저자는 유동 세포 계측법을 가진 그녀의 뛰어난 기술 지원을 앨리슨 마을 영웅을 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 국방부 (JH), 헨리 J. 맨킨 기부 의자 (JH), 교육 및 카자흐스탄 공화국의 과학 교육부 (AS)에서 보조금에 의해 지원되었다. CWC는 미국 심장 협회 (American Heart Association) predoctoral 교제 (11PRE7490001)에 의해 부분적으로 지원되었다. M.Corselli는 재생 의학 교육 교부금의 캘리포니아 공과 대학 (TG2-01169)에 의해 지원되었다.

1 근육 생검 처리 <ol><li> 둘 베코 변형 이글 중 5 % 소 태아 혈청 (FBS)과 보충 된 (DMEM)에서 얼음에 인간 골격근 생검 보존 1 % 페니실린 - 스트렙토 마이신 운송시 (P / S). </li><li> 근육 조직 검사를받은 후, 운송 컨테이너에서 시편을 제거하고 멸균 조건에서 2 %의 항생제 항진균제 용액 (A / A)로 보충 인산염 완충 생리 식염수 (PBS)에 두 번 씻는다. </li><li> 2 % A / 보충 DMEM에서 멸균 가위와 집게로 첨부 된 지방과 결합 조직을 제거합니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경으로 큰 혈관을 제거하고 이후 작은 ​​조각 (크기 &lt;1cm 2)로 근육 표본을 잘라. </li><li> 20 ml의 보존액으로 잘라 근육 편 (&lt;5g) 유지 (PM을, DMEM은 10 % FBS 및 1 % P / S가 보충)까지 5 일 동안 4 ℃에서. </li></ol> 2 근육 Dissociat이온 전지 분리 <ol><li> 세포 격리 당일 PM에서 근육 편을 제거하고 PBS로 두 번 씻어 2 % P / S가 보충. 소화 솔루션을 만들려면, 유형 I, 유형 II 및 유형-IV의 콜라게나 갓 오후에 (100 ㎎ / ㎖)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 잘게 썰어 용액 더 응고와 10 ㎖ 피펫을 통과 혈청까지 기계적 PM 소량의 페트리 접시에 멸균 가위 집게 근육 편 말하다. 이 과정에서 잔류 지방과 결합 조직을 제거합니다. 성인 근육의 이상 8-10그램 각 세포 분리를위한 태아 근육의 2g을 사용합니다. </li><li> 20 ㎖ (또는 10 ㎖의에 다진 태아 근육의 2g) 10 ㎖의 혈청 학적 피펫 소화 솔루션 적힌에 다진 성인 근육의 4~5그램을 전송합니다. 80 RPM - 70 진탕 기에서 37 ℃에서 60 분 - 50 다이제스트. 따라서 양에 따라 소화 시간 및 / 또는 교반 속도를 조정함으로써 세포 수율 및 표면 항원 보존 최적화조직. 탁도가 거의 빠져 나올 때까지 소화 상태마다 15 ~ 20 분을 준수하십시오. </li><li> 적극적으로 소화 조직에게 10 ㎖의 혈청 학적 피펫 3-5 시간을 피펫. 반응을 정지 한 후 4 분 동안 400 XG에서 원심 분리하여 PM의 동일한 금액을 추가합니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 뜨는을 제거; 워시 10 ㎖의 PM으로 펠렛을 재현 탁하고 100 μm의 세포 여과기를 통해 여과 하였다. </li><li> 4 분 동안 400 XG에 원심 분리기 조심스럽게 상층 액을 제거합니다. 적혈구 용해 완충액 (155 mM의 NH 4 염소, 10mM을 KHCO 3 0,1mM EDTA)는, 단일 세포 현탁액을 수득하기 위해 70 μm의 셀 스트레이너를 통해 필터링 한 후 RT에서 10 분 동안 배양에서 재현 탁 펠렛. 침전이 관찰되는 경우 다시 70 m 셀 스트레이너를 통해 필터. </li><li> 4 분 동안 400 XG에 원심 분리기 및 0.5 ml의 PBS에서 세포 펠렛을 재현 탁. 세포의 수를 계산. 