저자는 기꺼이이 프로젝트의 그들의 지원을 위해 미주리 주립 대학에서 화학학과 및 대학원 대학을 인정합니다. 우리는 또한, 투과 전자 현미경 탄소 코팅 된 그리드의 사용 암 연구 프레드릭 국립 연구소 전자 현미경 실험을 인정한다.

인듐 인화물 / 황화 아연 (InP를 /의 ZnS) 양자 점의 1. 합성 <ol><li> 인듐 포스 파이드 (InP)와 같은 반도체 양자점 코어의 합성 <ol><li> 12 인치 응축기 100 ㎖ 둥근 바닥 3 목 플라스크에 장착한다. 올레 일 아민 30 ㎖ (OLA), 0.398 g의 인듐 (III) 클로라이드 (3 포함), 0.245 g의 아연 (II) 클로라이드 (ZnCl 2)를 첨가하고 1 시간 동안 진공을 사용하여 RT에서 배기하면서 교반한다. 이 솔루션은 흰색 침전물과 무색 나타납니다. </li><li> 열전쌍 및 비례 적분 미분 (PID) 온도 제어기로 가열 맨틀을 사용하여, 120 ° C까지 용액의 온도를 증가시킨다. 코어의 성장에 영향을 미칠 수있는 저비점 불순물을 제거하고 20 분 동안 진공 하에서 용액 대피. 주의 : 가열 맨틀을 사용하여 모래 욕 및 온도계를 사용할 수 있고 PID가 반응 생성물의 균일 성 및 재현성을 향상 동안. </li><li> 불활성 가스에서 (예를 들어,, N 2) 용액을 환류하에 15 분 동안 220 ℃까지 온도를 증가시킨다. 포함 3 ZnCl 2 완전히 담황색 용액 결과 녹인다. 온도가 10 분 동안 안정화 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 일회용 3 ㎖ 플라스틱 주사기 및 4 인치, 질소 가스를 22 G 바늘을 제거. 주사기를 사용하여 신속하게 포함 3 용액에 0.5 ㎖의 트리스 (디메틸 아미노) 포스 핀 (TDMAP)를 제공한다. 용액의 온도가 약간 감소하고 220 ° C까지 돌아갑니다. 투명에서 솔루션을 변경, 블랙, 불투명 한 노란색 창백. </li><li> 온도가 200 ° C 이하로 감소 될 때까지 9.5 분 후, 가열 맨틀로부터 반응 플라스크를 제거한다. InP의 코어의 무결성을 보호하기 위해 단계 1.2.1에서의 ZnS 코팅에 직접 진행합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 황화 아연 (의 ZnS) 양자 도트 쉘의 합성 <ol><li> 가열 맨틀에 단계 1.1.5에서 반응 플라스크를 놓고 t을 안정200 ° C에서 럼 온. 천천히 InP를 양자점을 함유하는 용액에 15 초에 걸쳐 3.58 g의 도데 칸 티올 (DDT)을 추가한다. 용액을 1 시간 동안 반응 할 수 있습니다. 참고 인 ZnS 쉘 두께를 증가 시키거나 단계 1.2.4 첨가 아연 스테아 레이트의 양을 감소시킴으로써 변화 될 수있다. 단계 1.1.1 및 1.2.1에 ZnCl 2의 양을 변경하거나 도데 상당히 반응 속도를 변화시킴으로써 양자점의 품질에 영향을 미칠 수있다. <ol><li> 그 후, 가열 맨틀로부터 반응 플라스크를 제거하고, 용액을 약 60 ℃로 냉각 할 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> InP의 / 인 ZnS 용액 이르면 ~ 60 ° C 10 ml의 헥산을 부가하고 50 ㎖ 폴리 프로필렌 원심 분리 튜브에 약 45 ㎖의 전체 용액 옮긴다. 