이 작품은 NIH R21 EB008177-01A2 뉴욕 대학 아부 다비 (NYUAD) 연구 증진 기금 2013 년 우리는 미세 동안 그들의 지원을위한 MIT MTL의 기술 직원에 대한 우리의 감사를 표현하고 제임스 웨스턴과를위한 NYUAD의 니콜라스 Giakoumidis에 의해 지원되었다 SEM의 사진을 찍고 각각 전압 분배기를 구축을 지원합니다. PDMS의 디바이스 제조가 NYUAD의 미세 코어 시설에서 실시되었다. 마지막으로, 우리는 비디오 촬영 및 편집을위한 디지털 장학금 NYUAD 센터에서 레베카 Pittam에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

실리카 콜로이드 비드 정학 1. 준비 <ol><li> 300 nm 내지 500 nm의 실리카 비드 현탁액의 제조 <ol><li> 소용돌이 30 초 동안 실리카 비드 재고 서스펜션 (w 10 % / 물 V). 균일 한 현탁액을 얻었다. 1 분 동안 2,600 XG에 1.5 ML 튜브와 원심 분리기를에 600 ㎕의 재고 현탁액의 총을 피펫. </li><li> 1 mM의 인산 나트륨 완충액 (PB, pH를 7.0) 400 μL로 뜨는을 대체합니다. </li><li> 텍싱 통해 pH가 7.0에서 1 mM의 인산 나트륨 용액 15 %의 최종 농도로 실리카 비드를 일시. </li></ol></li><li> 폴리와 표면 기능화 500nm의 실리카 비드 카르복실기 (알릴 아민 염산염, PAH), 폴리로 (소듐 스티렌 설포 네이트, PSS) 고분자 전해질 <ol><li> 1 %를위한 10 ml의 1 M의 NaCl (PH 7.0) (w / v)의 비드 서스펜션이 장착 된 카르복실기 500 nm의 실리카 비드의 0.1 g을 일시 중단합니다. </li><li> 1 M NAC 0.4 % PAH (MW 65K)를 준비1 M NaCl을 15 mL의 원액을 300 μL (20 % w / 물 V)를 용해시켜 L. 20 ㎖의 1 M NaCl 용액에 0.18 g의 PSS를 용해시켜 1 M NaCl 용액에 0.9 % PSS (MW 70K)를 준비한다. 소용돌이 모두 1 분을위한 솔루션을 제공합니다. 완전히 고분자 전해질을 용해한다. </li><li> 카복실 작용기를 갖는 실리카 비드에 양전하 고분자 전해질 층을 증착하기 위해 15 ㎖의 튜브에 1 % 실리카 카복실 비드 9.8 ml의 PAH 용액 200 μL를 추가한다. 1 분 동안 비드 현탁액을 소용돌이. 60 분 동안 튜브 회전에 품어. RT에서. </li><li> 1 분 동안 1,801 XG에서 비드 현탁액을 원심 분리기. 10 mL의 탈 이온수와 바인드 PAH 다섯 번 씻어. 각 원심 분리하고 상청액을 제거한 후, 비드 조밀 튜브의 하단에 충전 하였다. 비드를 재현 탁하고, 다음 원심 분리 단계에 앞서 씻어되도록 DI 물 8 ml를 첨가하기 전에 DI 물 2 ㎖와 함께 강하게 피펫 팅 비드 덩어리를 방해. </li><li> 따르다PSS 코팅 1.2.3과 1.2.4의 단계는 구슬에 음전하 층을 증착한다. PSS 증착하기 전에 1.2.4의 5 번째 세척 단계에서 DI 물 상층 액을 제거한 후 1 M NaCl을 9.8 ml의 구슬을 다시 일시 중지합니다. <ol><li> 15 ML 튜브의 하단에있는 구슬 덩어리를 분해 한 후 1 M NaCl을 8 ml에 추가 1 M NaCl을 2 ㎖를 사용하여 동일한 활발한 피펫 팅 단계를 사용합니다. 하나의 PAH 층 증착 된 실리카 비드의 9.8 ml의 PSS 용액 200 μl를 추가합니다. 1 분 동안 텍싱 후. 60 분 동안 배양. 튜브 회전에, DI 물 5 세척 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 올바르게 수행 된 고분자 전해질 증착 과정을 확인 제조자 프로토콜에 따라 동적 광산란 장치를 이용하여 각각의 고분자 전해질 코팅 전후의 비드의 제타 전위를 측정한다 (표 1 참조). </li></ol></li><li> 단일 PSS 층 다음 DI 워터와 다섯 세척 단계를 반복합니다증착 및 0.05 % 트윈 20 종래의 유동성을 향상시키기 위해 미세 유체 소자에 사용하는 (V / w 15 %)와 1 mM의 인산 나트륨 완충액 650 μL의 비드를 재 - 보류. </li></ol></li><li> PSS의 단일 층을 증착하는 아민 작용기 500 나노 실리카 비드를 위해 1.2.6에 1.2.5에서 위에서 설명한 절차를 따르십시오. </li></ol> PDMS 미세 유체 칩의 제조 (2) <ol><li> 실리콘 마스터의 미세 <ol><li> 다음과 같은 미세 가공 기술을 이용하여 PDMS 성형 용 실리콘 마스터를 제작. <ol><li> 스핀 코팅 실리콘 웨이퍼 상에 4000 rpm에서 1 μm의 얇은 포토 레지스트. 