셀 정렬에 대해 최소한 5,000,000 세포의 총을 얻습니다. 자장을 희석염색 용 PBS​​와 ML 미만 5,000,000 세포 전자 세포 현탁액. 제어의 염색에 대한 11 튜브 (흠 제어, 음성 제어, 단일 색상 양성 대조군)에 세포 현탁액 및 분할의 50 ~ 100 μl를 꺼냅니다. </li></ol> 3 셀 라벨 및 정렬 <ol><li> 필요한 경우 목적을 블로킹 (PBS에서 1:10 희석) 마우스 혈청에서 4 ℃에서 10 분 동안 단일 세포 현탁액을 배양한다. </li><li> 단일 세포 현탁액에 (100 모두 1) 및 4 ℃에서 20 분 동안 품어 CD34-APC, CD45-APC-Cy7, CD56-PE-Cy7, CD144-PE 및 CD146-FITC를 추가합니다. 음성 대조군의 경우, APC-, APC-Cy7-, PE-Cy7-, PE- 및 FITC - 복합 이소 타입의 IgG 항체의 등가 농도를 추가하고 4 ℃에서 20 분 동안 배양한다. 단일 색상 양성 대조군의 경우, 개별적으로 각각의 튜브에 CD34-APC, CD45-APC-Cy7, CD56-PE-Cy7, CD144-PE 및 CD146-FITC의 등가 농도를 추가하고 4 ℃에서 20 분 동안 배양한다. </li><li> 배양 후4 분 동안 400 XG에 원심 분리기 세척한다. 5 % FBS 및 1 % P / S가 보충 된 DMEM ml의 2 - (1)에서 세포 펠렛을 재현 탁. 세포 현탁액의 최종 농도는 ml의 미만 5,000,000 셀이어야한다. 7-AAD (1 : 100)을 추가하고 죽은 세포 제외 실온에서 15 분 동안 배양한다. 음성 대조군 및 단일 컬러 양성 대조군, 5 % FBS 및 1 % P / S가 보충 0.5 ml의 DMEM에 재현 탁 된 세포 펠릿. </li><li> 튜브 세포 계측법 둥근 바닥 폴리스티렌 흐름에 모든 세포 현탁액을 전송합니다. (각 튜브 프리 필드입니다 적절한 배지 500 μL로 : MEC를 위해 MPM, EGM-2를 PC 용, AC를위한 AC 매체) 세포 수집 튜브를 준비합니다. 셀 소터에 얼음에 전송 세포 현탁액. </li><li> 흠 제어, 음성 대조군, 단일 컬러 양성 대조군, 및 주요 세포 현탁액의 순서로 셀 소터에 실행 세포 현탁액 셀 (P)을 최대화하기 위해 엄격 게이팅 레이저 강도, 채널 보상 및 세포 집단을 조정하면서urity는 (조브 및 흐름의 자세한 내용은 다른 저널 세포 계측법에 의해 발표 된 논문을 참조하시기 바랍니다). </li><li> 적절한 수집 튜브에서 원하는 세포 인구를 수집합니다. 4 ℃에서 보관 수집 된 세포는 즉시 파종하지 않을 경우. </li></ol> (4) 세포 배양을 후 정렬 <ol><li> 사전 코팅 된 플레이트에 MPM의 &lt;10,000 세포 / cm 2에서 갓 분류 MEC를 (P0)을 시드 타입 I 콜라겐. MEC를 이후의 계대를 들어, 3500 씨앗 - 사전 코팅 플레이트 / 플라스크에 MPM에 4,000 세포 / cm 2 타입 I 콜라겐. </li><li> 갓 0.2 % 젤라틴으로 코팅 된 플레이트 상 EGM-2 &lt;20,000 세포 / cm 2에서 갓 정렬 개 세트 (P0)를 시드. PC 배지에서 3까지 일정한 비율 P2 폴리스티렌 배양 플레이트 상에 (20 % FBS 및 1 % P / S가 보충 DMEM) : PC 중 후속 계대를 들어, 1에서 셀을 분할. P3에서 이후, 씨앗 세포 6500에서 - 일반 폴리스티렌 배양 플레이트 / 플라스크 상에 PC 매체에서 7,000 세포 / cm 2. </li><li> 일반적인 폴리스티렌 배양 접시 상에 (20 % FBS, 1 % P / S가 보충 DMEM) 배지에서 AC &lt;20,000 세포 / cm 2로 갓 정렬 AC들 (P0)을 시드. 일반 폴리스티렌 배양 플레이트 / 플라스크 상 AC 매체에서 7,000 세포 / cm 2 - 6500에서 이후의 ACS 계대, 씨앗 세포하십시오. </li></ol>

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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+Vascular+Stem+Cells.">Defining Vascular Stem Cells.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 22, 1018-1026 (2013).</li><li>Tang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+multipotent+vascular+stem+cells+contributes+to+vascular+diseases.">Differentiation of multipotent vascular stem cells contributes to vascular diseases.</a> Nat Commun. 3, 875 (2012).</li><li>Zheng, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+myogenic+stem+cells+from+cultures+of+cryopreserved+human+skeletal+muscle.">Isolation of myogenic stem cells from cultures of cryopreserved human skeletal muscle.</a> Cell Transplant. 21, 1087-1093 (2012).</li></ol>

J.H. received remuneration from Cook MyoSite, Inc. for consulting services and for royalties received from technology licensing during the period that the above research was performed. All other authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

hBVSC의 소집단의 식별 및 정제는 MSC의 개체 발생의 이해에 큰 사전을 나타냅니다. 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 혈관 주위 기원 조직 특이 전구 세포 및 혈관 22-25 사이의 연관을 나타내는 증거가 증가하고있다. 또한, 용량은 상기 MSC 얼룩이 및 혈관 세포 생물학 (26)의 이해를 돕는다 hBVSCs 균질 부분 집단을 분리한다. 지난 몇 년 동안, MEC를, PC 및 AC를 개별적으로 확인 ?...

