이 작품은 NIH (1 R01 AI095338-01A1)에 의해 재정적으로 지원되었습니다.

저자는 경쟁적인 재정적 이익이 없다고 선언합니다.

점막 상피 표면을 가로지르는 호중구 이동은 세균병원균3을가진 감염 다음 질병 병리학에서 일반적인 특징이다. 본 명세서에 기재된 방법론은 세균 감염에 의해 유발되는 염증 과정의 특징을 모델하는 체외 공동문화 분석 시스템에서 유래된 인간 세포를 사용하여 이 개별 이벤트를 실험적으로 격리하는 신속하고 간단한 접근법을 제공한다. 본 시스템은 원래 살모넬라 티피무륨...

점막 표면은 환경에 만연한 외부 위협에 대한 보호를 제공하는 물리적 및 면역학 장벽 역할을한다 1,2. 병원성 유기체가2를침공할 때 이러한 보호 상피 장벽이 손상될 수 있다. 세균성 병원균의 경우, 이러한 만남은 종종 선천성 면역 체계를 활성화하고 호중구로 알려진 응급 구조자 과립구의 신속한 동원을 유발하여 염증 과정을선동2-4. 호중구 모집을 용이하게 하는 항암제는2-4의상피성 세포를 제거하려는 점막 상피 세포에 의해 부분적으로 생성된다. 점막 상피 표면의 과도하거나 해결되지 않은 호중구 침투는 중요한 병리학을 유발할 수있다 1,5. 이는 항균 호중구 무기고5-7에의한 비특이적 조직 손상의 결과입니다. 이러한 경우에, 호중구의 세균성 통관 능력은 전염성 모욕 도중 호스트 조직의 파괴에 의해 가려져 있습니다.  보호 상피 장벽 기능의 중단은 미생물 및 / 또는 독소에 기본 조직의 향상된 노출로 이어질 수 있습니다, 질병 병리학을 더욱 악화8,9. 이러한 결과는 폐 및 소화관을 포함한 여러 장기 시스템에서 관찰될 수 있다1,5. 더욱이, 천식의 심한 시합, 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환(COPD), 급성 호흡곤란 증후군(ARDS), 염증성 장질환(IBD) 등 비감염성 질환은 과도한 호중구 반응에 의한 점막 상피 장벽의 병리학적 위반에 의해 표시된다4,5,10-12.
점막 감염 에 따른 호중구 모집의 복잡한 과정은 여러 구획 단계1,5,13,14를포함한다. 첫째, 호중구는 내피 이동1,13을용이하게 하는 일련의 세포 대 세포 상호 작용을 통해 순환에서 출발해야 한다. 호중구는 다음 세포 외 매트릭스를 포함하는 기존의 중간 공간을 탐색1,14. 감염된 점막의 루멘에 도달하려면 호중구는 상피 장벽1,4,5를가로 질러 이동해야합니다. 이 복잡한 다단계 현상은 감염15의생체 내 동물 모형을 사용하여 집계에서 수시로 조사됩니다. 이러한 모델은 전체 공정에 참여하지만 각 뚜렷한 구획화단계(16)에중요한 분자 기여도를 해결하기에는 크게 부적당한 체모키인, 접착 분자 또는 신호 경로와 같은 특정 요인의 필요성을 확립하는 데 유용하다. 호중구의 트랜스 내피, 트랜스 매트릭스 또는 트랜스 상피 이동을 모델링하는 시험관 내 시스템 내계가1,14,16,17에서특히 유용하였다.
견고한 동문화 분석 시스템은 병원성 감염18-22에대응하여 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동을 담당하는 메커니즘을 해독하기 위한 목적으로 개발되었다. 이 모형은 세균성 병원체를 가진 편광된 인간 상피 세포 층의 정압 표면을 감염시키는 것을 관련시킵니다18-22바칼측 표면에 새로 고립된 인간 호중구의 적용에 선행된. 호중구는 상피 유래 화학 물질 제품에 대한 응답으로 상피 장벽을 가로 질러 이동18,21-23병원성 감염 다음 분비. 본 모델 시스템은 적절한 조직 특정 세균병원균에 노출된 장 및 폐 상피 배양을 사용하여 사용되었으며 점막 감염 시 호중구 모집 과정에 중요한 새로운 분자 메커니즘을3,8,19,24-28로발표했다. 이 체외 공동문화 모델의 강점은 감소주의자 접근법을 통해 조사관이 잘 통제되고, 매우 재현가능하고, 상당히 저렴한 시스템에서 병원체, 상피 장벽 및/또는 호중구를 실험적으로 조작할 수 있게 한다는 것입니다. 이러한 접근법으로부터 수집된 통찰력은 생체 내 감염 모델22,29,30을사용하여 호중구 모집 중 구획화 된 사건의 집중분석을 수행하기 위해 효과적으로 활용할 수 있다.
이 문서에서는 병원균 유도 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동을 탐구하기 위해이 재현 가능한 모델의 성공적인 설립에 필요한 여러 단계를 보여줍니다. 병원균 슈도모나스 아에루기노사에 감염된 폐 상피 장벽은 이 논문에 등장한다. 그러나, 그밖 조직 상피및 병원체는 경미한 수정으로 대체될 수 있습니다. 겨드개한 콜라겐 코팅 투과성 트랜스웰 필터에 편광 폐 상피 세포 층의 파종 및 배양은 병원성 P. aeruginosa의 성장과 전혈에서 호중구의 격리와 마찬가지로 본원에 상세합니다. 이러한 성분들이 병원균 유발 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동을 관찰하기 위해 결합되는 방법은 재현 가능한 분석법을 확립하기 위해 적절한 양성 및 음수 제어와 함께 제시된다. 병원체 유도 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동의 다양한 측면을 검사하는이 접근 방식의 다양성은 문학에서 특정 연구에 대한 참조와 함께 논의된다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1470">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">NCl-H292 cells</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">CRL-1848</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">RPMI-1640 medium</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">30-2001</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#47085</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Escherichia coli MC1000</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#39531</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">D-PBS (1x) liquid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Heat Inactivated Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">10082-147</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">10% added to culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">100x: 10,000 units of penicillin and 10,000 &#181;g of streptomycin per ml.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">25300-062</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">50 ml aliquots are stored frozen at -20 &#186;C.&#160; Aliquot in use can be stored at 4 &#186;C short-term.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution - HBSS(-)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">14175-079</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Sterile, without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Trypan Blue Solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15250-061.