의학

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart model, have been invaluable tools for studying cardiovascular function and disease1-15. Although the Langendorff heart preparation can be used for any mammalian heart, most studies involving this apparatus use small animal models (e.g., mouse, rat, and rabbit) due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals1,3,11. One major difficulty is ensuring a constant coronary perfusion pressure over a range of different heart sizes &#8211; a key component of any experiment utilizing this device1,11. By replacing the classic hydrostatic afterload column with a centrifugal pump, the Langendorff working heart apparatus described below allows for easy adjustment and tight regulation of perfusion pressures, meaning the same set-up can be used for various species or heart sizes. Furthermore, this configuration can also seamlessly switch between constant pressure or constant flow during reperfusion, depending on the user&#8217;s preferences. The open nature of this setup, despite making temperature regulation more difficult than other designs, allows for easy collection of effluent and ventricular pressure-volume data.

Most studies involving the Langendorff apparatus use small animal models due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals. We describe a Langendorff system for large animal models that allows for use across a range of species, including humans, and relatively easy data acquisition.

큰 동물 모델에 대한 격리 된 작업 심장 시스템

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and histopathologic features of the human disease. When GL261 cells are implanted intracranially in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, the model has the added advantage of maintaining an intact immune microenvironment. Stable expression of luciferase in GL261 cells allows non-invasive cost effective bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial tumor growth. We have recently demonstrated that luciferase expression in GL261 cells does not affect the tumor growth properties, tumor cell immunomodulatory cytokine expression, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, or overall survival of animals bearing the intracranial tumor. Therefore, it appears that the GL261 luciferase glioma model can be useful in the study of novel chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we report the technique for generating stable luciferase expression in GL261 cells and how to study the in vitro and in vivo growth of the tumor cells by bioluminescence imaging.

GL261 glioma cells provide a useful immunocompetent animal model of glioblastoma. The goals of this protocol are to demonstrate proper techniques for monitoring intracranial tumor growth using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and to verify the utility of luciferase-modified GL261 cells for studying tumor immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches for treating glioblastoma.

교 모세포종에 대한 면역 적격 동물 모델의 생물 발광 영상

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

마우스에 반복적 인 충격 포 헤드 손상 모델

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle screws after spinal surgery, which is a serious concern. To address this problem, diverse types of pedicle screws have been examined to identify those with good fixation strength and osseointegration in spine bone. The porcine spine is a good alternative for the human spine in the evaluation of pedicle screws due to the anatomical size, mechanical characteristics, and cost. Although several studies have reported that pedicle screws are efficient in the porcine model, no study has described detailed protocols for the evaluation of a pedicle screw using the porcine model. Here, we describe a detailed method for evaluating transpedicular screws using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model. The technical details for anesthesia, spine surgery, and harvest provided here will facilitate with the evaluation of the transpedicular screw fixation model.

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Here, we introduce a method to evaluate transpedicular screws by using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model.

수술 용 나사를 이용한 마취, 수술 및 수확 방법<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 돼지의 허리 척추 모델

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

A Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Model in Swine Using an Ameroid Constrictor

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but regardless of the approach, an in vivo model is needed to test each treatment. The pig is one of the most used large animal models for cardiovascular disease. Its heart is very similar in anatomy and function to that of a human. The ameroid placement technique creates an ischemic area of the heart, which has many useful applications in studying myocardial infarction. This model has been used for surgical research, pharmaceutical studies, imaging techniques, and cell therapies.
There are several ways of inducing an ischemic area in the heart. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, but the placement of an ameroid constrictor remains the most widely used technique. The main advantages to using the ameroid are its prevalence in existing research, its availability in various sizes to accommodate the anatomy and size of the vessel to be constricted, the surgery is a relatively simple procedure, and the post-operative monitoring is minimal, since there are no external devices to maintain. This paper provides a detailed overview of the proper technique for the placement of the ameroid constrictor.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the placement of a delayed constricting device (an ameroid constrictor) around a coronary artery in a swine model. This device creates an ischemic area of the heart that is useful for studying new diagnostic imaging techniques and new methods of treatment.

Ameroid 압축을 사용 하 여 돼지에서 만성 심장 허 혈 모델

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but ...

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent hemorrhages at a later stage. The exact effects of plasma coagulation on liver tissue are only poorly examined. In our porcine model, the coagulation effects can be examined close to the clinical application. A combined laser Doppler flowmeter and spectrophotometer documents microcirculation changes during coagulation at 8 mm tissue depth noninvasively, providing quantifiable information about hemostasis beyond the subjective clinical impression. The temperature at coagulation site is assessed with an infrared thermometer prior and post coagulation and with a thermographic camera during coagulation, a measurement of the gas beam temperature is not possible due to the upper threshold of the devices. The depth of coagulation is measured microscopically on hematoxylin/eosin stained sections after calibration with an object micrometer and gives an exact information about the power setting-coagulation depth-relation. The sealing effect is examined on the bile ducts as it is not possible for a plasma coagulator to seal larger blood vessels. Burst pressure experiments are carried out on explanted organs to rule out blood pressure related effects.

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Here we present a protocol to experimentally assess plasma coagulation in liver tissue in vivo. In a porcine model, microcirculation is examined by laser Doppler, coagulation depth is measured histologically, temperature at coagulation site by infrared thermometer and thermographic camera, and duct sealing effect is documented by burst pressure experiments.

플라즈마 응고는 큰 동물 모델에서 에서 Vivo에서 간 조직에의 평가

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent ...

Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model

Intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can cause vocal cord paralysis, which interferes with speech and can potentially interfere with breathing. In recent years, intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) has been widely adapted as an adjunct technique to localize the RLN, detect RLN injury, and predict vocal cord function during the operations. Many studies have also used animal models to investigate new applications of IONM technology and to develop reliable strategies for preventing intraoperative RLN injury. The aim of this article is to introduce a standard protocol for using a porcine model in IONM research. The article demonstrates the procedures for inducing general anesthesia, performing tracheal intubation, and experimental design to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of RLN injuries. Applications of this protocol can improve overall efficacy in implementing the 3R principle (replacement, reduction and refinement) in porcine IONM studies.

This study aims to develop a standard protocol of intra-operative neural monitoring of thyroid surgery in a porcine model. Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate general anesthesia, to compare different types of electrodes, and to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of the normal and injured recurrent laryngeal nerves.

돼지 모델에서 갑 상선 수술의 내부 작용 신경 모니터링

Intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can cause vocal cord paralysis, which interferes with speech and can potentially interfere ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Manufacture of a Multi-Purpose Low-Cost Animal Bench-Model for Teaching Tracheostomy

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite this, there is a lack of training on this procedure that affects its outcome, which is also dependent on operator's dexterity. Here, we take the specific training and simulation into consideration. This article aims to describe every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model, with the support of video and images, and to obtain an opinion about the quality of this model by administering a questionnaire to professionals with experience in the procedures. 
Ten experts in the technique were enrolled. The model scored an average of 3.45/5 for its anatomical realism; 4.75/5 for its usefulness as a training tool for simulation courses and assessments. The time necessary to build the model was 15 minutes, and the cost amounted to 10&#8364;. The animal bench-model was considered a very useful simulator for tracheostomy training and assessments. Therefore, it could be used as a tool for medical courses and residencies.

This article illustrates every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model for subglottic airway access management. All the procedures are shown in the video. The model's realism and its suitability for training the given clinical maneuvers were assessed by independent senior otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists.

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite ...