仕事はDeustche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFGと神経生物学のためのライプニッツ研究所からの助成金によってサポートされていました。我々は、技術支援のためのマリア・マリーナZempeltziとキャサリンOHLに感謝します。

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+cortical+mechanisms+of+behavior+from+microstimulation+experiments.">Insights into cortical mechanisms of behavior from microstimulation experiments.</a> Progress in Neurobiology. 103, 115-130 (2013).</li><li>Bradley, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visuotopic+mapping+through+a+multichannel+stimulating+implant+in+primate+V1.">Visuotopic mapping through a multichannel stimulating implant in primate V1.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 93, 1659-1670 (2005).</li><li>Scheich, H., Breindl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Animal+Model+of+Auditory+Cortex+Prostheses.">An Animal Model of Auditory Cortex Prostheses.</a> Audiology and Neurootology. 7 (3), 191-194 (2002).</li><li>Romo, R., Hern&#225;ndez, A., Zainos, A., Salinas, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatosensory+discrimination+based+on+cortical+microstimulation.">Somatosensory discrimination based on cortical microstimulation.</a> Nature. 392, 387-390 (1998).</li><li>Douglas, R. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+cortical+activity+after+intracortical+microstimulation+and+its+role+for+sensory+processing+and+learning.">Auditory cortical activity after intracortical microstimulation and its role for sensory processing and learning.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (50), 15898-15909 (2009).</li><li>DeYoe, E. A., Lewine, J. D., Doty, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+variation+in+threshold+for+detection+of+electrical+excitation+of+striate+cortex+by+macaques.">Laminar variation in threshold for detection of electrical excitation of striate cortex by macaques.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 94 (5), 3443-3450 (2005).</li><li>Tehovnik, E. J., Slocum, W. M., Schiller, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delaying+visually+guided+saccades+by+microstimulation+of+macaque+V1:+spatial+properties+of+delay+fields.">Delaying visually guided saccades by microstimulation of macaque V1: spatial properties of delay fields.</a> The European Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (10), 2635-2643 (2005).</li><li>Wetzel, W., Wagner, T., Ohl, F. W., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Categorical+discrimination+of+direction+in+frequency-modulated+tones+by+Mongolian+gerbils.">Categorical discrimination of direction in frequency-modulated tones by Mongolian gerbils.</a> Behavioural Brain Research. 91, 29-39 (1998).</li><li>Cain, C. K., LeDoux, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Escape+from+fear:+a+detailed+behavioral+analysis+of+two+atypical+responses+reinforced+by+CS+termination.">Escape from fear: a detailed behavioral analysis of two atypical responses reinforced by CS termination.</a> Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal behavior processes. 33, 451-463 (2007).</li><li>Stark, H., Rothe, T., Deliano, M., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+cortical+theta+activity+correlates+with+stages+of+auditory+avoidance+strategy+formation+in+a+shuttle-box.">Dynamics of cortical theta activity correlates with stages of auditory avoidance strategy formation in a shuttle-box.</a> Neuroscience. 151, 467-475 (2008).</li><li>Ohl, F. W., Wetzel, W., Wagner, T., Rech, A., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilateral+ablation+of+auditory+cortex+in+Mongolian+gerbil+affects+discrimination+of+frequency+modulated+tones+but+not+of+pure+tones.">Bilateral ablation of auditory cortex in Mongolian gerbil affects discrimination of frequency modulated tones but not of pure tones.</a> Learning &amp; Memory. 6 (4), 347-362 (1999).</li><li>Kurt, S., Ehret, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory+discrimination+learning+and+knowledge+transfer+in+mice+depends+on+task+difficulty.">Auditory discrimination learning and knowledge transfer in mice depends on task difficulty.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (18), 8481-8485 (2010).</li><li>Happel, M. F. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+cognitive+flexibility+in+reversal+learning+induced+by+removal+of+the+extracellular+matrix+in+auditory+cortex.">Enhanced cognitive flexibility in reversal learning induced by removal of the extracellular matrix in auditory cortex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (7), 2800-2805 (2014).</li><li>Thomas, H., Tillein, J., Heil, P., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+auditory+cortex+in+the+mongolian+gerbil+(Meriones+unguiculatus).+I.+Electrophysiological+mapping+of+frequency+representation+and+distinction+of+fields.">Functional organization of auditory cortex in the mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). I. Electrophysiological mapping of frequency representation and distinction of fields.</a> The European journal of neuroscience. 5, 882-897 (1993).</li><li>Budinger, E., Heil, P., Scheich, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+auditory+cortex+in+the+Mongolian+gerbil+(Meriones+unguiculatus).+III.+Anatomical+subdivisions+and+corticocortical+connections.">Functional organization of auditory cortex in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). III. Anatomical subdivisions and corticocortical connections.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 12, 2425-2451 (2000).</li><li>Langford, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coding+of+facial+expressions+of+pain+in+the+laboratory+mouse.">Coding of facial expressions of pain in the laboratory mouse.</a> Nature Methods. 7 (6), 447-449 (2010).</li><li>Ohl, F. W., Scheich, H., Freeman, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Change+in+pattern+of+ongoing+cortical+activity+with+auditory+category+learning.">Change in pattern of ongoing cortical activity with auditory category learning.</a> Nature. 412 (6848), 733-736 (2001).</li><li>Scheich, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+semantics+of+learning+and+crossmodal+processing+in+auditory+cortex:+the+semantic+processor+concept.">Behavioral semantics of learning and crossmodal processing in auditory cortex: the semantic processor concept.</a> Hearing Research. 271 (1-2), 3-15 (2011).</li><li>Happel, M. F. K., Jeschke, M., Ohl, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+integration+in+primary+auditory+cortex+attributable+to+temporally+precise+convergence+of+thalamocortical+and+intracortical+input.">Spectral integration in primary auditory cortex attributable to temporally precise convergence of thalamocortical and intracortical input.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (33), 11114-11127 (2010).</li><li>Ranck, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+elements+are+excited+in+electrical+stimulation+of+mammalian+central+nervous+system:+a+review.">Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review.</a> Brain Research. 98, 417-440 (1975).</li><li>Clark, K. L., Armstrong, K. 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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

このプロトコルは、双方向嫌悪フットショック制御シャトルボックスシステムを使用して学習動物における同時部位特異ICMSマルチチャンネル電気生理学的記録の方法を記載します。プロトコルは、このような組み合わせのための技術的な重要な概念を強調​​し、フローティング電圧でgridfloorを残し、唯一の共通接地​​電極を介して動物を接地することの重要性を指摘しています。これら...

行動神経科学の基本的な目的は、神経細胞の構造的および機能的特性、学習、知覚との間の特定のリンクを確​​立することです。認知と学習に関連する神経活動は、活動電位と、複数のサイトでの様々な脳構造における局所電場電位の電気生理学的記録によって研究することができます。 3 -電気生理学的記録は、一世紀以上のための神経活動と行動との相関関連、直接的な電気皮質内微小刺激（ICMS）を提供するのに対し、ニューロンとその行動と知覚的効果1の励起された集団の因果関係をテストするための最も直接的な方法でした。多くの研究は、動物は、インスタンスの網膜4、tに対して内刺激部位に応じて知覚タスクにおける電気刺激の様々な空間的および時間的特性を利用することができることを実証しています皮質のonotopic 5、または体部位6地域。皮質の電気的誘発活動の伝播は主に軸索繊維と皮質で、明らかに層に依存し7である、彼らの分散型シナプス接続2のレイアウトによって決定されます。 ICMSによって誘発される結果多シナプス活性化は、今後電界2,8,9の直接的影響よりもはるかに広く普及しています。皮質内微小刺激によって誘発される知覚的効果のしきい値が強く層依存8,10,11およびサイトに依存9することができます理由を説明。最近の研究では、皮質の結果のより深い層の刺激活性化intracolumnar焦点、再発corticoefferentにいる間、上位層の刺激は、主にsupragranular層におけるcorticocortical回路のより広範囲の活性化をもたらしたことを詳細に明らかにしました。並列行動実験は、後者がはるかに低い知覚検出THRを有していることが明らかになりましたesholds 8。因果8シャトル・ボックス内の学習と知覚の行動測定に固有の皮質回路の活性化に関連するので、サイト固有のICMSのような条件刺激の利点は、電気生理学的記録との組み合わせで利用されました。 双方向シャトルボックスパラダイムは回避学習12を研究するために十分に確立された実験装置です。シャトルボックスはハードルや戸口で区切られた2区画で構成されています。光や音などの適切な信号によって表される条件刺激（CS）は 、偶発的、嫌悪無条件刺激（米国）が続いているインスタンスのような金属格子床の上に足ショック。被験者は、CSに応じて、他の1つのシャトルボックス区画から往復することにより、米国を回避するために学ぶことができます。シャトルボックス学習は識別可能な学習段階13,14のシーケンス含む：まず、被験者は、古典的条件によって、CSから米国を予測し、米国は往復時に終了されると、インストゥルメンタルコンディショニングによって米国から脱出することを学びます。次の段階では、被験者は米国の発症前のCS（ 回避反応）に応答して往復することによって完全に米国を回避することを学びます。一般的に、シャトルボックス学習は古典的条件、楽器コンディショニング、ならびに相 14 の学習に応じて目標指向行動を伴います。 シャトルボックスプロシージャを簡単にセットアップし、一般的にいくつかの毎日のトレーニングセッション15の後に強固な行動を生成することができます- 17。単純な回避コンディショニング（検出）に加えて、シャトルボックスは、さらに移動/ NOGOパラダイムを使用することによって刺激識別を研究するために使用することができます。ここでは、動物は（動作を行って、反対側のコンパートメントにシャトル） 条件反応（CR）によって米国を回避するために訓練されているに応じて&lt;強い&gt;（現在のコンパートメントに滞在しない;ないCR）（CS +）刺激を行くとNOGO行動によってNOGO-刺激（CS-）に応答して神経活動の並列微小刺激と記録を高密度多電極アレイを勉強することを可能にして。成功した学習の基礎となる生理学的メカニズム。シャトルボックス研修、ICMSと並列電気の成功の組み合わせのための基本的なされているいくつかの技術的な詳細は、説明されます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon-insulated stainless steel wire</td>
			<td>California Fine Wire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diam. 50&#181;m w/ isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin connector system&#160;</td>
			<td>Molex Holding GmbH</td>
			<td>510470200</td>
			<td>1.25 mm pitch PicoBlade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM grid Quantifoil</td>
			<td>Science Services</td>
			<td>EQ225-N27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dental acrylic Paladur</td>
			<td>Heraeus Kulzer</td>
			<td>64707938</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hand-held drill OmniDrill35</td>
			<td>WPI&#160;</td>
			<td>503599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 500mg/10ml</td>
			<td>Ratiopharm GmbH</td>
			<td>7538837</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun 2%, 25ml</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>5066.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium-Chloride 0.9%, 10ml</td>
			<td>B.Braun AG&#160;</td>
			<td>PRID00000772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lubricant KY-Jelly</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shuttle-box E10-E15</td>
			<td>Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td>H10-11M-SC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus generator MCS STG 2000</td>
			<td>Multichannel Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Headstage cable 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HSC/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Headstage&#160; 32V-G20</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>HST/32v-G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBX preamplifier 32 channels</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>32PBX box</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multichannel Acquisition System</td>
			<td>Plexon Inc.</td>
			<td>MAP 32/HLK2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostate CM3050 S</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Signal processing Card Ni-Daq</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab StandardTM Stereotaxic Instruments</td>
			<td>Stoelting Co.&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Audio attenator g.pah</td>
			<td>g.pah Guger technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cresyl violet acetate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7651.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roticlear&#160;</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>A538.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>6779.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium hexacyanoferrat(II) trihydrate</td>
			<td>Roth GmbH</td>
			<td>7974.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-sodium hydrogen phospahte dihydrate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td align="right">1,065,801,000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICM Impedance Conditioning Module</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>55-70-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal Temperarture Controler</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>ATC2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined shuttle-box training with electrophysiological cortex recording and stimulation as a tool to study perception and learning

