저자는 해먼드 베이 생물 역, 그레이트 레이크스 과학 센터, 미국 지질 조사국 (US Geological Survey)의 기여를 인정합니다. 우리는 또한 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경에 그녀의 기술 지원을위한 미시간 주립 대학의 고급 현미경을위한 센터에서 박사 멜린다 프레임을 감사합니다. 이 연구는 YWCD 및 WML에 대호 어업위원회에서 교부금에 의해 지원됩니다.

1. 솔루션 준비 <ol><li> 1 L 만들기 10X 0.1 M 인산 완충 식염수 (PBS, pH 7.4의) : 26.2 g 인산 나트륨 (일 염기성), 115g의 인산 나트륨 (이염 기성) 및 87.66 g의 염화나트륨을 단다. 약 800 ml의 증류수에 용해 H 2 O, 산도를 조정하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L에 볼륨을 가져 <ol><li> 1 L 0.1 M 인산 완충 생리 식염수 (산도 7.4) 제조 업체 : 100 ML 10X PBS를 가지고, 900 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가 </li><li> 100 ㎖의 10 배 PBS를 타고, 1 ㎖ 트리톤 X-100을 추가하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L까지의 볼륨을 가지고 : 1 L 0.1 M 인산 완충 생리 식염수 (산도 7.4) 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100을 </li></ol></li><li> 26.2 g 인산 나트륨 (염기)과 115g 인산 나트륨 (이염을) 무게 : 1 L 배의 0.1M 인산 버퍼 (PB, 산도 7.4)을 확인합니다. 약 800 ml의 증류수에 용해 H 2 O, 산도를 조정하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L에 볼륨을 가져 <ol><li> 1 L 0.1 M 인산염 완충액 (pH 7.4) 제조 업체 : 타고 100 ㎖의 10 배의 PB,와 H 2 O를 증류수 900 ㎖에 추가 </li><li> 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 1 L 0.1 M 인산염 완충액 (pH 7.4) 제조 업체 : 100 ㎖의 10 배의 PB를 타고, 1 ㎖ 트리톤 X-100을 추가하고, 증류수 H 2 O로 1 L까지의 볼륨을 일정하게 </li></ol></li><li> 400 ㎖의 하이드로 겔 단량체 용액 (4 % 아크릴 아미드, 0.25 % 비스 - 아크릴 아미드, 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 0.0075 %의 황산 암모늄, 0.1 M PBS에 0.​​0005 %의 사포닌을) 확인 : 0.3 g과 황산 암모늄 0.2 g 사포닌의 무게. 210 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가, 40 ㎖의 40 % 아크릴, 10 ㎖ 2 % 비스 - 아크릴 아미드, 40 ㎖의 10 배 PBS (산도 7.4), 100 ml의 16 % 파라 포름 알데히드, 잘 섞는다. </li><li> (0.2 M 붕산 4 % SDS) 4 L 청산 솔루션을 만들기 : SDS G 49.464 g 붕산 160의 무게를 측정. 약 3.5 L 소주 H 2 O에 용해 NaOH로 pH가 8.5가되도록 조정하고, 4 L.에 볼륨을 가져 </li><li> 1 L 80 % 글리세롤 솔루션을 만들 : 800 ml의 글리세롤을 측정 200 ㎖의 증류수 H 2 O를 추가하고 잘 섞는다. </li></ol> 2. 조직 준비 <ol><li> 각 15 ㎖의 원심 분리기 튜브 하이드로 겔 단량체 용액과 나누어지는 10 ㎖를 준비합니다. </li><li> 전체 조직을 해부하고 4 ℃에서 2 일간 하이드로 겔 해결 하이드로 겔 솔루션은 적어도 10 배 조직의 볼륨이 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 흄 후드 (15 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브) 하이드로 겔 고정 된 조직을 가지고. </li><li> , TEMED 5 μl를 추가하여 하이드로 겔 고정 된 조직을 중합 잘 섞어, 2 ~ 3 시간 동안 실온에서 흄 후드에 앉아 보자. </li><li> 철저하게 초과 젤을 제거합니다. 주의 : 여분 겔 염색시 정산 과정과 항체의 침투를 방해 할 것이다. </li><li> 조직이 투명하게 될 때까지 몇 일 동안 70 rpm으로 50 ° C로 설정 인큐베이터 통에 솔루션을 취소 10 ㎖에 고정 된 조직을 품어. 적어도 하루에 한 번 청소 솔루션을 변경하고 청소 솔루션을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 70 실온에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 10 ㎖ 0.1 M PB에서 조직을 헹구오후 37 ° C에서 하룻밤. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 2 일간 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100와 함께 PB의 기본 항체 솔루션 명확히 조직을 품어. 참고 : 전체 조직을 물속에 충분한 기본 항체 솔루션을합니다. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100과 10 ㎖의 PB의 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 어두운 실내 나 어두운 곳에서 다음 단계를 수행합니다. 사진 표백을 방지하기 위해 호일로 샘플을 커버. </li><li> 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100와 PB의 형광 차 항체 용액 1 일 동안 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 차단 혈청 정화 된 조직을 품어. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100과 10 ㎖의 PB의 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 과잉 젤 F를 제거완충액을 변경할 때 티슈 롬. </li><li> 밤새 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 10 ㎖ PBS에서 조직을 씻어. 이 과정을 3 번 반복하고 완충 용액을 변경하는 경우 조직에서 과잉 젤을 제거합니다. </li><li> 70 rpm으로 37 ° C에서 하룻밤에 80 % 글리세롤에 명확히 조직을 품어. </li><li> 이전의 공 초점 현미경에 4 ° C에서 형광 스테인드 조직을 저장합니다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜은 나노 다공성 겔을 형성하기 위해 폴리 아크릴 아미드와 손상 조직을 가교 결합하고 광학 투명성 고분자 투과성을 달성하기 위해 조직의 세포막을 얻어 스트립 &quot;CLARITY&quot;(12)라고하는 새로운 방법에서 수정된다. &quot;CLARITY는&quot;장거리 투사와 신경계에있는 지역의 회로 배선의 손상 -​​ 조직 이미징을 할 수 있습니다. 이 새로운 방법은 변태 중에 바다 칠성 장어 간 ?...