인간의 골격 근육 줄기 / 전구 세포의 임상 매력적인 소스로 간주되고있다. 골격근은 위성 세포 및 근육 유래 줄기 세포 (MDSCs) 한 전구 세포를 포함한 근육 조직, 골격 근육 모세포뿐만 아니라 원시 근원 성 줄기 세포를 포함 커밋되지. 재생 의료에 인간 근육 유래 줄기 / 전구 세포,자가 또는 동종의 사용은 광범위 전임상 동물 실험 및 임상 시험에서 연구되어왔다. 근육 줄기 / 전구 세포의 재생 응용 프로그램은 심장 마비 환자의 손상된 심장을 수리에 뒤 시엔 느 근이영양증 (DMD) 환자에서 이영 근육을 재생 이르기까지 다양합니다. 골수 유래 다 능성 성인 전구 세포 (MAPCs) 및 지방 유래 줄기 세포 (ADSCs), 성체 줄기 /를 포함한 중간 엽 줄기 / 기질 세포 (중간 엽 줄기 세포) 및 기타 능성 전구 세포 인구의 발견 이후전구 세포는 1-9 일에 광범위하게 연구되었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 현장에서 그 나라의 정체성과 현지화는 회고 분리 방법에 의해 가려하고있다. 최근 정렬 형광 활성화 세포 (FACS)를 사용하여, 다른 그룹이 전향 식별 한 혈액 인간 골격근 내의 혈관 및 기타 여러 기관에서 정제 된 세 능성 전구 세포 집단 : 근원 성 내피 세포 (MEC를), 혈관 주위 세포 (PCS), 그리고 외막 세포 ACS () 10. 내막, 중막 및 외막 외막 : 인간 혈관 유래 줄기 세포 (hBVSCs)이 세 부분 집단은 각각 혈관의 세 층의 구조에서 찾아 볼 수있다. ACS에 큰 동맥과 정맥의 외막 층 지역화하는 동안보다 구체적으로는, MEC를하고 PC는 미세 혈관과 모세 혈관에 감지됩니다. (C를 MEC를 각 전구 세포의 서브 세트는 세포 표면 항원의 고유 한 조합을 나타내고D34 + / 56 + / 144 + / 45 -)의 PC (CD146 + / 34 - / 45 - / 56 -) 및 AC를 (CD34 + / - 31 / 45 - / 56 - / 146 -). 이 hBVSC 부분 집합의 또 다른 특성은 세 개의 전구 세포의 인구가 골격 근육 생성, 골 형성, 연골 및 지방 생성을 포함하여 일반적인 중간 엽 줄기 세포와 유사한 중배엽 발달 잠재력을 가지고 것으로 나타났습니다. 모든 hBVSC 서브 세트는 CD44, CD73, CD90 및 CD105, 갓와 문화를 포함하여 고전 MSC 마커를 나타낸다. 집합 적 증거의이 조각은 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 혈관 기원을 지원했다. 또한, MEC를, PC 및 ACS에의 치료 용량은 최근 별도의 연구에서 입증되었다. 성인의 근육 조직 검사에서 분류 MEC를가 부상과 이영 골격근 및 수리 부상 심근보다 효율적으로보다 골격 근육 아세포 및 혈관의 엔도를 다시 생성 나타났다상피 세포 (내피). 다른 사람의 장기에서 정제 PC는 또한 / 수리 부상과 이영 골격 근육을 재생하고 위성 세포 풀 13-16에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 아주 최근에, 우리는 인간의 골격 근육에서 파생 된 PC를 효율적으로 간접 주변 분비 효과와 직접적인 세포 상호 작용 (17)를 통해 경색 심근를 복구하는 것을 증명하고있다. ACS에, 다른 한편으로는, 하나왔다 직접 외식 혈관으로부터 분리 또는 인간 지방 조직 및 골격근 FACS에 의해 정제 하였다. ACS에의 주목할만한 프로 혈관 신생 효과는 마우스 뒷다리 - 사지 허혈 모델 19에서 입증되었다. 또한, AC를 또한 허혈성 조직 복구 (20)의 ACS 강력한 치료 가능성을 나타내는, 종래보다 효율적으로 중간 엽 줄기 세포보다 심근 경색을 복구하는 것으로 나타났다. 동시에 현재의 정화 프로토콜 보조금, MEC를, PC에 미래의 정화 및하나의 인간의 골격 근육 조직 검사의 혈관에서 AC들. 이것은 우리가 연구 및 / 또는 별개의 치료 목적을위한 최적의 hBVSC의 하위 집단을 선택할 수 있습니다. 또한,이 새로운 기술은 더 나아가 재생 의료를위한 다 능성 전구 세포의 이상적인 소스 만드는 인간 골격근으로부터 유도 될 수 줄기 / 선조 세포의 레퍼토리를 확장한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="697">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Collagenase Type 1</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">C5894</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Sterile vial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Collagenase Type 2</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">C1764</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Sterile vial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Collagenase Type 4</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">C1889</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Sterile vial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">Anti-human CD34 APC</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">555824</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Keep sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">Anti-human CD45 APC-Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">557833</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Keep sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">Anti-human CD56 PE-Cy7</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">BD Pharmingen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">557747</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Keep sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">Anti-human CD144 PE</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">A07481</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Keep sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Anti-human CD146 FITC</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">AbD Serotec</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">MCA2141F</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Keep sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">FACSAria II Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">EGM-2 Complete Medium</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Lonza</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">CC-3162</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">For culturing PCs (only P0)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:257px;">DMEM high glucose (1X), liquid, with L-glutamine, without sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">11965</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">For culturing PCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">DMEM high glucose (1X), liquid, with L-glutamine, with sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">11995</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">For culturing MECs and ACs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">10437-028</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Heat-inactivated horse serum</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">26050-088</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">15240-062</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:257px;">Trypsin-EDTA 0.5%(10X)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">15400-054</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s PBS without calcium and magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">14190-250</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:257px;">Chick embryo extract</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Accurate Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">CE650T-10</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Filter before use</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of blood-vessel-derived multipotent precursors from human skeletal muscle

중간 엽 줄기 / 기질 세포 (중간 엽 줄기 세포)의 발견 이후, 고유의 정체성과 중간 엽 줄기 세포의 현지화는 문화에서의 회고전 분리에 의해 가려하고있다. 최근, 형광 - 활성화 세포 분류 (FACS)를 사용하여, 다른 연구자들은 전향 인간 골격근의 혈관과 연관된 다 능성 전구 세포의 세 부분 집단을 식별 및 정제. 이러한 세 가지 세포 집단 : 내막, 미디어 및 외막 : 근원 성 내피 세포 (MEC를), 혈관 주위 세포 (PCS), 및 외막 세포 ACS (은), 혈관의 세 층의 구조로 각각 지역화. 이러한 인간의 혈관 유래 줄기 세포 (hBVSC)의 모든 고전 MSC 마커를 표현뿐만 아니라 일반적인 중간 엽 줄기 세포와 유사한 중배엽 발달 잠재력을 가지고 인구뿐만 아닙니다. 이전 MEC를, PC 및 AC를 별개의 프로토콜을 통해 고립되었고, 이후 별도의 연구를 특징으로한다. 현재 격리 제자ocol, 선택적 세포 표면 마커의 분리 과정에 대한 수정 및 조정을 통해, 우리가 동시에 하나의 인간의 근육 조직 검사에서 FACS 모든 세 hBVSC의 소집단을 정화 할 수 있습니다. 이 새로운 방법은 여러 BVSC의 부분 집단의 분리를 간소화뿐만 아니라 별개의 치료 목적을위한 hBVSCs 미래의 임상 적용을 촉진하지 않습니다.