シャトルボックス回避学習は、行動神経科学ではよく確立された方法であると実験のセットアップは、伝統的にカスタムメイドしました。必要な機器は、いくつかの商業企業が利用できるようになりました。サイト固有の電気皮質内微小刺激（ICMS）と同時慢性電気生理学的in vivoでの録音と組み合わせて、（Meriones unguiculatusここスナネズミ）このプロトコルは、げっ歯類でパラダイムを学ぶ双方向シャトルボックス回避の詳細な説明を提供します。詳細なプロトコルが異なる齧歯類における学習行動と知覚の複数の側面を研究するために適用可能です。 ここで条件刺激として聴覚皮質回路の部位特異的ICMSは、特定の求心性、遠心性および皮質内の接続の知覚的関連性をテストするためのツールと​​して使用されます。別個の活性化パターンは、異なる刺激電極のARRを使用することによって誘発することができローカル、層依存ICMSまたは遠隔ICMSサイトのays。刺激戦略は行動的に検出し、顕著なシグナルを誘発するための最も効果的であると判断することができる行動の信号検出分析を利用します。さらに、異なる電極設計を用いた並列マルチチャンネル・レコーディング（など表面電極、深さ電極は、）は、学習過程の時間経過にわたって神経観測を調査することを可能にします。それは行動の設計の変更が認知複雑（例えば検出、差別、逆転学習）を増加させることができる方法を説明します。

このセクションでは、スナネズミにおけるシャトルボックス学習の代表的な例を示しています。被験者は、二つの刺激電極の間にICMS部位を区別するように訓練された聴覚皮質（ 図1および図2）に互いに離間して700ミクロンの移植。刺激アレイは、異なる空間の設計（ 図1）でカスタマイズすることができます。ここでは、2つのICMSサイトの識別は30 CS +とCS-それぞれ（...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning at JoVE.com

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

シャトルボックス回避学習、行動神経科学においてよく確立されています。このプロトコルは、げっ歯類での学習シャトルボックスは、サイト固有の電気皮質内微小刺激（ICMS）と学習と知覚の複数の側面を研究するためのツールとして、in vivoでの録音での同時慢性と組み合わせることができる方法について説明します。

知覚と学習を研究するためのツールと​​しての電気生理学的皮質の記録と刺激と組み合わせたシャトル・ボックストレーニング

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

combined-shuttle-box-training-with-electrophysiological-cortex

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K ビュー.  Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany. シャトルボックス回避学習、行動神経科学においてよく確立されています。このプロトコルは、げっ歯類での学習シャトルボックスは、サイト固有の電気皮質内微小刺激（ICMS）と学習と知覚の複数の側面を研究するためのツールとして、in vivoでの録音での同時慢性と組み合わせることができる方法について説明します。 

ビデオ: Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. The present protocol describes a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke. The Pasta Matrix Reaching Task functions as a versatile and sensitive behavioral assay that permits experimenters to collect accurate outcome data and manipulate limb use to mimic human clinical phenomena including compensatory strategies (i.e., learned non-use) and focused rehabilitative training. When combined with neuroanatomical tools, this task also permits researchers to explore the mechanisms that support behavioral recovery of function (or lack thereof) following stroke. The task is both simple and affordable to set up and conduct, offering a variety of training and testing options for numerous research questions concerning functional outcome following injury. Though the task has been applied to mouse models of stroke, it may also be beneficial in studies of functional outcome in other upper extremity injury models.

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in studies of behavioral neuroscience. As models advance, it is important to develop sensitive behavioral measures specific to the mouse. This protocol describes the Pasta Matrix Reaching Task, which is a skilled motor task for use in mouse models of stroke.

代償四肢使用および虚血性脳卒中のマウスモデルにおける感覚皮質損傷後の運動技能の学習の行動評価

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

行動学

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

経頭蓋磁気刺激とリップモーター皮質を刺激する

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

ツールとしての迷走神経刺激は、絶滅の学習のための関連経路の可塑性を誘導するために

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be time-intensive and ambiguous to quantify beyond simple success rates. Here, we describe the training procedure for reach-and-pull tasks with ETH Pattus, a robotic platform for automated forelimb reaching training that records pulling and hand rotation movements in rats. Kinematic quantification of the performed pulling attempts reveals the presence of distinct temporal profiles of movement parameters such as pulling velocity, spatial variability of the pulling trajectory, deviation from midline, as well as pulling success. We show how minor adjustments in the training paradigm result in alterations in these parameters, revealing their relation to task difficulty, general motor function or skilled task execution. Combined with electrophysiological, pharmacological and optogenetic techniques, this paradigm can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying motor learning and memory formation, as well as loss and recovery of function (e.g. after stroke).