바다 칠성 장어 세 가지 생활을 통해 개발 1,2 단계입니다. 애벌레 바다 칠성 장어 (L)의 저서 필터 피더로 굴에서 대부분의 시간을 보낸다. 외부 형태와 내부 장기 3 개편에 극적인 변화의 일곱 변성 단계를 거쳐, 그 결과 청소년 (JV)는 질량 100 회 이상 몸을 증가, 그들이 호스트 물고기의 혈액과 조직 유체에 공급되는 동안의 기생 단계를 입력 . 바다 나 큰 호수에있는 호스트 물고기에 먹이 1.0-1.5 년 후, 성인은 이른 봄에 동안 수유를 중단하고 산란 하천으로 마이그레이션 한 후, 2 다이. 변형하는 동안, 바다 칠성 장어의 간은 담즙 방광 및 전체 담즙 나무, 인간의 유아 질환 담도 폐쇄증을 모방 진화 돌연변이 표현형을 잃는다. 유아 담도 폐쇄증은 4,5,6,7 심각한 의료 합병증이 드문 소아 간 질환입니다, 8,9,10 그러나 담도 폐쇄증의 발병 기전과 원인 4 대부분 알 수 있습니다. 외과 적 수술 (카사이 절차가) 5를 수행하지 않는 담도 폐쇄증 환자는 출생 후 2 년 이내에 사망합니다. 그 후,이 환자는 광범위한 임상 관리 및 자주 간 이식 6이 필요합니다. 담도 폐쇄증의 병인의 많은 이론은 바이러스 성 감염, 선천성 기형, 면역 질환, 독성 모욕으로 제안되었다. 그러나, 담도 폐쇄증의 발전에 각각의 기여는 7,8,9,10 결정적이 남아있다. 병적 인 담도 폐쇄증 고통을 유아는 달리, 바다 칠성 장어는 발달 광범위한 necroinflammation, 섬유증 또는 간경변 10 않고 담도 폐쇄증을 프로그램 받고있다. 동물이 과정 10시 과도 담즙을 경험하지만,이 발달 상태에 적응할 수있다를 통해 새로이 합성과 같은 간 11 담즙산 합성의 감소로 알려진 메커니즘뿐만 아니라 개발 담도 폐쇄증, 후 소장에서 담즙 소금의 분비. 바다 칠성 장어에서이 발달 과정은 담도 폐쇄증의 진행을 검토 할 수있는 유일한 알려져있는 기회를 제공합니다. &quot;CLARITY&quot;라는 새로 개발 된 방법은 광학적으로 투명한 나노 다공성 하이드로 겔 (12)로 그대로 조직을 변형하여 복잡한 포유 동물의 신경계에 높은 해상도의 영상을 가능하게합니다. 바다 칠성 장어의 간 및 수정 CLARITY 프로토콜을 사용하여, 담즙 변성 그대로 - 조직 영상은 간 변형을 통해 설명 할 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>40% acrylamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2% bis-acrylamide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0142</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TEMED</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ammonium persulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>A3678-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>boric acid</td><td>Sigma</td><td>B7901-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>saponin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>47036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium dodecyl sulfate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>L337-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium phosphate (monobasic)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>04269-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sodium phosphate (dibasic)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5136-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma</td><td>X100-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>glycerol&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>G9012-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% paraformaldehyde&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710-S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOH pellets&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EMD</td><td>SX0590-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml centrifuge tubes</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>dissecting tools&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Any brand</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a new clarification method to visualize biliary degeneration during liver metamorphosis in sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus)