</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Stock = 0.4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Collagen, Rat Tail</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">A10483-01</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Can also be isolated in the laboratory directly from the tails of rats using standard protocols</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Citric acid</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C1909-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of 1 M citrate buffer and acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Sodium Citrate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">S4641-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of 1 M citrate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Dextrose anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">D8066-250G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">213330-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">S6014-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">ED-100G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">HBSS(+) powder</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">H1387-10L</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Key component of HBSS+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">H3375-500G</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of HBSS+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Sigmacote</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">SL2-25ML</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Follow vendor instructions to coat glass pipette tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">T-9284</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">2,2&#39;-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">A9941-50TAB</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Key component of ABTS substrate solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">30% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">H1009-100ML</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Component of ABTS substrate solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">N-Formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP or fMLF)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">F-3506</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">A Stock solution of 10 mM in DMSO should be prepared and aliquots stored at -20 &#186;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Gelatin Type B</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">M-12026</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Pseudomonas isolation agar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">DF0927-17-1</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Follow manufacturer&#8217;s instructions to make PIA plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Ficoll-Paque PLUS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">45-001-749</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Optional, can improve neutrophil purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;"></td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Name of Material / Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">24-well migration plate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#3524</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">24-well wash plate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">35-1147</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Can be reused if soaked in 70% ethanol and washed thoroughly prior to reuse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#12565501</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:520px;">Transwell Permeable Supports&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Corning Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#3415</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Polycarbonate; Diameter: 6.5 mm; Growth area: 0.33 cm2; Dish style: 24-well plate; Pore size: 3.0 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">35-1013</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Each Petri dish holds 24 inverted 0.33 cm2 Transwells.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">500 ml 0.2 &#956;m filter / flask</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">09-740-25A</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">To sterilize acid citrate dextrose (ACD) solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">5-3/4 in glass Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">13-678-20A</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Coat tips with Sigmacote prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Hemostat</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">13-812-14</td>
			<td style="width:667px;">Curved, Serrated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Invertoskop Inverted Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#342222</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:520px;">Versa-Max Microplate Reader</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Molecular Devices</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">#432789</td>
			<td style="width:667px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro coculture assay to assess pathogen induced neutrophil trans-epithelial migration