미 반응 고체 전구체를 제거하기 위해 샘플 (10 분 동안 3,000 XG)를 원심 분리기. </li><li> 조심스럽게 (원심 분리기 3,000 X를 솔루션을 250 ml의 폴리 프로필렌 원심 분리기 병에 뜨는을 전송 200ml의 아세톤을 추가하고,10 분)에 대한 g을 InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점을 침전합니다. 필요한 로터 / 액세서리 원심 분리기를 사용할 수없는 경우이 볼륨은 원심 분리에 대해 사 50 ㎖ 튜브에 균등하게 분할 할 수 있습니다. 뜨는을 가만히 따르다 및 아세톤을 제거하기 위해 질소 가스로 완전히 QD 펠렛을 건조. </li><li> 초음파 처리를 사용하여 20 ㎖ OLA에 재현 탁 양자점을 50 ㎖ 둥근 바닥 3 목 플라스크에 0.474 g 함유 아연 스테아 레이트 및 교반 옮긴다. 실온에서 20 분 동안 진공 솔루션을 대피. </li><li> 질소 하에서 180 ℃까지 온도를 증가시키고, 반응을 3 시간 동안 수행 할 수있다. 반응 중에 발생하는 반응 액에 띄는 시각적 변화가 없지만 스테아린산 아연을 첨가하여 이렇게 양자점 (12)의 표면 보호를 개선 QY 증가의 ZnS 쉘 두께를 증가시킨다. 상기 반응이 완료되면, 가열 맨틀로부터 플라스크를 제거 상기 용액을 약 60 ℃로 냉각 할 수있다. </li><li> InP를 /의 ZnS soluti 번에 도달 ~ 60 ° C 20 ml의 헥산을 부가하고 50 ㎖ 폴리 프로필렌 원심 분리 튜브로 옮긴다. 미 반응의 아연 스테아 레이트를 제거하기 위해 샘플 (10 분 동안 3,000 XG)를 원심 분리기. </li><li> 조심스럽게, 250 ml의 폴리 프로필렌 원심 분리기 병에 뜨는을 전송 InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점을 침전 200ml의 아세톤, 원심 분리 용액 (10 분 3,000 XG)를 추가합니다. 조심스럽게 뜨는을 가만히 따르다 및 아세톤을 제거하기 위해 질소 가스로 완전히 건조. </li><li> 30 ml의 헥산의 InP /의 ZnS QD 펠렛을 녹인다. 소용돌이와는 완전한 분산을 보장하기 위해 잠시 솔루션을 초음파 처리. </li><li> 반복 정제를 초과하는 유기 리간드의 철저한 제거를 보장하기 위해 1.2.6-1.2.8 두 번 더 반복합니다. 양친 매성 고분자 단계 1.2 QD 사이의 상호 작용이 과잉의 리간드의 존재 하에서 저하 될 수있다. </li><li> 시에 의해 설명 계산, 등. (16), UV-마주 분광학 사용하여 합성 된 InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점의 크기와 농도를 결정한다. <br/&gt; 주 :이 해석 중요한 분광 특성 흡수 피크의 숄더이다. 이 어깨의 최대 파장과 흡광도 값은 각각 크기 및 양자점의 농도를 계산하는데 사용된다. 이 반응은 전형적으로 600 nm에서 발광 피크와 약 5 μmol의 양자점을 산출한다. 다른 색상의 양자점을 합성 반응의 지속 시간 및 / 또는 온도를 변경할 수있다. 긴 반응 시간 및 / 또는 적색 편이 방출 피크 용액 결과 고온. 예를 들어, 10 분, 240 ℃까지 반응 온도를 증가시키고, 반응 유지 시간은 최대 680 nm의 방출 피크 양자점을 초래할 것이다. 마찬가지로, 2 분으로 반응 시간을 감소시키고 470 nm의 최대 발광 피크 양자점 될 것이다 사용 염화 아연 배로. 