패턴 투영 노광 (노광 시간 170 밀리 초). 700 nm의 깊이와 2 ㎛ 폭 평면 나노 채널 에칭을 이용하여 층을 반응성 이온 에칭 (실리카 비드 nanotraps 역할). </li><li> CHF 3 (45 SCCM : 3.5 ㎚ / (S)의 에칭 율을 달성하기 위해 다음의 에칭 파라미터를 사용하여), CF 4 (15 SCCM), 아르곤 (100 SCCM), 압력 100 mTorr로, RF 전력 200 W. </li></ol></li><li> 스핀 코트 제 1 μm의 두께 포토 레지스트 2,000 rpm에서 층과 이전 패턴 nanotraps에 정렬을 수행합니다. 마이크로 콘택트 리소그래피를 통해 실리콘 깊은 반응성 이온 에칭 (DRIE)에 의해 패턴. DRIE는 표 2에 26 매개 변수 사용합니다. </li></ol></li><li> PDMS 몰드의 제조 <ol><li> 진공 항아리 O의 / n에서 트리클로로 실란 (50 μL)와 실리콘 마스터를 silanization합니다. 주의 : Tricholorosilane는 독성 및 부식성 물질이다. 항상 적절한 개인 보호 장비와 화학 후드에서 사용. </li><li> 10 경화제베이스 믹스 : 실란 실리콘 마스터 1의 비율로 주조 PDMS 및 대류 오븐에서 2 시간 동안 70 ° C에서이를 경화. </li><li> PL 후 플라즈마 세정기를 사용하여 빈 웨이퍼에 칼 플라즈마 결합 그것으로 실리콘 마스터에서 PDMS의 슬래브를 제거1 분 동안 플라즈마 클리너에 ASMA 처리. 단계를 캐스팅 다음 PDMS에 대한 파티션 라인을 표시하는 가장자리를 따라 테이프를 부착합니다. </li><li> 트리클로로 실란 (50 μL) O / N과 진공 항아리에 PDMS 금형을 silanization합니다. </li><li> PDMS 캐스트 (베이스 : 1 비율 : 10 경화제) 실란 PDMS 몰드와 대류 오븐에서 2 시간 동안 70 ° C에서이를 경화. </li></ol></li><li> PDMS 소자의 제조 <ol><li> 테이프로 표시된 분할 선을 따라 PDMS 금형에서 경화 된 PDMS의 슬래브 떼어. </li><li> 테이프 깨끗한 1.5 mm 생검 펀치와 펀치 구멍 저장조, 이소 프로필 알콜 (IPA) 및 건조 질소로 씻어. </li><li> 플라즈마 본드 1 분 동안 플라즈마 세정기의 플라즈마 처리 후의 25mm X 75mm 현미경 유리 슬라이드에 PDMS 소자. </li></ol></li><li> 초음파 처리 60 분 비드 서스펜션. 충전에 초음파 목욕 전에. 10 μl의 비드 현탁액을 피펫 (300 nm의 비 기능화 된 실리카는 수광고 또는 PAH-PSS 층과 500 nm의 실리카 카복실 비드, 또는 흡입구 (4) 및 (6)에 PSS 층과 500 nm의 실리카 아민 비즈) 각각 (도 1 A, B) 바로에 PDMS 칩 플라즈마 본딩 후 볼 유리 기판. 비드 포장을 향상시키기 위해 피펫 팁과 PDMS 칩에 부드럽게 누릅니다. <ol><li> 비드 전달 채널을 충전 한 후, 테이프 1과 9 제외한 모든 입구를 다룹니다. . 사용하기 전에 4 ° C에서 3 시간 및 저장을위한 장치를 공기 - 건조 2 콜로이드 자기 조립 과정을 단계별로 개략적 도표를 제공. </li></ol></li></ol> DNA의 동 전기 농도 3. 실험 <ol><li> 저수지 3, 7 완충 용액 (1 mM의 PB의 10 μL) 및 저장 (5) DNA 샘플 (1 mM의 PB 10 nM의 10 μl를) 작성 및 저수지 2 역 피펫 팁과 부드러운 음의 압력을 , 8, 10 참조 (거품없이 솔루션 채널을 채우기 위해 <strong&gt; 그림 1B). </li><li> 압력 균형을 5 분 동안 기다려야 10 리저버 저장조 (2)와도 8 및 10 나노 DNA 10 ㎕를 1 mM의 PB 10 μL를 추가한다. 