작업은 Deustche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG 및 신경 생물학에 대한 라이프니츠 - 연구소의 보조금에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 기술 지원을 마리아 - 마리나 Zempeltzi과 캐더린 OHL 감사합니다.

<ol>
	<li>Cohen, M. R., Newsome, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+electrical+microstimulation+has+revealed+about+the+neural+basis+of+cognition.">What electrical microstimulation has revealed about the neural basis of cognition.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 14 (2), 169-177 (2004).</li><li>Histed, M. H., Bonin, V., Reid, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+activation+of+sparse,+distributed+populations+of+cortical+neurons+by+electrical+microstimulation.">Direct activation of sparse, distributed populations of cortical neurons by electrical microstimulation.</a> Neuron. 63 (4), 508-522 (2009).</li><li>Histed, M. H., Ni, A. M., Maunsell, J. H. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Escape+from+fear:+a+detailed+behavioral+analysis+of+two+atypical+responses+reinforced+by+CS+termination.">Escape from fear: a detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal behavior processes. 33, 451-463 (2007).</li><li>Stark, H., Rothe, T., Deliano, M., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+cortical+theta+activity+correlates+with+stages+of+auditory+avoidance+strategy+formation+in+a+shuttle-box.">Dynamics of cortical theta activity correlates with stages of auditory avoidance strategy formation in a shuttle-box.</a> Neuroscience. 151, 467-475 (2008).</li><li>Ohl, F. W., Wetzel, W., Wagner, T., Rech, A., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilateral+ablation+of+auditory+cortex+in+Mongolian+gerbil+affects+discrimination+of+frequency+modulated+tones+but+not+of+pure+tones.">Bilateral ablation of auditory cortex in Mongolian gerbil affects discrimination of frequency modulated tones but not of pure tones.</a> Learning &amp; Memory. 6 (4), 347-362 (1999).</li><li>Kurt, S., Ehret, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+discrimination+learning+and+knowledge+transfer+in+mice+depends+on+task+difficulty.">Auditory discrimination learning and knowledge transfer in mice depends on task difficulty.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (18), 8481-8485 (2010).</li><li>Happel, M. F. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+cognitive+flexibility+in+reversal+learning+induced+by+removal+of+the+extracellular+matrix+in+auditory+cortex.">Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (7), 2800-2805 (2014).</li><li>Thomas, H., Tillein, J., Heil, P., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+auditory+cortex+in+the+mongolian+gerbil+(Meriones+unguiculatus).+I.+Electrophysiological+mapping+of+frequency+representation+and+distinction+of+fields.">Functional organization of auditory cortex in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). I. Electrophysiological mapping of frequency representation and distinction of fields.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 5, 882-897 (1993).</li><li>Budinger, E., Heil, P., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+auditory+cortex+in+the+Mongolian+gerbil+(Meriones+unguiculatus).+III.+Anatomical+subdivisions+and+corticocortical+connections.">Functional organization of auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). III. Anatomical subdivisions and corticocortical connections.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 12, 2425-2451 (2000).</li><li>Langford, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coding+of+facial+expressions+of+pain+in+the+laboratory+mouse.">Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse.</a> Nature Methods. 7 (6), 447-449 (2010).</li><li>Ohl, F. W., Scheich, H., Freeman, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Change+in+pattern+of+ongoing+cortical+activity+with+auditory+category+learning.">Change in pattern of ongoing cortical activity with auditory category learning.</a> Nature. 412 (6848), 733-736 (2001).</li><li>Scheich, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+semantics+of+learning+and+crossmodal+processing+in+auditory+cortex:+the+semantic+processor+concept.">Behavioral semantics of learning and crossmodal processing in auditory cortex: the semantic processor concept.</a> Hearing Research. 271 (1-2), 3-15 (2011).</li><li>Happel, M. F. K., Jeschke, M., Ohl, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+integration+in+primary+auditory+cortex+attributable+to+temporally+precise+convergence+of+thalamocortical+and+intracortical+input.">Spectral integration in primary auditory cortex attributable to temporally precise convergence of thalamocortical and intracortical input.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (33), 11114-11127 (2010).</li><li>Ranck, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+elements+are+excited+in+electrical+stimulation+of+mammalian+central+nervous+system:+a+review.">Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review.</a> Brain Research. 98, 417-440 (1975).</li><li>Clark, K. L., Armstrong, K. 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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 프로토콜은 양방향 혐오 발 충격 제어 셔틀 박스 시스템을 사용하여 동물의 학습 동시 부위 특이 ICMS 및 멀티 채널의 전기 생리 학적 기록 방법을 설명한다. 프로토콜은 조합에 대한 기술 핵심 개념을 강조하고, 단지 그것의 공통 접지 전극을 통해 동물을 접지 부동 전압에서 gridfloor을 떠날의 중요성을 지적한다. 이 동물의 청각 피질의 학습 관련 플라스틱 재구성이 광범위하게 8,12,14,15,21,22...