이들의 InP / 인 ZnS 양자점은 불활성 기체하에 어둠 속에서 4 ℃에서 1 개월 이상 동안 안정하다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 물양친 매성 고분자를 사용하여 InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점의 가용화 <ol><li> 물 가용화 <ol><li> 단계 1.2.10에서의 InP / 양자점은 ZnS를 사용하여 1 μM 양자점 1 ㎖를 수득 헥산으로 양자점의 일부를 희석. <ol><li> 원심 분리 관에서 각 튜브에 0.25 mL의의 InP / 양자점은 ZnS 옮긴다. 원심 분리기 튜브와 원심 분리기 (10 분 3,000 XG)에 1 ml의 아세톤 또는 메탄올을 추가합니다. 조심스럽게 상층 액을 제거하고 1 ml의 테트라 하이드로 퓨란 (THF)에 각각의 침전물을 용해. </li><li> 100ml의 둥근 바닥 플라스크에 THF에 용해 InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점을 전송하고 16 ML의 THF로 희석. 용액의 응집체의 수를 감소 5-10 분 동안 초음파 처리 양자점한다. </li></ol></li><li> 10 ㎖의 분자량 등급 물에 30 mg의 폴리 (말레 andhydride- ALT -1- 옥타 데센), 3- (디메틸 아미노) -1- 프로필 아민 (PMAL-D)를 녹인다. 용액이 투명해질 때까지 수조에서 초음파 또는 부드러운 교반은 중합체를 완전히 용해하기에 충분하다. 그만큼소용돌이 나 격렬한 교반 사용 QD로 중합체의 상호 작용을 방해하는 많은 거품을 생성 할 수있다. 라운드 THF에서의 InP /의 ZnS 양자점을 포함하는 바닥 플라스크 100 ㎖에 10 ml의 폴리머 솔루션을 추가합니다. </li><li> 회전 증발기를 사용 QD / 중합체 용액으로부터 THF를 증발시켰다. 중합체 및 QD 사이의 상호 작용을 용이하게하기 위해 증착 동안 얼음 용기에 플라스크를 배치. 진공의 강도에 따라, 대부분의 THF 10 분 후에 증발시키고, 용액을 혼탁 나타난다. <ol><li> 용액을 10 ㎖로 증발되면, 회전식 증발기에서 제거하고, 플라스크를 30 ㎖을 분자 수준의 물을 첨가 하였다. 회전 증발기에 플라스크를 돌려 2 ml의 증발을 계속합니다. 이 최종 증발 단계는 많은 시간이 걸릴 수 있습니다; 얼음 목욕이 유지되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 피펫 둥근 바닥 플라스크에서 수용성의 InP /의 ZnS 양자점을 제거합니다. 0.1㎛의 나일론 SY 부착 3 ㎖ 플라스틱 주사기를 사용 QD 용액 필터ringe는 5 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브에 필터링 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 20,000 MWCO 막 투석 장치에 양자점을 놓고 여분의 중합체를 제거하기 위해 0.05 M 붕산 완충액 pH 8.5에 대해 투석. (pH가이 붕산 완충액을 8.5가 될 때까지 천천히 격렬한 교반과 함께, 0.05 M 붕산 0.05 M 소듐 테트라 보레이트 십수화물을 추가한다.) 진공 농축기를 사용하여 1 ml의 보레이트 완충액에 양자점을 농축시킨다. </li><li> 저장을 위해, 파라 필름으로 밀봉하기 전에 질소 가스 퍼지 용액. 수용성의 InP /의 ZnS 양자점은 어둠 속에서 4 ° C에서 최소 4 개월 동안 안정하다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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저자는 공개 아무것도 없어.

이 프로토콜은 많은 생물학적 시스템에서 사용할 수있는 매우 형광체의 InP / 인 ZnS 양자점의 합성 세부. 여기에 합성 QD 제품은 전술 한 다른 비교 합성 12 내지 73 (도 1)의 FWHM, 600 nm에서 중심 단일 형광 발광 피크를 나타내었다. 반응 시간과 반응 온도 QD 합성 품질 및 재현성에 미치는 큰 영향으로 인해 매우 중요한 단계이다. 물에 용해 후, 양자점은 약 6 %의 양자 수율을하기로 ...

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53684/synthesis-cd-free-inpzns-quantum-dots-suitable-for-biomedical" target="_blank">Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications</a>. There was an error with an author's given name. The author's name was corrected to:
Katye M. Fichter
from:
Kathryn M. Fichter

A correction was made to: <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53684/synthesis-cd-free-inpzns-quantum-dots-suitable-for-biomedical" target="_blank">Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications</a>.

Erratum: Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

양자 도트 (양자점)는 빛 (1) 조사에 형광 특성을 나타내는 나노 결정 반도체된다. 그들의 작은 많은 큰 생체 분자와 비슷합니다 크기 (2-5 ㎚), 및 biofunctionalization의 용이성, 양자점은 생명 의학 애플리케이션을위한 매우 매력적인 도구입니다. 그들은 생물학적 표지의 사용을 발견 한 많은 다른 용도 2-8 사이의 단일 분자 라이브 세포 이미징, 약물 전달, 생체 이미징, 병원체 탐지 및 세포 추적. CD 기반 양자점 가장 일반적으로 인해 강한 형광 좁은 발광 피크 폭 (9)의 생의학 분야에 사용되어왔다. 그러나 우려 인해 카드뮴의 잠재적 인 독성 제기되고있다 2+ 나노 입자의 분해를 통해 공개 할 수있다 (10)를 이온. 그들은 많은 형광 특성을 유지하기 때문에, 최근의 InP 계 양자점 CD 기반 양자점 대안으로 탐구되어왔다의 양자점을 CD 기반과 11 개의 생체 적합성 수있다. CD 기반 양자점은 48 시간 11 후 10 오후의 낮은 농도에서 시험 관내 분석에서의 InP 기반의 양자점보다 훨씬 더 독성이 밝혀졌다. 양자점의 형광 방출 색상은 가변 크기 일 것이다. 즉 QD 크기가 증가, 형광 방출은 적색 편이된다. QD 상품의 크기 및 크기 분산은 반응 12시 온도, 반응 지속 시간, 또는 전구체 농도 조건을 변경함으로써 변경 될 수있다. InP의 양자점의 발광 피크는 일반적으로 넓은 그리고 CD 기반 양자점보다 강한 반면, InP를 양자점은 스펙트럼 중첩을 방지하기위한 수많은 색상 다양한 이루어진 것으로, 대부분 생물 의학 응용 (12)을 충분히 강렬 할 수있다. 이 프로토콜에 설명 합성은 600 nm에서 중심 적색 발광 피크 양자점을 산출한다. 몇 가지 단계가 AF 촬영QD 코어 터 합성은 양자점의 광학 무결성을 유지하고 생물 애플리케이션에 호환되도록 할 수 있습니다. QD 코어의 표면은 담금질의 원인이 산화 또는 표면 결함으로부터 보호되어야한다 따라서, 쉘은 ZnS의 InP /의 ZnS (코어 / 쉘) 13 양자점을 제조 코어 위에 코팅된다. 이 코팅은 QD 상품의 광 발광을 보호하는 것으로 나타났다. InP의 QD 합성 중에 아연 이온의 존재는 표면 결함의 감소뿐만 아니라 입도 분포 (12)를 제한하는 것으로 나타났다. 비록 반응 매질에서 아연 2+의 존재와 InZnP의 합성 12 희박하다. 코팅 후, 결과의 InP /의 ZnS 양자점은 이러한 트리 옥틸 포스 핀 옥사이드 (TOPO) 또는 올레 일 아민 (12, 14)과 같은 소수성 리간드에 코팅된다. 양쪽 성 중합체는 수용성을 부여하는 15 QD 표면의 소수성 리간드뿐만 아니라 대량의 물 분자와 상호 작용할 수있다. 침탄와 양친 매성 고분자xylate 화학 기는 상기 양자점을 기능화 &quot;화학 핸들&quot;로서 사용될 수있다. 이 프로토콜은 매우 강렬한 형광 방출과 상대적으로 작은 크기 분산과 합성 수용성의 InP /의 ZnS 양자점의 작용을 자세히 설명합니다. 이러한 양자점은 잠재적으로 일반적으로 사용의 CdSe /의 ZnS 양자점보다 독성이 낮음. 여기서, InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점의 합성은 생물 의학 응용 프로그램에 대한 CD 기반 양자점에 대한 실질적인 대안을 제공합니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="725">
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			<td style="width:92px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:232px;">Tecnai TF20 Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">FEI</td>
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			<td>Transmisison Electron Miscroscope</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:232px;">TEM Eagle CCD</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">FEI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>TEM CCD Camera</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:232px;">NanoBrook Omni DLS</td>
			<td style="width:92px;">Brookhaven</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Dynamic Light Scattering Instrument</td>
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</table>