점막 표면은 병원성 유기체에 대한 보호 장벽 역할을합니다. 선천성 면역 반응은 주로 호중구를 마이그레이션하는 염증 세포와 조직의 침투로 이어지는 병원균을 감지할 때 활성화됩니다. 이 과정은 과도하거나 해결되지 않은 상태로 유지되는 경우 조직에 파괴적 일 가능성이 있습니다.  체외 모델의 공동 배양은 병원체 유도 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동에 관여하는 독특한 분자 메커니즘을 연구하기 위해 활용될 수 있다. 이 유형의 모델은 병원체, 상피 장벽 또는 호중구의 제어 조작기회를 통해 실험 설계의 다기능성을 제공합니다. 투과성 트랜스웰 필터에서 자란 편극상 단층의 정량적 표면의 병원성 감염은 생리학적으로 관련된 바소포탈을 유혈성 호중구 표면에 적용한다. 본 명세서에서 기술된 시험관 내 모델은 병원성 P. aeruginosa (PAO1)에 감염된 편광폐 상피 단층을 통해 호중구 이주를 입증하는 데 필요한 다중 단계를 보여줍니다. 인간 유래 폐 상피 세포와 투과성 트랜스웰의 파종 및 배양은 전체 인간의 혈액으로부터 호중구의 격리와 함께 PAO1 및 비병원성 K12 E. 대장균(MC1000)의 배양과 함께 설명된다.   병원성 감염에 대응하여 동원된 성공적으로 이주한 호중구의 이민 과정 및 정량적 분석은 양성 및 음의 대조군을 포함한 대표적인 데이터로 나타난다. 이 시험관 내 모델 시스템은 조작하여 다른 점막 표면에 적용할 수 있습니다. 과도 한 호중구 침투를 포함 하는 염증 성 응답 호스트 조직에 파괴 될 수 있으며 병원 성 감염의 부재에서 발생할 수 있습니다. 본 명세서에 기재된 체외 공동학 분석 시스템의 실험적 조작을 통해 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동을 촉진하는 분자 메커니즘에 대한 더 나은 이해는 염증성 질환뿐만 아니라 다양한 점막 전염에 대한 새로운 치료 목표를 식별할 수 있는 중요한 잠재력을 가지고 있다.

몇몇 연구 결과는 병원체 감염한 상피 층이 호중구 환피상피이동3,8,19,24-28,31,32를용이하게 한다는 것을 보여주었습니다. 이는 상피 세포 유래 호중구 화학작용체 그라데이션3,23의병원체 특이적 유도를 통해 발생한다. 예를 들어, 병원성 P. 아에루기노사가 폐 상피 세포의 정표면과 상호 작용하여 상피층18,22,25,26,33,34를통해 이동하는 호중구의 상당수를 일으킨다. 이 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration at JoVE.com

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

점막 세균 감염에 응하여 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동은 상피 손상 및 임상 질병에 기여합니다.  시험관 내 모델은 병원체, 인간 호중구 및 트랜스웰 필터에서 자란 편광 된 인간 상피 세포 층을 결합하여이 현상을 조율하는 분자 메커니즘을 해명하는 쪽으로 조사를 용이하게하는 것으로 개발되었습니다.