행동 신경 과학의 기본 목표는 신​​경 세포의 구조 및 기능적 특성, 학습과 인식 사이에 특정 링크를 설정하는 것입니다. 인식 및 학습과 관련된 신경 활동은 여러 사이트에서 다양한 뇌 구조에서 활동 전위 및 지역 현장 잠재력의 전기 생리 기록하여 공부하실 수 있습니다. 3 - 전기 생리 녹음 신경 활동과 행동 사이의 상호 연결을 제공하는 반면, 세기 이상에 대한 직접 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS)는 신경 세포의 흥분 집단과 그들의 행동과 지각 효과 1의 테스트 인과 관계에 대한 가장 직접적인 방법이었다. 많은 연구는 동물 인스턴스 retinotopic 4, T에 대한 내 자극 사이트에 따라 지각 작업 전기 자극의 다양한 공간과 시간 특성을 활용할 수 있다는 것을 증명하고있다피질에서 onotopic 5, somatotopic 6 지역. 피질의 전기적으로 유발 된 활동의 전파는 주로 축삭 섬유와 피질에, 명확 층 의존 7, 그들의 분산 시냅스 연결 2의 레이아웃에 의해 결정된다. ICMS에 의해 유발 된 결과 polysynaptic 활성화는 훨씬 더 이제부터는 전기 필드 2,8,9의 직접적인 영향보다 넓은 확산이다. intracortical 미세 자극에 의해 유도 지각 효과의 한계가 강하게 층 의존 8,10,11 및 사이트에 의존 9 될 수 있습니다 이유를 설명. 최근의 연구는 피질 결과의 깊은 층의 자극 활성화 intracolumnar 초점, 재발 corticoefferent에있는 동안 상위 계층의 자극은 주로 supragranular 층에 corticocortical 회로의 더 넓은 확산 활성화를 산출하는 것이 구체적으로 보여 주었다. 병렬 행동 실험은 후자가 훨씬 낮은 지각 검출 THR이 있는지 밝혀esholds 8. 인과 8 셔틀 상자에 학습과 인식의 행동 조치와 관련된 대뇌 피질 회로의 활성화를 관계에 따라서, 특정 사이트 ICMS로 조절 된 자극의 장점은 전기 생리 녹음과 함께 이용되었다. 양방향 셔틀 박스 패러다임은 회피 학습 (12)을 연구하는 잘 확립 된 실험 장치이다. 셔틀 상자는 장애물 또는 출입구에 의해 분리 된 2 구획으로 구성되어 있습니다. 빛이나 소리와 같은 적절한 신호에 의해 표시되는 조건 자극 (CS)는, 우발적, 혐오 무조건 자극 (US) 뒤에 예를 들어 같은 금속 그리드 바닥을 통해 발 충격. 피험자는 CS에 대한 응답으로 다른 하나의 셔틀 박스 구획에서 왕복으로 US를 피하는 것을 배울 수있다. 첫째 : 셔틀 박스 학습 13,14 구별 학습 단계의 시퀀스를 포함주제는 고전적 조건 형성에 의해 CS에서 미국을 예측하고, 미국은 왕복에 종료 될 때, 악기 조절에 의해 미국에서 탈출하는 법을 배워야. 다음 단계에서, 주제는 미국의 발병하기 전에 CS (회피 반응)에 대한 응답으로 왕복으로 모두 미국을 피하기 위해 배웁니다. 일반적으로, 셔틀 박스 학습은 고전적 조건 형성, 악기 조절뿐만 아니라, 상 (14)을 학습에 따라 목표 지향적 행동을 포함한다. 셔틀 박스 절차를 쉽게 설정하고 일반적으로 몇 일간 훈련 15 일 이후 강력한 행동을 생성 할 수있다 - (17). 간단한 회피 컨디셔닝 (검출)에 더하여, 셔틀 박스 나아가 / 노고 패러다임을 이용하여 자극 차별을 연구하는데 사용될 수있다. 여기에, 동물은 조건 반응에 의해 미국 (CR) (동작을 이동을, 반대 구획에 셔틀) 방지하기 위해 훈련에 대한 응답으로 &lt;공부를 할 수 있도록 노고 자극 (CS-)에 대한 응답으로 고밀도 다중 전극 배열과 평행 미세 자극과 신경 활동의 기록.; strong&gt;을 이동-자극 (CS +)와 노고 행동으로는 (더 CR을 현재 구획에 머물 없음) 성공적인 학습을 기초 생리 메커니즘. 셔틀 상자 훈련, ICMS 및 병렬 전기 생리학의 성공적인 조합에 대한 기본적인 몇 가지 기술적 인 세부 사항이 논의 될 것이다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon-insulated stainless steel wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diam. 50&#181;m w/ isolation</td>
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			<td>Pin connector system&#160;</td>
			<td>Molex Holding GmbH</td>
			<td>510470200</td>
			<td>1.25 mm pitch PicoBlade</td>
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			<td>EQ225-N27</td>
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			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>64707938</td>
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			<td>WPI&#160;</td>
			<td>503599</td>
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			<td>Ratiopharm GmbH</td>
			<td>7538837</td>
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			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>5066.0</td>
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			<td>B.Braun AG&#160;</td>
			<td>PRID00000772</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
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			<td>Shuttle-box E10-E15</td>
			<td>Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td>H10-11M-SC</td>
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			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
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			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HST/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBX preamplifier 32 channels</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>32PBX box</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>MAP 32/HLK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostate CM3050 S</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal processing Card Ni-Daq</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab StandardTM Stereotaxic Instruments</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio attenator g.pah</td>
			<td>g.pah Guger technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cresyl violet acetate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7651.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roticlear&#160;</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>A538.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrat(II) trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7974.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-sodium hydrogen phospahte dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td align="right">1,065,801,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICM Impedance Conditioning Module</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>55-70-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Temperarture Controler</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ATC2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined shuttle-box training with electrophysiological cortex recording and stimulation as a tool to study perception and learning