synthesis of cd-free inp/zns quantum dots suitable for biomedical applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

코팅의 InP 코어는 눈으로 상당한 보이는 형광을 보여주지 않습니다. 그러나, InP를 /의 ZnS (코어 / 쉘) 양자점은 UV 조사에서 눈으로 밝은 형광을 보인다. InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점의 형광은 형광 분광법을 사용하여 분석되었다. 헥산 양자점의 형광 스펙트럼 73 나노 미터의 절반 최대 (FWHM)에서 전체 폭이 600 nm에서 중심으로 한 주요 피크를 보여줍니다 nm의 533에서 여기 (그림 ...

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Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

바이오 메디컬 응용 프로그램에 적합 InP를 /의 ZnS 양자점 CD-자유의 합성

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, ...

synthesis-cd-free-inpzns-quantum-dots-suitable-for-biomedical

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Chemistry

13.5K 조회수.  Missouri State University. In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

비디오: Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of perfluoroalkanes has long been studied for tuning the wetting properties of surfaces. For high surface area microporous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), unique challenges present themselves for PECVD treatments. Herein the protocol for development of a MOF that was previously unstable to humid conditions is presented. The protocol describes the synthesis of Cu-BTC (also known as HKUST-1), the treatment of Cu-BTC with PECVD of perfluoroalkanes, the aging of materials under humid conditions, and the subsequent ammonia microbreakthrough experiments on milligram quantities of microporous materials. Cu-BTC has an extremely high surface area (~1,800 m2/g) when compared to most materials or surfaces that have been previously treated by PECVD methods. Parameters such as chamber pressure and treatment time are extremely important to ensure the perfluoroalkane plasma penetrates to and reacts with the inner MOF surfaces. Furthermore, the protocol for ammonia microbreakthrough experiments set forth here can be utilized for a variety of test gases and microporous materials.

Herein the procedures for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of perfluoroalkanes on microporous materials such as metal-organic frameworks to enhance their stability and hydrophobicity are described. Furthermore, breakthrough testing of milligram quantities of samples is described in detail.

플라즈마 통해 소수성 유기 금속 프레임 워크의 제조 암모니아의 제거에 대한 퍼플 루오로 알칸의 화학 증착을 강화

Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of perfluoroalkanes has long been studied for tuning the wetting properties of surfaces. For high ...