FACS 파라미터는 제 흠 제어, 음성 대조군 및 단일 컬러 양성 대조군으로부터 얻은 데이터에 기초하여 보정된다. 사균의 배제 후, 형광 표지 된 세포 현탁액은 음성 및 양성 세포 표면 마커의 시리즈 선택 받는다. 첫째, CD45 + 세포는 CD56 + 및 CD56 전에 게이트 아르 - 세포는 CD45에서 분리 - 분수. CD56 + 분획 더 CD34-CD144 선택으로 실시되는 경우에만 CD34 + /...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle at JoVE.com

Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

재생 애플리케이션에 이상적이다 인간의 골격 근육 항구 여러 멀티 혈통 전구체 집단 내에서 혈관. 내막 근육 조직에서 혈관 내피 세포, 혈관 주위 세포 매체 및 외막 세포 외막에서이 분리 방법은 혈관의 세 층 구조에서 각각 세 능성 전구 세포 집단의 동시 정제를 허용한다.

인간의 골격 근육에서 혈관 유래 다 능성 전구체의 분리

Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), the native identity and localization&#160;of MSCs have been obscured by their retrospective ...

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11.6K 조회수.  University of Pittsburgh.  재생 애플리케이션에 이상적이다 인간의 골격 근육 항구 여러 멀티 혈통 전구체 집단 내에서 혈관. 내막 근육 조직에서 혈관 내피 세포, 혈관 주위 세포 매체 및 외막 세포 외막에서이 분리 방법은 혈관의 세 층 구조에서 각각 세 능성 전구 세포 집단의 동시 정제를 허용한다. 

비디오: Isolation of Blood-vessel-derived Multipotent Precursors from Human Skeletal Muscle

Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells into Oligodendrocyte Precursors

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant interest in deriving a pure population of lineage-committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) for transplantation. OPCs are characterized by the activity of the transcription factor Olig2 and surface expression of a proteoglycan NG2. Using the GFP-Olig2 (G-Olig2) mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) reporter line, we optimized conditions for the differentiation of mESCs into GFP+Olig2+NG2+ OPCs. In our protocol, we first describe the generation of embryoid bodies (EBs) from mESCs. Second, we describe treatment of mESC-derived EBs with small molecules: (1) retinoic acid (RA) and (2) a sonic hedgehog (Shh) agonist purmorphamine (Pur) under defined culture conditions to direct EB differentiation into the oligodendroglial lineage. By this approach, OPCs can be obtained with high efficiency (&gt;80%) in a time period of 30 days. Cells derived from mESCs in this protocol are phenotypically similar to OPCs derived from primary tissue culture. The mESC-derived OPCs do not show the spiking property described for a subpopulation of brain OPCs in situ. To study this electrophysiological property, we describe the generation of spiking mESC-derived OPCs by ectopically expressing NaV1.2 subunit. The spiking and nonspiking cells obtained from this protocol will help advance functional studies on the two subpopulations of OPCs.

We describe a small molecule-based protocol for differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). This protocol generates Olig2+NG2+ OPCs with high efficiency by 30 days of differentiation. We also describe a method to generate "spiking" OPCs that can fire action potentials.

Oligodendrocyte 엽 성의 전구 물질로 배아 줄기 세포의 분화

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. For regenerative cell therapy in demyelinating diseases, there is significant ...