담도 폐쇄증 대만에서 5000에있는보고 된 주파수 추정 1 15,000 미국 남동부에있는 주파수,하지만 동아시아 국가에서 일반적으로, 초기 단계의 희귀 질환이다. 많은 부분이 담도 폐쇄증의 관리에 대한 알려져 있지만, 그 기전은 아직 애매하다. 바다 칠성 장어 (Petromyzon의 스 marinus)는 담즙의 변성의 기전 및 진행 상황을 검사 할 수있는 독특한 기회를 제공합니다. 유충, 기생, 성인 : 바다 칠성 장어는 세 개의 서로 다른 삶의 단계를 통해 개발. 유충에서 기생 청소년으로 전환하는 동안, 바다 칠성 장어는 외부 형태와 내부 장기의 극적인 개편과 개조와 변형을 받고있다. 간, 전체 담즙의 시스템은 담낭과 담도 나무를 포함하여, 손실됩니다. &quot;CLARITY&quot;라는 새로 개발 된 방법은 변성 바다 칠성 장어의 장과 전체 간 접합을 명확히하기 위해 수정되었습니다.담즙의 변성의 과정은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 시각과 바다 칠성 장어 변태시 식별되었다. 이 방법은 고유 한 동물 모델에서 담도 폐쇄증을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다.

몇 가지 중요한 발달 이벤트는 바다 칠성 장어 변태 동안 간담에서 발생합니다. 담관 및 담낭 세포 사멸과 퇴화 (그림 1)를 받고있다. 및 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 항 세포 사멸 마커 Bcl2의 (cholangiocytes 및 간세포 이전과 변형 13 후 모두에 존재 CK19) 간 세포 마커 아세포 (19) 수정 된 설명 방법과 염색을 결합, 전체 담즙의 시스템은 Z 축 (함께 체포됐다 그림 2)와 3 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus at JoVE.com

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

바다 칠성 장어는 변태 동안 담낭 및 담관, 인간의 담도 폐쇄증과 유사한 과정을 잃게됩니다. 새로운 고정 및 정화 방법 (CLARITY)은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 전체 담도 트리를 시각화하기 위해 수정되었다. 이 방법은 담즙의 변성을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다.

바다 칠성 장어의 간 변태 동안 담즙의 퇴보를 시각화하는 새로운 방법 명확화 ( Petromyzon 스 marinus)

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

13.8K 조회수.  Michigan State University.  바다 칠성 장어는 변태 동안 담낭 및 담관, 인간의 담도 폐쇄증과 유사한 과정을 잃게됩니다. 새로운 고정 및 정화 방법 (CLARITY)은 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경을 사용하여 전체 담도 트리를 시각화하기 위해 수정되었다. 이 방법은 담즙의 변성을 연구 할 수있는 강력한 도구를 제공합니다. 

비디오: A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Hepatocyte-specific Ablation in Zebrafish to Study Biliary-driven Liver Regeneration

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or biliary-driven liver regeneration. In hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from preexisting hepatocytes, whereas, in biliary-driven regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs). For hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, there are excellent rodent models that have significantly contributed to the current understanding of liver regeneration. However, no such rodent model exists for biliary-driven liver regeneration. We recently reported on a zebrafish liver injury model in which BECs extensively give rise to hepatocytes upon severe hepatocyte loss. In this model, hepatocytes are specifically ablated by a pharmacogenetic means. Here we present in detail the methods to ablate hepatocytes and to analyze the BEC-driven liver regeneration process. This hepatocyte-specific ablation model can be further used to discover the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of biliary-driven liver regeneration. Moreover, these methods can be applied to chemical screens to identify small molecules that augment or suppress liver regeneration.