시험관 내 병원균 유도 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동을 평가하는 공동 문화 분석

Mucosal surfaces serve as protective barriers against pathogenic organisms.&#160;Innate immune responses are activated upon sensing pathogen leading to ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

17.3K 조회수.  Harvard Medical School. 점막 세균 감염에 응하여 호중구 트랜스 상피 이동은 상피 손상 및 임상 질병에 기여합니다.  시험관 내 모델은 병원체, 인간 호중구 및 트랜스웰 필터에서 자란 편광 된 인간 상피 세포 층을 결합하여이 현상을 조율하는 분자 메커니즘을 해명하는 쪽으로 조사를 용이하게하는 것으로 개발되었습니다.

비디오: In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)-Triggered Immunity (PTI) in Plants

To perceive potential pathogens in their environment, plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on their plasma membranes. PRRs recognize conserved microbial features called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and this detection leads to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI), which effectively prevents colonization of plant tissues by non-pathogens1,2. The most well studied system in PTI is the FLS2-dependent pathway3. FLS2 recognizes the PAMP flg22 that is a component of bacterial flagellin. 
Successful pathogens possess virulence factors or effectors that can suppress PTI and allow the pathogen to cause disease1. Some plants in turn possess resistance genes that detect effectors or their activity, which leads to effector-triggered immunity (ETI)2.
We describe a cell death-based assay for PTI modified from Oh and Collmer4. The assay was standardized in N. benthamiana, which is being used increasingly as a model system for the study of plant-pathogen interactions5. PTI is induced by infiltration of a non-pathogenic bacterial strain into leaves. Seven hours later, a bacterial strain that either causes disease or which activates ETI is infiltrated into an area overlapping the original infiltration zone. PTI induced by the first infiltration is able to delay or prevent the appearance of cell death due to the second challenge infiltration. Conversely, the appearance of cell death in the overlapping area of inoculation indicates a breakdown of PTI. 
Four different combinations of inducers of PTI and challenge inoculations were standardized (Table 1). The assay was tested on non-silenced N. benthamiana plants that served as the control and plants silenced for FLS2 that were predicted to be compromised in their ability to develop PTI.

Assay for Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern PAMP-Triggered Immunity PTI in Plants

A cell death-based assay for PTI in Nicotiana benthamiana plants is described.

병원체 - 관련 분자 패턴 (PAMP) 트리거된 식물의 내성 (PTI)에 대한 분석

To perceive potential pathogens in their environment, plants use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present on their plasma membranes. PRRs recognize ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular matrix proteins. The precise spatiotemporal activation of integrins from a low affinity state to a high affinity state at the cell leading edge is important for T lymphocyte migration 1. Likewise, retraction of the cell trailing edge, or uropod, is a necessary step in maintaining persistent integrin-dependent T lymphocyte motility 2. Many therapeutic approaches to autoimmune or inflammatory diseases target integrins as a means to inhibit the excessive recruitment and migration of leukocytes 3. To study the molecular events that regulate human T lymphocyte migration, we have utilized an in vitro system to analyze cell migration on a two-dimensional substrate that mimics the environment that a T lymphocyte encounters during recruitment from the vasculature. T lymphocytes are first isolated from human donors and are then stimulated and cultured for seven to ten days. During the assay, T lymphocytes are allowed to adhere and migrate on a substrate coated with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a ligand for integrin LFA-1, and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). Our data show that T lymphocytes exhibit a migratory velocity of ~15 &mu;m/min. T lymphocyte migration can be inhibited by integrin blockade 1 or by inhibitors of the cellular actomyosin machinery that regulates cell migration 2.

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

T lymphocyte migration occurs during homing to lymphoid organs, exit from the vasculature, and entering into peripheral tissues. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to analyze T lymphocyte migration in vitro.