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생물학

Adult and Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Microexplant Culture and Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a robust and reliable method for isolating relatively large numbers of proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. The authors have used micro-dissected explant cultures to analyse the growth characteristics of skeletal muscle cells in wild-type and dystrophic muscles. Each of the components of tissue growth, namely cell survival, proliferation, senescence and differentiation can be analysed separately using the methods described here. The net effect of all components of growth can be established by means of measuring explant outgrowth rates. The micro-explant method can be used to establish primary cultures from a wide range of different muscle types and ages and, as described here, has been adapted by the authors to enable the isolation of embryonic skeletal muscle precursors.
Uniquely, micro-explant cultures have been used to derive clonal (single cell origin) skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSc) lines which can be expanded and used for in vivo transplantation. In vivo transplanted SMSc behave as functional, tissue-specific, satellite cells which contribute to skeletal muscle fibre regeneration but which are also retained (in the satellite cell niche) as a small pool of undifferentiated stem cells which can be re-isolated into culture using the micro-explant method.

The micro-dissected explants technique is a robust and reliable method for isolating proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. Uniquely, these cells have been clonally derived to produce skeletal muscle stem cell lines used for in vivo transplantation.

성인 및 배아 골격근의 Microexplant 문화 및 골격 근육 줄기 세포의 분리

Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a ...

Mitochondrial Isolation from Skeletal Muscle

Mitochondria are organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP, and regulate a number of signaling cascades2,3. Past and current researchers have isolated mitochondria from rat and mice tissues such as liver, brain and heart4,5. In recent years, many researchers have focused on studying mitochondrial function from skeletal muscles.
Here, we describe a method that we have used successfully for the isolation of mitochondria from skeletal muscles 6. Our procedure requires that all buffers and reagents are made fresh and need about 250-500 mg of skeletal muscle. We studied mitochondria isolated from rat and mouse gastrocnemius and diaphragm, and rat extraocular muscles. Mitochondrial protein concentration is measured with the Bradford assay. It is important that mitochondrial samples be kept ice-cold during preparation and that functional studies be performed within a relatively short time (~1 hr). Mitochondrial respiration is measured using polarography with a Clark-type electrode (Oxygraph system) at 37&deg;C7. Calibration of the oxygen electrode is a key step in this protocol and it must be performed daily. Isolated mitochondria (150 &mu;g) are added to 0.5 ml of experimental buffer (EB). State 2 respiration starts with addition of glutamate (5mM) and malate (2.5 mM). Then, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (150 &mu;M) is added to start state 3. Oligomycin (1 &mu;M), an ATPase synthase blocker, is used to estimate state 4. Lastly, carbonyl cyanide p-[trifluoromethoxy]-phenyl-hydrazone (FCCP, 0.2 &mu;M) is added to measurestate 5, or uncoupled respiration 6. The respiratory control ratio (RCR), the ratio of state 3 to state 4, is calculated after each experiment. An RCR &ge;4 is considered as evidence of a viable mitochondria preparation.
In summary, we present a method for the isolation of viable mitochondria from skeletal muscles that can be used in biochemical (e.g., enzyme activity, immunodetection, proteomics) and functional studies (mitochondrial respiration).

This protocol describes a procedure to study the respiration of mitochondria isolated from skeletal muscles. This method was adapted from Scorrano et al. (2007). The mitochondrial isolation procedure requires about 2 hours. The mitochondrial respiration can be completed in about 1 hour.

골격근에서 Mitochondrial 절연

Mitochondria are organelles controlling the life and death of the cell. They participate in key metabolic reactions, synthesize most of the ATP, and ...

Purification of Progenitors from Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing in a "satellite cell position" between the myofiber plasma membrane and the laminin-rich basement membrane that ensheaths it, are self-renewing cells that are solely committed to the myogenic lineage1,2. We have recently described a second class of vessel associated progenitors that can generate myofibroblasts and white adipocytes, which responds to damage by efficiently entering proliferation and provides trophic support to myogenic cells during tissue regeneration3,4. One of the most trusted assays to determine the developmental and regenerative potential of a given cell population relies on their isolation and transplantation5-7. To this end we have optimized protocols for their purification by flow cytometry from enzymatically dissociated muscle, which we will outline in this article. The populations obtained using this method will contain either myogenic or fibro/adipogenic colony forming cells: no other cell types are capable of expanding in vitro or surviving in vivo delivery. However, when these populations are used immediately after the sort for molecular analysis (e.g qRT-PCR) one must keep in mind that the freshly sorted subsets may contain other contaminant cells that lack the ability of forming colonies or engrafting recipients.