To help assess the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish biliary-driven liver regeneration, we established a liver injury model in which the nitroreductase-expressing hepatocytes are genetically ablated upon metronidazole treatment. In this protocol, we describe how to adeptly manipulate, monitor and analyze hepatocyte ablation and biliary-driven liver regeneration.

담즙 중심의 간 재생을 연구하는 Zebrafish의에서 간세포 특이 절제

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or ...

연구

발생학

The Identification of Sea Lamprey Pheromones Using Bioassay-Guided Fractionation

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and identification of an active pheromone compound. This method has resulted in the successful characterization of the chemical signals that function as pheromones in a wide range of animal species. Sea lampreys rely on olfaction to detect pheromones that mediate behavioral or physiological responses. We use this knowledge of fish biology to posit functions of putative pheromones and to guide the isolation and identification of active pheromone components. Chromatography is used to extract, concentrate, and separate compounds from the conditioned water. Electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings are conducted to determine which fractions elicit olfactory responses. Two-choice maze behavioral assays are then used to determine if any of the odorous fractions are also behaviorally active and induce a preference. Spectrometric and spectroscopic methods provide the molecular weight and structural information to assist with the structure elucidation. The bioactivity of the pure compounds is confirmed with EOG and behavioral assays. The behavioral responses observed in the maze should ultimately be validated in a field setting to confirm their function in a natural stream setting. These bioassays play a dual role to 1) guide the fractionation process and 2) confirm and further define the bioactivity of isolated components. Here, we report the representative results of a sea lamprey pheromone identification that exemplify the utility of the bioassay-guided fractionation approach. The identification of sea lamprey pheromones is particularly important because a modulation of its pheromone communication system is among the options considered to control the invasive sea lamprey in the Laurentian Great Lakes. This method can be readily adapted to characterize the chemical communication in a broad array of taxa and shed light on waterborne chemical ecology.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate and characterize the structure, olfactory potency, and behavioral response of putative pheromone compounds of sea lampreys.

생물 검정 기반 분류를 사용 하 여 바다 심고 페로몬의 식별

Bioassay-guided fractionation is an iterative approach that uses the results of physiological and behavioral bioassays to guide the isolation and ...

생화학

Analysis of Liver Microenvironment During Early Progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Zebrafish

Liver cancer is currently the third&#160;leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75-90% of all liver cancer cases. With the introduction of effective treatments to prevent and treat hepatitis B/C, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the more aggressive form know as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), are quickly becoming the number one risk factors to develop HCC in modern societies. To better understand the role NASH has on the development of HCC we designed a NASH-associated HCC zebrafish. The optical clarity and genetic tractability of the zebrafish larvae make them an appealing and powerful model to study the liver microenvironment and immune cell composition using non-invasive fluorescent live imaging. This protocol describes how to use a NASH-associated HCC zebrafish model to investigate the effect of cholesterol surplus in the liver microenvironment and its impact on immune cell composition at early stages of the disease. First, we feed HCC larvae (s704Tg), which express hepatocyte-specific activated beta-catenin, with a 10% high cholesterol diet for 8 days to develop a NASH-associated HCC model. Here we describe how to make use of different transgenic lines to evaluate several early malignancy features in the liver by non-invasive confocal microscopy, such as liver area, cell, and nuclear morphology (hepatocytes area, nuclear area, nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio (N:C ratio), nuclear circularity, micronuclei/nuclear herniation scoring) and angiogenesis. Then, using transgenic lines with tagged immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells) we show how to analyze liver immune cell composition in NASH-associated HCC larvae. The described techniques are useful to evaluate liver microenvironment and immune cell composition at early hepatocarcinogenesis stages, but they can also be modified to study such features in other liver disease models.

Here, we present how to generate a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) zebrafish model to study the impact of cholesterol surplus on liver microenvironment and immune cell landscape.

제브라피쉬에서 비알코올성 지방간 질환 관련 간세포암의 초기 진행 중 간 미세환경 분석

Liver cancer is currently the third&#160;leading cause of cancer related death worldwide, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75-90% of all ...