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Synthesis of Immunotargeted Magneto-plasmonic Nanoclusters

Magnetic and plasmonic properties combined in a single nanoparticle provide a synergy that is advantageous in a number of biomedical applications including contrast enhancement in novel magnetomotive imaging modalities, simultaneous capture&#160;and detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs),&#160;and multimodal molecular imaging combined with photothermal therapy of cancer cells. These applications have stimulated significant interest in development of protocols for synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles with optical absorbance in the near-infrared (NIR) region and a strong magnetic moment. Here, we present a novel protocol for synthesis of such hybrid nanoparticles that is based on an oil-in-water microemulsion method. The unique feature of the protocol described herein is synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles of various sizes from primary blocks which also have magneto-plasmonic characteristics. This approach yields nanoparticles with a high density of magnetic and plasmonic functionalities which are uniformly distributed throughout the nanoparticle volume. The hybrid nanoparticles can be easily functionalized by attaching antibodies through the Fc moiety leaving the Fab portion that is responsible for antigen binding available for targeting.

Here, we describe a protocol for synthesis of magneto-plasmonic nanoparticles with a strong magnetic moment and a strong near-infrared (NIR) absorbance. The protocol also includes antibody conjugation to the nanoparticles through the Fc moiety for various biomedical applications which require molecular specific targeting.

Immunotargeted의 합성 자기 - 플라즈 모닉 나노 클러스터

Magnetic and plasmonic properties combined in a single nanoparticle provide a synergy that is advantageous in a number of biomedical applications ...

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities

Indoxyl glycosides proved to be valuable and versatile tools for monitoring glycosidase activities. Indoxyls are released by enzymatic hydrolysis and are rapidly oxidized, for example by atmospheric oxygen, to indigo type dyes. This reaction enables fast and easy screening in vivo without isolation or purification of enzymes, as well as rapid tests on agar plates or in solution (e.g., blue-white screening, micro-wells) and is used in biochemistry, histochemistry, bacteriology and molecular biology. Unfortunately the synthesis of such substrates proved to be difficult, due to various side reactions and the low reactivity of the indoxyl hydroxyl function. Especially for glucose type structures low yields were observed. Our novel approach employs indoxylic acid ester as key intermediates. Indoxylic acid esters with varied substitution patterns were prepared on scalable pathways. Phase transfer glycosylations with those acceptors and peracetylated glycosyl halides can be performed under common conditions in high yields. Ester cleavage and subsequent mild silver mediated glycosylation yields the peracetylated indoxyl glycosides in high yields. Finally deprotection is performed according to Zempl&#233;n.

Indoxyl glycosides are well-established and widely used tools for enzyme screening and enzyme activity monitoring. Especially for glucose type structures previous syntheses proved to be challenging and low yielding. Our novel approach employs indoxylic acid esters as precious intermediates to yield a considerable number of indoxyl glycosides in good yields.

Indoxyl glycosides proved to be valuable and versatile tools for monitoring glycosidase activities. Indoxyls are released by enzymatic hydrolysis and are ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

제조 및 광 온도계의 테스트

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical properties, which allow for the absorption of near-infrared (NIR) light and can subsequently convert it into multiplexed emissions that span over a broad range of regions from the UV to the visible to the NIR. This article presents detailed experimental procedures for high-temperature co-precipitation synthesis of core-shell UCNs that incorporate different lanthanide ions into nanocrystals for efficiently converting deep-tissue penetrable NIR excitation (808 nm) into a strong blue emission at 480 nm. By controlling the surface modification with biocompatible polymer (polyacrylic acid, PAA), the as-prepared UCNs acquires great solubility in buffer solutions. The hydrophilic nanocrystals are further functionalized with specific ligands (dibenzyl cyclooctyne, DBCO) for localization on the cell membrane. Upon NIR light (808 nm) irradiation, the upconverted blue emission can effectively activate the light-gated channel protein on the cell membrane and specifically regulate the cation (e.g., Ca2+) influx in the cytoplasm. This protocol provides a feasible methodology for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped UCNs and subsequent biocompatible surface modification for further cellular applications.

A protocol is presented for the synthesis of core-shell lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) and their cellular applications for channel protein regulation upon near-infrared (NIR) light illumination.

코어-쉘 란타넘족 실수로 업 나노 세포 응용 프로그램의 합성

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNs) have attracted much attention in recent years based on their promising and controllable optical ...