Method for the enzymatic dissociation, surface labeling and purification by flow cytometry of fibro/adipogenic and myogenic progenitors from murine skeletal muscle.

골격근에서 Progenitors의 정화

Skeletal muscle contains multiple progenitor populations of distinct embryonic origins and developmental potential. Myogenic progenitors, usually residing ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

성인 골격근의 개인 Myofibers 및 위성 세포의 분리와 문화

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Isolation of Mitochondria from Minimal Quantities of Mouse Skeletal Muscle for High Throughput Microplate Respiratory Measurements

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial respirometric assays from isolated mitochondrial preparations allow for the assessment of mitochondrial function, as well as determination of the mechanism(s) of action of drugs and proteins that modulate metabolism. Current isolation procedures often require large quantities of tissue to yield high quality mitochondria necessary for respirometric assays. The methods presented herein describe how high quality purified mitochondria (~ 450 &#181;g) can be isolated from minimal quantities (~75-100 mg) of mouse skeletal muscle for use in high throughput respiratory measurements. We determined that our isolation method yields 92.5&#177; 2.0% intact mitochondria by measuring citrate synthase activity spectrophotometrically. In addition, Western blot analysis in isolated mitochondria resulted in the faint expression of the cytosolic protein, GAPDH, and the robust expression of the mitochondrial protein, COXIV. The absence of a prominent GAPDH band in the isolated mitochondria is indicative of little contamination from non-mitochondrial sources during the isolation procedure. Most importantly, the measurement of O2 consumption rate with micro-plate based technology and determining the respiratory control ratio (RCR) for coupled respirometric assays shows highly coupled (RCR; &#62;6 for all assays) and functional mitochondria. In conclusion, the addition of a separate mincing step and significantly reducing motor driven homogenization speed of a previously reported method has allowed the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle that results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

Here, we present a modification of a previously reported method that allows for the isolation of high quality and purified mitochondria from smaller quantities of mouse skeletal muscle. This procedure results in highly coupled mitochondria that respire with high function during microplate based respirometirc assays.

높은 처리량 마이크로 호흡 측정을위한 마우스 골격근의 최소 수량에서 미토콘드리아의 분리

Dysfunctional skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role in altered metabolism observed with aging, obesity and Type II diabetes. Mitochondrial ...

Isolation of Intact Mitochondria from Skeletal Muscle by Differential Centrifugation for High-resolution Respirometry Measurements

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential centrifugation at low- and high-speed is commonly used to isolate mitochondria from tissues and cultured cells. Crude mitochondrial fractions obtained by differential centrifugation are used for respirometry measurements. The differential centrifugation technique is based on the separation of organelles according to their size and sedimentation velocity. The isolation of mitochondria is performed immediately after tissue harvesting. The tissue is immersed in an ice-cold homogenization medium, minced using scissors and homogenized in a glass homogenizer with a loose-fitting pestle. The differential centrifugation technique is efficient, fast and inexpensive and the mitochondria obtained by differential centrifugation are pure enough for respirometry assays. Some of the limitations and disadvantages of isolated mitochondria, based on differential centrifugation, are that the mitochondria can be damaged during the homogenization and isolation procedure and that large amounts of the tissue biopsy or cultured cells are required for the mitochondrial isolation.

Here, a quadriceps muscle specimen is taken from an anaesthetized pig and mitochondria are isolated by differential centrifugation. Then, the respiratory rates of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV are determined using high-resolution respirometry.

고해상도 호흡율 측정을위한 차동 원심 분리에 의한 골격근에서 본래 미토콘드리아의 분리

Mitochondria are involved in cellular energy metabolism and use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Differential ...

Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or macrophage precursors. Excessive bone resorption is one the most significant cellular mechanisms leading to osteolytic diseases, including osteoporosis, periodontitis, and periprosthetic osteolysis. The main physiological function of osteoclasts is to absorb both the hydroxyapatite mineral component and the organic matrix of bone, generating the characteristic resorption appearance on the surface of bones. There are relatively few osteoclasts compared to other cells in the body, especially in adult bones. Recent studies have focused on how to obtain more mature osteoclasts in less time, which has always been a problem. Several improvements in the isolation and culture techniques have developed in laboratories in order to obtain more mature osteoclasts. Here, we introduce a method that isolates bone marrow in less time and with less effort compared to the traditional procedure, using a special and simple device. With the use of density gradient centrifugation, we obtain large amounts of fully differentiated osteoclasts from rat bone marrow, which are identified by classical methods.