암 연구학

Determining Bile Duct Density in the Mouse Liver

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques are used, including serum chemistry, histological analysis, and immunostaining for specific markers. Although these techniques can provide important information about the biliary system, they often do not present a full picture of bile duct (BD) developmental defects across the whole liver. This is in part due to the robust ability of the mouse liver to drain the bile even in animals with significant impairment in biliary development. Here we present a simple method to calculate the average number of BDs associated with each portal vein (PV) in sections covering all lobes of mutant/transgenic mice. In this method, livers are mounted and sectioned in a stereotypic manner to facilitate comparison among various genotypes and experimental conditions. BDs are identified via light microscopy of cytokeratin-stained cholangiocytes, and then counted and divided by the total number of PVs present in liver section. As an example, we show how this method can clearly distinguish between wild-type mice and a mouse model of Alagille syndrome. The method presented here cannot substitute for techniques that visualize the three-dimensional structure of the biliary tree. However, it offers an easy and direct way to quantitatively assess BD development and the degree of ductular reaction formation in mice.

We present a rather simple and sensitive method for accurate quantification of bile duct density in the mouse liver. This method can aid in determining the effects of genetic and environmental modifiers and the effectiveness of potential therapies in mouse models of biliary diseases.

마우스 간에서 담관 밀도 결정

Mouse is broadly used as a model organism to study biliary diseases. To evaluate the development and function of the biliary system, various techniques ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

이후 Wholemount을위한 완벽한 척수 손상 및 뇌 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 제자리에서</em&gt; 애벌레 바다 장어의 하이브리드

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

신경과학

Quantifying Liver Size in Larval Zebrafish Using Brightfield Microscopy

In several transgenic zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatomegaly can be observed during early larval stages. Quantifying larval liver size in zebrafish HCC models provides a means to rapidly assess the effects of drugs and other manipulations on an oncogene-related phenotype. Here we show how to fix zebrafish larvae, dissect the tissues surrounding the liver, photograph livers using bright-field microscopy, measure liver area, and analyze results. This protocol enables rapid, precise quantification of liver size. As this method involves measuring liver area, it may underestimate differences in liver volume, and complementary methodologies are required to differentiate between changes in cell size and changes in cell number. The dissection technique described herein is an excellent tool to visualize the liver, gut, and pancreas in their natural positions for myriad downstream applications including immunofluorescence staining and in situ hybridization. The described strategy for quantifying larval liver size is applicable to many aspects of liver development and regeneration.

Here we demonstrate a method for quantifying liver size in larval zebrafish, providing a way to assess the effects of genetic and pharmacologic manipulations on liver growth and development.

브라이트필드 현미경을 사용하여 애벌레 제브라피시의 간 크기 정량화

In several transgenic zebrafish models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatomegaly can be observed during early larval stages. Quantifying larval ...

Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, the muscle stem cell is activated and undergoes cell proliferation to generate a pool of myoblasts, which subsequently differentiate to form new muscle fibers. In many muscle wasting conditions, including muscular dystrophy and ageing, this process is impaired resulting in the inability of muscle to regenerate. The process of muscle regeneration in zebrafish is highly conserved with mammalian systems providing an excellent system to study muscle stem cell function and regeneration, in muscle wasting conditions such as muscular dystrophy. Here, we present a method to examine muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease. The first step involves the use of a genotyping platform that allows the determination of the genotype of the larvae prior to eliciting an injury. Having determined the genotype, the muscle is injured using a needle stab, following which polarizing light microscopy is used to determine the extent of muscle regeneration. We therefore provide a high throughput pipeline which allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

Skeletal muscle regeneration is driven by tissue resident muscle stem cells, which are impaired in many muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy, and this results in the inability of muscle to regenerate. Here, we describe a protocol that allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

근육 질환의 제브라피시 모델에서 근육 재생 검토

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, ...