셔틀 박스 회피 학습 행동 신경 과학 및 실험 설정에서 잘 확립 된 방법은 전통적으로 맞춤 제작했다입니다 필요한 장비는 여러 상업 회사에 의해 사용할 수 있습니다. 조합 사이트 별 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS) 동시 만성 전기 생리학 생체 기록과,이 프로토콜은 설치류에서 양방향 셔틀 상자 회피 학습 패러다임의 상세한 설명 (Meriones unguiculatus 여기 몽골어 게르 빌 루스 쥐)를 제공합니다. 자세한 프로토콜은 서로 다른 설치류 종의 학습 행동과 인식의 여러 측면을 연구에 적용 할 수있다. 여기 conditioned 자극으로 청각 피질 회로의 사이트 별 ICMS 특정 구 심성, 원심성 및 intracortical 연결의 지각 관련성을 테스트하는 도구로 사용된다. 별개의 활성화 패턴이 상이한 자극 전극 도착을 사용하여 유발 될 수있다지역, 계층에 의존하는 ICMS 또는 먼 ICMS 사이트 AYS. 자극 전략 및 두드러진 행동면 검출 신호를 유도하는 가장 효과적인 것이 결정될 수 행동 신호 검출 분석을 이용. 또한, (표면 전극 등, 깊이 전극) 다른 전극 설계를 이용하여 병렬 멀티 - 레코딩은 학습 과정의 시간 과정 동안 신경 세포의 관찰 가능한 조사 허용한다. 그것은 행동 디자인의 변화가인지 적 복잡성을 증가시킬 수있는 방법을 설명합니다 (예를 들어, 감지, 차별, 반전 학습)됩니다.