마이 그 레이션의 인간 T 림프구 분리, 문화 및 분석 체외에서</em

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular ...

Tracking Neutrophil Intraluminal Crawling, Transendothelial Migration and Chemotaxis in Tissue by Intravital Video Microscopy

The recruitment of circulating leukocytes from blood stream to the inflamed tissue is a crucial and complex process of inflammation1,2. In the postcapillary venules of inflamed tissue, leukocytes initially tether and roll on the luminal surface of venular wall. Rolling leukocytes arrest on endothelium and undergo firm adhesion in response to chemokine or other chemoattractants on the venular surface. Many adherent leukocytes relocate from the initial site of adhesion to the junctional extravasation site in endothelium, a process termed intraluminal crawling3. Following crawling, leukocytes move across endothelium (transmigration) and migrate in extravascular tissue toward the source of chemoattractant (chemotaxis)4. Intravital microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo and revealing cellular and molecular mechanisms of leukocyte recruitment2,5. In this report, we provide a comprehensive description of using brightfield intravital microscopy to visualize and determine the detailed processes of neutrophil recruitment in mouse cremaster muscle in response to the gradient of a neutrophil chemoattractant. To induce neutrophil recruitment, a small piece of agarose gel (~1-mm3 size) containing neutrophil chemoattractant MIP-2 (CXCL2, a CXC chemokine) or WKYMVm (Trp-Lys-Tyr-Val-D-Met, a synthetic analog of bacterial peptide) is placed on the muscle tissue adjacent to the observed postcapillary venule. With time-lapsed video photography and computer software ImageJ, neutrophil intraluminal crawling on endothelium, neutrophil transendothelial migration and the migration and chemotaxis in tissue are visualized and tracked. This protocol allows reliable and quantitative analysis of many neutrophil recruitment parameters such as intraluminal crawling velocity, transmigration time, detachment time, migration velocity, chemotaxis velocity and chemotaxis index in tissue. We demonstrate that using this protocol, these neutrophil recruitment parameters can be stably determined and the single cell locomotion conveniently tracked in vivo.

We describe a protocol of brightfield intravital microscopy for measuring dynamic neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions during neutrophil recruitment in response to the source of a neutrophil chemoattractant in vivo. Neutrophil intraluminal crawling, transendothelial migration and chemotaxis in mouse cremaster muscle tissue are visualized with time-lapsed video photography and tracked with ImageJ.

추적 호중구 Intraluminal 크롤링, Intravital 비디오 현미경에 의한 조직의 Transendothelial 마이 그 레이션 및 Chemotaxis

The recruitment of circulating leukocytes from blood stream to the inflamed tissue is a crucial and complex process of inflammation1,2. In the ...

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

정량<em&gt; 체외</em정적 조건에서 활성화 된 기본 인간의 미세 혈관 내피 세포에 호중구 부착을 측정하는&gt; 분석

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

Quantitative Assessment of Human Neutrophil Migration Across a Cultured Bladder Epithelium

The recruitment of immune cells from the periphery to the site of inflammation is an essential step in the innate immune response at any mucosal surface. During infection of the urinary bladder, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN; neutrophils) migrate from the bloodstream and traverse the bladder epithelium. Failure to resolve infection in the absence of a neutrophilic response demonstrates the importance of PMN in bladder defense. To facilitate colonization of the bladder epithelium, uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the causative agent of the majority of urinary tract infections (UTIs), dampen the acute inflammatory response using a variety of partially defined mechanisms. To further investigate the interplay between host and bacterial pathogen, we developed an in vitro model of this aspect of the innate immune response to UPEC. In the transuroepithelial neutrophil migration assay, a variation on the Boyden chamber, cultured bladder epithelial cells are grown to confluence on the underside of a permeable support. PMN are isolated from human venous blood and are applied to the basolateral side of the bladder epithelial cell layers. PMN migration representing the physiologically relevant basolateral-to-apical direction in response to bacterial infection or chemoattractant molecules is enumerated using a hemocytometer. This model can be used to investigate interactions between UPEC and eukaryotic cells as well as to interrogate the molecular requirements for the traversal of bladder epithelia by PMN. The transuroepithelial neutrophil migration model will further our understanding of the initial inflammatory response to UPEC in the bladder.