Osteoclasts are tissue-specific macrophage polykaryons derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage of hematopoietic stem cells. This protocol describes how to isolate bone marrow cells so that large quantities of osteoclasts are obtained while reducing the risk of accidents found in traditional methods.

쥐 골 골에서의 파 골 세포 전 구체의 분리, 정제 및 분화

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or ...

Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Skeletal Muscle Fibroblasts

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cells and secreted in all biological fluids. Many methods have been developed for the isolation of these vesicles, including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. However, not all are suitable for large scale exosome purification and characterization. Outlined here is a protocol for establishing cultures of primary fibroblasts isolated from adult mouse skeletal muscles, followed by purification and characterization of exosomes from the culture media of these cells. The method is based on the use of sequential centrifugation steps followed by sucrose density gradients. Purity of the exosomal preparations is then validated by western blot analyses using a battery of canonical markers (i.e., Alix, CD9, and CD81). The protocol describes how to isolate and concentrate bioactive exosomes for electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, and uptake experiments for functional studies. It can easily be scaled up or down and adapted for exosome isolation from different cell types, tissues, and biological fluids.

This protocol illustrates the 1) the isolation and culture of primary fibroblasts from the adult mouse gastrocnemius muscle as well as 2) purification and characterization of exosomes using a differential ultracentrifugation method combined with sucrose density gradients followed by western blot analyses.

골격근 섬유아세포(Skeletal Muscle Fibroblast)에서 엑소좀의 분리 및 특성 분석(Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Skeletal Muscle Fibroblasts)

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles released by virtually all cells and secreted in all biological fluids. Many methods have been developed for the ...

Isolation of Human Ventricular Cardiomyocytes from Vibratome-Cut Myocardial Slices

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly isolated by coronary perfusion with digestive enzymes. However, isolating human cardiomyocytes is challenging because human myocardial specimens usually do not allow for coronary perfusion, and alternative isolation protocols result in poor yields of viable cells. In addition, human myocardial specimens are rare and only regularly available at institutions with on-site cardiac surgery. This hampers the translation of findings from animal to human cardiomyocytes. Described here is a reliable protocol that enables efficient isolation of ventricular myocytes from human and animal myocardium. To increase the surface-to-volume ratio while minimizing cell damage, myocardial tissue slices 300 &#181;m thick are generated from myocardial specimens with a vibratome. Tissue slices are then digested with protease and collagenase. Rat myocardium was used to establish the protocol and quantify yields of viable, calcium-tolerant myocytes by flow-cytometric cell counting. Comparison with the commonly used tissue-chunk method showed significantly higher yields of rod-shaped cardiomyocytes (41.5 &#177; 11.9 vs. 7.89 &#177; 3.6%, p &#60; 0.05). The protocol was translated to failing and non-failing human myocardium, where yields were similar as in rat myocardium and, again, markedly higher than with the tissue-chunk method (45.0 &#177; 15.0 vs. 6.87 &#177; 5.23 cells/mg, p &#60; 0.05). Notably, with the protocol presented it is possible to isolate reasonable numbers of viable human cardiomyocytes (9&#8211;200 cells/mg) from minimal amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). Thus, the method is applicable to healthy and failing myocardium from both human and animal hearts. Furthermore, it is possible to isolate excitable and contractile myocytes from human tissue specimens stored for up to 36 h in cold cardioplegic solution, rendering the method particularly useful for laboratories at institutions without on-site cardiac surgery.

Presented is a protocol for the isolation of human and animal ventricular cardiomyocytes from vibratome-cut myocardial slices. High yields of calcium-tolerant cells (up to 200 cells/mg) can be obtained from small amounts of tissue (&#60;50 mg). The protocol is applicable to myocardium exposed to cold ischemia for up to 36 h.

진동절단 심근슬라이스에서 인간 심실 심근세포의 분리

The isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes from animal and human hearts is a fundamental method in cardiac research. Animal cardiomyocytes are commonly ...