이 섹션에서는 몽골 햄스터에서 셔틀 박스 학습의 대표적인 예를 보여줍니다. 피사체는 두 전극 사이의 자극 ICMS 사이트 청각 피질에서 서로 떨어져 700 μm의 주입을 구별하도록 훈련시켰다 (도 1 및도 2). 자극 어레이는 서로 다른 공간 디자인 (그림 1)에서 사용자 정의 할 수 있습니다. 여기, 두 ICMS 사이트의 차별 30 CS + 및 CS - 각 (그림 3A-C)의 프리젠 테이션이 3...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning at JoVE.com

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

셔틀 박스 회피 학습은 행동 신경 과학에 잘 확립되어있다. 이 프로토콜은 설치류에서 학습 셔틀 상자가 사이트 별 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS) 및 학습과 인식의 여러 측면을 연구하는 도구로 생체 내 녹음 동시 만성와 결합 할 수있는 방법에 대해 설명합니다.

인식 및 학습을 연구하는 도구로 전기 생리 텍스 녹화 및 자극과 셔틀 박스 교육을 결합

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

combined-shuttle-box-training-with-electrophysiological-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K 조회수.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.  셔틀 박스 회피 학습은 행동 신경 과학에 잘 확립되어있다. 이 프로토콜은 설치류에서 학습 셔틀 상자가 사이트 별 전기 intracortical 미세 자극 (ICMS) 및 학습과 인식의 여러 측면을 연구하는 도구로 생체 내 녹음 동시 만성와 결합 할 수있는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 

비디오: Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

허혈성 뇌졸중의 마우스 모델에서 감각 운동 피질 손상 후 보상 사지 사용과 운동 기능의 학습 행동 평가

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

연구

행동분석학

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

경 두개 자기 자극 립 운동 피질을 자극

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

도구로 미주 신경 자극은 멸종 학습을위한 관련 진학 가소성을 유도

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

로봇 형 조작기와 모터 스킬 학습 과정 조사

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

실험실 쥐에 대한인지 심화로 리모콘 교육 소개

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

소비자 매장 내 행동을 조사하는 연구 도구로 가상 저장소 사용

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

무선, Vivo에서 녹음 하 고 자유롭게 행동 하는 쥐에서 신경 활동의 자극에 대 한 양방향 인터페이스

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

척수 손상 후 더 낮은 말단 전기 자극 교육의 패러다임

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

Electroencephalography 측정 및 높은-품질 비디오 녹화를 사용 하 여 미디어 콘텐츠의 시각적 인식 분석

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but little work to date has illuminated the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to experimentally assess the causal contribution of cortical regions to threat-related ideological shifts. In the example protocol provided here, participants are exposed to a threat prime-an explicit reminder of their own inevitable death and bodily decomposition-following a downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) or a sham stimulation. Next, disguised within a series of distracter tasks, participants' relative degree of ideological adherence is assessed-in the present example, with regard to coalitional prejudice and religious belief. Participants for whom the pMFC has been downregulated exhibit less coalitionally biased responses to an immigrant critical of the participants' national in-group, and less conviction in positive afterlife beliefs (i.e., God, angels, and heaven), despite having recently been reminded of death. These results complement prior findings that continuous theta burst stimulation of the pMFC influences social conformity and sharing and illustrate the feasibility of investigating the neural basis of high-level social cognitive shifts using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Threats reliably evoke shifts in high-level ideological investment, but little work to date has explored the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to test the contribution of the posterior medial frontal cortex (and/or other regions) to threat-related ideological shifts.

실험적 이념적 위협 응답을 줄이기 위해 후부 중간 정면 외피의 연속 세타 버스트 자극

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but ...