We developed an in vitro model that mimics an important component of the acute inflammatory response during infection of the bladder with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The transuroepithelial neutrophil migration assay enables quantitative assessment of human neutrophil migration across bladder epithelia, cultured on permeable supports, in response to bacterial infection or chemoattractant substances.

교양 방광 상피 세포 간 인간 호중구 이주의 정량 평가

The recruitment of immune cells from the periphery to the site of inflammation is an essential step in the innate immune response at any mucosal surface. ...

Human Neutrophil Flow Chamber Adhesion Assay

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion involves many different adhesion molecules including members of the &beta;2 integrin family and their counter-receptors of the ICAM family. Recently, naturally occurring genetic variants in both &beta;2 integrins and ICAMs are reported to be associated with autoimmune disease. Thus, the quantitative adhesive capacity of neutrophils from individuals with varying allelic forms of these adhesion molecules is important to study in relation to mechanisms underlying development of autoimmunity. Adhesion studies in flow chamber systems can create an environment with fluid shear stress similar to that observed in the blood vessel environment in vivo. Here, we present a method using a flow chamber assay system to study the quantitative adhesive properties of human peripheral blood neutrophils to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) and to purified ligand substrates. With this method, the neutrophil adhesive capacities from donors with different allelic variants in adhesion receptors can be assessed and compared. This method can also be modified to assess adhesion of other primary cell types or cell lines.

A method of quantitating neutrophil adhesion is reported. This method creates a dynamic flow environment similar to that encountered in a blood vessel. It allows the investigation of neutrophil adhesion to either purified adhesion molecules (ligand) or endothelial cell substrate (HUVEC) in a context similar to the in vivo environment with sheer stress.

인간 호중구 유량 용기 접착 분석

Neutrophil firm adhesion to endothelial cells plays a critical role in inflammation in both health and disease. The process of neutrophil firm adhesion ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of inflammation. They are key players in the innate immune system and play major roles in cancer biology. Neutrophils have been proposed as key mediators of malignant transformation, tumor progression, angiogenesis and in the modulation of the antitumor immunity; through their release of soluble factors or their interaction with tumor cells. To characterize the specific functions of neutrophils, a fast and reliable method is coveted for in vitro isolation of neutrophils from human blood. Here, a density gradient separation method is demonstrated to isolate neutrophils as well as mononuclear cells from the blood. The procedure consists of layering the density gradient solution such as Ficoll carefully above the diluted blood obtained from patients diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), followed by centrifugation, isolation of mononuclear layer, separation of neutrophils from RBCsby dextran then lysis of residual erythrocytes. This method has been shown to isolate neutrophils &#8805; 90 % pure. To mimic the tumor microenvironment, 3-dimensional (3D) experiments were performed using basement membrane matrix such as Matrigel. Given the short half-life of neutrophils in vitro, 3D experiments with fresh human neutrophils cannot be performed. For this reason promyelocytic HL60 cells are differentiated along the granulocytic pathway using the differentiation inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and retinoic acid (RA). The aim of our experiments is to study the role of neutrophils on the sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents. However these methods can be generalized to study the interactions of neutrophils or neutrophil-like cells with a large range of cell types in different situations.

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells. The isolation of neutrophils from human blood by density gradient separation method and the differentiation of human promyelocytic (HL60) cells along the granulocytic pathway are described here; to test their role on sensitivity of lymphoma cells to anti-lymphoma agents.