Eye Removal in Living Zebrafish Larvae to Examine Innervation-dependent Growth and Development of the Visual System

Zebrafish exhibit remarkable life-long growth and regenerative abilities. For example, specialized stem cell niches established during embryogenesis support continuous growth of the entire visual system, both in the eye and the brain. Coordinated growth between the retinae and the optic tectum ensures accurate retinotopic mapping as new neurons are added in the eyes and brain. To address whether retinal axons provide crucial information for regulating tectal stem and progenitor cell behaviors such as survival, proliferation, and/or differentiation, it is necessary to be able to compare innervated and denervated tectal lobes within the same animal and across animals. 
Surgical removal of one eye from living larval zebrafish followed by observation of the optic tectum achieves this goal. The accompanying video demonstrates how to anesthetize larvae, electrolytically sharpen tungsten needles, and use them to remove one eye. It next shows how to dissect brains from fixed zebrafish larvae. Finally, the video provides an overview of the protocol for immunohistochemistry and a demonstration of how to mount stained embryos in low-melting-point agarose for microscopy.

The article explains how to surgically remove eyes from living zebrafish larvae as the first step toward investigating how retinal input influences optic tectum growth and development. In addition, the article provides information about larval anesthetization, fixation, and brain dissection, followed by immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging.

살아있는 제브라 피쉬 유충의 눈 제거는 시각 시스템의 신경 의존적 인 성장과 발달을 조사합니다.

Zebrafish exhibit remarkable life-long growth and regenerative abilities. For example, specialized stem cell niches established during embryogenesis ...

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model congenital abnormalities. During the first day of life, the zebrafish embryo progresses through many developmental stages including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, segmentation, and the organogenesis of structures such as the kidney, heart, and central nervous system. The anatomy of a young zebrafish embryo presents several challenges for the visualization and analysis of the tissues involved in many of these events because the embryo develops in association with a round yolk mass. Thus, for accurate analysis and imaging of experimental phenotypes in fixed embryonic specimens between the tailbud and 20 somite stage (10 and 19 hours post fertilization (hpf), respectively), such as those stained using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), it is often desirable to remove the embryo from the yolk ball and to position it flat on a glass slide. However, performing a flat mount procedure can be tedious. Therefore, successful and efficient flat mount preparation is greatly facilitated through the visual demonstration of the dissection technique, and also helped by using reagents that assist in optimal tissue handling. Here, we provide our WISH protocol for one or two-color detection of gene expression in the zebrafish embryo, and demonstrate how the flat mounting procedure can be performed on this example of a stained fixed specimen. This flat mounting protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many embryonic structures that emerge during early zebrafish development, and can be implemented in conjunction with other staining methods performed on fixed embryo samples.

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is an excellent model for developmental biology research. During embryogenesis, zebrafish develop with a yolk mass, which presents three-dimensional challenges for sample observation and analysis. This protocol describes how to create two-dimensional flat mount preparations of whole mount in situ (WISH) stained zebrafish embryo specimens.

전체 마운트하여 제브라 피쉬 배아 시편 스테인드 관찰 및 분석을위한 평면 마운트 준비<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model ...

생물학

DUCT: Double Resin Casting followed by Micro-Computed Tomography for 3D Liver Analysis

The liver is the biggest internal organ in humans and mice, and high auto-fluorescence presents a significant challenge for assessing the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the organ at the whole-organ level. Liver architecture is characterized by multiple branching lumenized structures, which can be filled with resin, including vascular and biliary trees, establishing a highly stereotyped pattern in the otherwise hepatocyte-rich parenchyma. This protocol describes the pipeline for performing double resin casting micro-computed tomography, or &#34;DUCT&#34;. DUCT entails injecting the portal vein and common bile duct with two different radiopaque synthetic resins, followed by tissue fixation. Quality control by clearing one lobe, or the entire liver, with an optical clearing agent, allows for pre-screening of suitably injected samples. In the second part of the DUCT pipeline, a lobe or the whole liver can be used for micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanning, (semi-)automated segmentation, and 3D rendering of the portal venous and biliary networks. MicroCT results in 3D coordinate data for the two resins allowing for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the two systems and their spatial relationship. DUCT can be applied to postnatal and adult mouse liver and can be further extended to other tubular networks, for example, vascular networks and airways in the lungs.

Double resin casting micro-computed tomography, or DUCT, enables visualization, digitalization, and segmentation of two tubular systems simultaneously to facilitate 3D analysis of organ architecture. DUCT combines ex vivo injection of two radiopaque resins followed by micro-computed tomography scanning and segmentation of the tomographic data.

바다 칠성 장어의 간 변태 동안 담즙의 퇴보를 시각화하는 새로운 방법 명확화 ( Petromyzon 스 marinus)

요약

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