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Water/solid interfaces are ubiquitous and play a key role in many environmental, biophysical, and technological processes. Resolving the internal structure and probing the hydrogen-bond (H-bond) dynamics of the water molecules adsorbed on solid surfaces are fundamental issues of water science, which remains a great challenge owing to the light mass and small size of hydrogen. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a promising tool for attacking these problems, thanks to its capabilities of sub-&#197;ngstr&#246;m spatial resolution, single-bond vibrational sensitivity, and atomic/molecular manipulation. The designed experimental system consists of a Cl-terminated tip and a sample fabricated by dosing water molecules in situ onto the Au(111)-supported NaCl(001) surfaces. The insulating NaCl films electronically decouple the water from the metal substrates, so the intrinsic frontier orbitals of water molecules are preserved. The Cl-tip facilitates the manipulation of the single water molecules, as well as gating the orbitals of water to the proximity of Fermi level (EF) via tip-water coupling. This paper outlines the detailed methods of submolecular resolution imaging, molecular/atomic manipulation, and single-bond vibrational spectroscopy of interfacial water. These studies open up a new route for investigating the H-bonded systems at the atomic scale.

Here, we present a protocol to investigate the structure and dynamics of interfacial water at the atomic scale, in terms of submolecular resolution imaging, molecular manipulation, and single-bond vibrational spectroscopy.

구조와 계면 물 검색과 터널링 현미경 분광학의 역학 조사

Water/solid interfaces are ubiquitous and play a key role in many environmental, biophysical, and technological processes. Resolving the internal ...

Synthesis of Substrate-Bound Au Nanowires Via an Active Surface Growth Mechanism

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a challenge, as it requires asymmetric growth of symmetric crystals. Here, we report a distinctive synthesis of substrate-bound Au nanowires. This template-free synthesis employs thiolated ligands and substrate adsorption to achieve the continuous asymmetric deposition of Au in solution at ambient conditions. The thiolated ligand prevented the Au deposition on the exposed surface of the seeds, so the Au deposition only occurs at the interface between the Au seeds and the substrate. The side of the newly deposited Au nanowires is immediately covered with the thiolated ligand, while the bottom facing the substrate remains ligand-free and active for the next round of Au deposition. We further demonstrate that this Au nanowire growth can be induced on various substrates, and different thiolated ligands can be used to regulate the surface chemistry of the nanowires. The diameter of the nanowires can also be controlled with mixed ligands, in which another &#34;bad&#34; ligand could turn on the lateral growth. With the understanding of the mechanism, Au nanowire-based nanostructures can be designed and synthesized.

We report a solution-based method to synthesize substrate-bound Au nanowires. By tuning the molecular ligands used during the synthesis, the Au nanowires can be grown from various substrates with different surface properties. Au nanowire-based nanostructures can also be synthesized by adjusting the reaction parameters.

활성 표면 성장 메커니즘을 통해 기판 바인딩된 Au 나노 와이어의 합성

Advancing synthetic capabilities is important for the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The synthesis of nanowires has always been a ...

Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology

Over the last 50 years, Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a powerful technology to harness the transcriptional and translational capacity of cells within a test tube. By obviating the need to maintain the viability of the cell, and by eliminating the cellular barrier, CFPS has been foundational to emerging applications in biomanufacturing of traditionally challenging proteins, as well as applications in rapid prototyping for metabolic engineering, and functional genomics. Our methods for implementing an E. coli-based CFPS platform allow new users to access many of these applications. Here, we describe methods to prepare extract through the use of enriched media, baffled flasks, and a reproducible method of tunable sonication-based cell lysis. This extract can then be used for protein expression capable of producing 900 &#181;g/mL or more of super folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) in just 5 h from experimental setup to data analysis, given that appropriate reagent stocks have been prepared beforehand. The estimated startup cost of obtaining reagents is $4,500 which will sustain thousands of reactions at an estimated cost of $0.021 per &#181;g of protein produced or $0.019 per &#181;L of reaction. Additionally, the protein expression methods mirror the ease of the reaction setup seen in commercially available systems due to optimization of reagent pre-mixes, at a fraction of the cost. In order to enable the user to leverage the flexible nature of the CFPS platform for broad applications, we have identified a variety of aspects of the platform that can be tuned and optimized depending on the resources available and the protein expression outcomes desired.