A paradigm is presented for training and analysis of an automated skilled reaching task in rats. Analysis of pulling attempts reveals distinct subprocesses of motor learning.

ロボットマニピュランダムに運動スキルの学習過程を調査

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

実験用マウスのための認知エンリッチメントとしてクリッカートレーニングの紹介

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Using a Virtual Store As a Research Tool to Investigate Consumer In-store Behavior

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various approaches (e.g., surveys or laboratory settings) to study in-store behaviors, but the external validity of these is limited by their poor capability to resemble realistic choice environments. In addition, building a real store to meet experimental conditions while controlling for undesirable effects is costly and highly difficult. A virtual store developed by virtual reality techniques potentially transcends these limitations by offering the simulation of a 3D virtual store environment in a realistic, flexible, and cost-efficient way. In particular, a virtual store interactively allows consumers (participants) to experience and interact with objects in a tightly controlled yet realistic setting. This paper presents the key elements of using a desktop virtual store to study in-store consumer behavior. Descriptions of the protocol steps to: 1) build the experimental store, 2) prepare the data management program, 3) run the virtual store experiment, and 4) organize and export data from the data management program are presented. The virtual store enables participants to navigate through the store, choose a product from alternatives, and select or return products. Moreover, consumer-related shopping behaviors (e.g., shopping time, walking speed, and number and type of products examined and bought) can also be collected. The protocol is illustrated with an example of a store layout experiment showing that shelf length and shelf orientation influence shopping- and movement-related behaviors. This demonstrates that the use of a virtual store facilitates the study of consumer responses. The virtual store can be especially helpful when examining factors that are costly or difficult to change in real life (e.g., overall store layout), products that are not presently available in the market, and routinized behaviors in familiar environments.

This paper describes the use of a desktop virtual store to create virtual shopping environments to investigate in-store consumer behavior. A description of the protocol to build and run experiments, example results from an experiment concerning store layout, and important considerations when conducting virtual store experiments are presented.

消費者の店内行動を調査するためのリサーチツールとしての仮想ストアの使用

People&#39;s responses to products and/or choice environments are crucial to understanding in-store consumer behaviors. Currently, there are various ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

ワイヤレス、 In Vivo記録そして自由行動下ラットにおける神経活動の刺激のための双方向インタ フェース

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

脊髄損傷後下肢電気刺激の訓練のパラダイム

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

脳波測定と高品質のビデオ録画を使用して、メディア コンテンツの視覚認識を分析するため

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but little work to date has illuminated the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to experimentally assess the causal contribution of cortical regions to threat-related ideological shifts. In the example protocol provided here, participants are exposed to a threat prime-an explicit reminder of their own inevitable death and bodily decomposition-following a downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) or a sham stimulation. Next, disguised within a series of distracter tasks, participants' relative degree of ideological adherence is assessed-in the present example, with regard to coalitional prejudice and religious belief. Participants for whom the pMFC has been downregulated exhibit less coalitionally biased responses to an immigrant critical of the participants' national in-group, and less conviction in positive afterlife beliefs (i.e., God, angels, and heaven), despite having recently been reminded of death. These results complement prior findings that continuous theta burst stimulation of the pMFC influences social conformity and sharing and illustrate the feasibility of investigating the neural basis of high-level social cognitive shifts using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Threats reliably evoke shifts in high-level ideological investment, but little work to date has explored the neural mechanisms underlying these dynamics. This paper describes how continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation may be employed to test the contribution of the posterior medial frontal cortex (and/or other regions) to threat-related ideological shifts.

実験的イデオロギー的な脅威の応答を減らすために後部内側前頭皮質の連続シータ バースト刺激

Decades of behavioral science research have documented functional shifts in attitudes and ideological adherence in response to various challenges, but ...

知覚と学習を研究するためのツールと​​しての電気生理学的皮質の記録と刺激と組み合わせたシャトル・ボックストレーニング

知覚と学習を研究するためのツールとしての電気生理学的皮質の記録と刺激と組み合わせたシャトル・ボックストレーニング