호중구의 분리 및 분석 치료제에 림프종 세포 감도에서 자신의 역할을 확인하는 방법

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

A Novel In Vitro Wound Healing Assay to Evaluate Cell Migration

The aim of this work is to show a novel method to evaluate the ability of some immunomodulatory molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to stimulate cell migration. Importantly, cell migration is a rate-limiting event during the wound-healing process to re-establish the integrity and normal function of tissue layers after injury. The advantage of this method over the classical assay, which is based on a manually made scratch in a cell monolayer, is the usage of special silicone culture inserts providing two compartments to create a cell-free pseudo-wound field with a well-defined width (500 &#956;m). In addition, due to an automated image analysis platform, it is possible to rapidly obtain quantitative data on the speed of wound closure and cell migration. More precisely, the effect of two frog-skin AMPs on the migration of bronchial epithelial cells will be shown. Furthermore, pretreatment of these cells with specific inhibitors will provide information on the molecular mechanisms underlying such events.

A Novel In Vitro Wound Healing Assay to Evaluate Cell Migration

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the effect of peptides on the migration of bronchial epithelial cells. This method allows for the rapid and highly reproducible obtainment of quantitative data on the speed of cell migration and wound closure.

상처 치유 분석 결과 셀 마이그레이션 평가 하는 새로운 체 외에

The aim of this work is to show a novel method to evaluate the ability of some immunomodulatory molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), to ...

Analysis of Shear Flow-induced Migration of Murine Marginal Zone B Cells In Vitro

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) are a population of B cells that reside in the mouse splenic marginal zones that envelop follicles. To reach the follicles, MZBs must migrate up the shear force of blood flow. We present here a method for analyzing this flow-induced MZB migration in vitro. First, MZBs are isolated from the mouse spleen. Second, MZBs are settled on integrin ligands in flow chamber slides, exposed to shear flow, and imaged under a microscope while migrating. Third, images of the migrating MZBs are processed using the MTrack2 automatic cell tracking plugin for ImageJ, and the resulting cell tracks are quantified using the Ibidi chemotaxis tool. The migration data reveal how fast the cells move, how often they change direction, whether the shear flow vector affects their migration direction, and which integrin ligands are involved. Although we use MZBs, the method can easily be adapted for analyzing migration of any leukocyte that responds to the force of shear flow.

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) respond to the force of shear flow by re-orienting their migration path up the flow. This protocol shows how to record and analyze the migration using a fluidics unit, pump, microscope imaging system, and free software.

분석 Murine 가장자리 지역 B 세포 생체 외에서의 전단 흐름 유도 마이그레이션

Marginal zone B cells (MZBs) are a population of B cells that reside in the mouse splenic marginal zones that envelop follicles. To reach the follicles, ...

A High-throughput Assay to Assess and Quantify Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. NETs have been demonstrated to serve as an important host defense mechanism that traps and kills microorganisms. On the other hand, they have been implicated in diverse systemic autoimmune diseases. NETs are immunogenic and toxic structures that contain a pool of relevant autoantigens including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Different forms of NETs can be induced depending on the stimulus. The amount of NETs can be quantified using different techniques including measuring DNA release in supernatants, measuring DNA-complexed with NET-molecules like myeloperoxidase (MPO) or neutrophil elastase (NE), measuring the presence of citrullinated histones by fluorescence microscopy, or flow cytometric detection of NET-components which all have different features regarding their specificity, sensitivity, objectivity, and quantity. Here is a protocol to quantify ex vivo NET formation in a highly-sensitive, high-throughput manner by using three-dimensional immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. This protocol can be applied to address various research questions about NET formation and degradation in health and disease.

This protocol describes a highly sensitive and high throughput neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) assay for the semi-automated quantification of ex vivo NET formation by immunofluorescence three-dimensional confocal microscopy. This protocol can be used to evaluate NET formation and degradation after different stimuli and can be used to study potential NET-targeted therapies.

평가 하 고 호 중구 Extracellular 함정 대형 계량 높은 처리량 분석 결과

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. ...