Escherichia coli-Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis: Protocols for a robust, flexible, and accessible platform technology

This protocol details the steps, costs, and equipment necessary to generate E. coli-based cell extracts and implement in vitro protein synthesis reactions within 4 days or less. To leverage the flexible nature of this platform for broad applications, we discuss reaction conditions that can be adapted and optimized.

대장균-셀 무료 단백질 합성 기반: 강력 하 고 유연 하며 액세스할 수 있는 플랫폼 기술에 대 한 프로토콜

Over the last 50 years, Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a powerful technology to harness the transcriptional and translational capacity ...

Synthesis of In37P20(O2CR)51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

This text presents a method for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots. The In37P20(O2CR)51 clusters have been observed as intermediates in the synthesis of InP quantum dots from molecular precursors (In(O2CR)3, HO2CR, and P(SiMe3)3) and may be isolated as a pure reagent for subsequent study and use as a single-source precursor. These clusters readily convert to crystalline and relatively monodisperse samples of quasi-spherical InP quantum dots when subjected to thermolysis conditions in the absence of additional precursors above 200 &#176;C. The optical properties, morphology, and structure of both the clusters and quantum dots are confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. The molecular symmetry of the clusters is additionally confirmed by solution-phase 31P NMR spectroscopy. This protocol demonstrates the preparation and isolation of atomically-precise InP clusters, and their reliable and scalable conversion to InP QDs.

Synthesis of In37P20O2CR51 Clusters and Their Conversion to InP Quantum Dots

A protocol for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots is presented.

37P 20(o2CR)51 클러스터의 합성 및 InP 양자 점으로의 변환

This text presents a method for the synthesis of In37P20(O2C14H27)51 clusters and their conversion to indium phosphide quantum dots. The In37P20(O2CR)51 ...

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands for in vivo investigations. Within this protocol, a robust and reliable remote-controlled radiosynthesis of [11C]SNAP-7941, an antagonist to the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1, is described. The radiosynthesis starts with cyclotron produced [11C]CO2 that is subsequently further reacted via a gas-phase transition to [11C]CH3OTf. Then, this reactive intermediate is introduced to the precursor solution and forms the respective radiotracer. Chemical as well as the radiochemical purity are determined by means of RP-HPLC, routinely implemented in the radiopharmaceutical quality control process. Additionally, the molar activity is calculated as it is a necessity for the following real-time kinetic investigations. Furthermore, [11C]SNAP-7941 is applied to MDCKII-WT and MDCKII-hMDR1 cells for evaluating the impact of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression on cell accumulation. For this reason, the P-gp expressing cell line (MDCKII-hMDR1) is either used without or with blocking prior to experiments by means of the P-gp substrate (&#177;)-verapamil and the results are compared to the ones observed for the wildtype cells. The overall experimental approach demonstrates the importance of a precise time-management that is essential for every preclinical and clinical study using PET tracers radiolabelled with short-lived nuclides, such as carbon-11 (half-life: 20 min).

Technical Aspect of the Automated Synthesis and Real-Time Kinetic Evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941

Here, we represent a protocol for the fully automated radiolabelling of [11C]SNAP-7941 and the analysis of the real-time kinetics of this PET-tracer on P-gp expressing and non-expressing cells.

[11C]SNAP-7941의 자동 합성및 실시간 역학 평가의 기술적 측면

Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential molecular imaging technique providing insights into pathways and using specific targeted radioligands ...