평형에 도달합니다. </li><li> 저장조 3, 5, 7, 10 편에 와이어를 삽입한다. </li><li> 소스 미터 및 Pt 와이어에 연결된 전압 분배기를 이용하여 나노 유체 접합부를 가로 질러 전압을인가한다. 우선 저수지 5, 저수지 3, 7, 10 및 GND에 30 V를 적용합니다. </li><li> ~ 30 초 후 저수지 (10)에 25 V의 전압을 낮 춥니 다. </li><li> DNA의 형광 신호를 기록 할 때 샘플의 광표백을 최소화하기 위해 매 5 년주기의 개구와 기계적 셔터를 사용한다. </li></ol>

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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabrication-free+fused+silica+nanofluidic+interface+for+on+chip+electrokinetic+stacking+of+DNA.">Microfabrication-free fused silica nanofluidic interface for on chip electrokinetic stacking of DNA.</a> Microfluid Nanofluid. 14, 69-76 (2013).</li><li>Syed, A., Mangano, L., Mao, P., Han, J., Song, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Creating+sub-50+nm+nanofluidic+junctions+in+a+PDMS+microchip+via+self-assembly+process+of+colloidal+silica+beads+for+electrokinetic+concentration+of+biomolecules.">Creating sub-50 nm nanofluidic junctions in a PDMS microchip via self-assembly process of colloidal silica beads for electrokinetic concentration of biomolecules.</a> Lab Chip. 14, 4455-4460 (2014).</li><li>Kim, S. J., Song, Y. A., Han, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanofluidic+concentration+devices+for+biomolecules+utilizing+ion+concentration+polarization:+theory,+fabrication,+and+applications.">Nanofluidic concentration devices for biomolecules utilizing ion concentration polarization: theory, fabrication, and applications.</a> Chem Soc Rev. 39, 912-922 (2010).</li><li>Fu, J. P., Mao, P., Han, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous-flow+bioseparation+using+microfabricated+anisotropic+nanofluidic+sieving+structures.">Continuous-flow bioseparation using microfabricated anisotropic nanofluidic sieving structures.</a> Nat Protoc. 4, 1681-1698 (2009).</li><li>Plecis, A., Nanteuil, C., Haghiri-Gosnet, A. M., Chen, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electropreconcentration+with+Charge-Selective+Nanochannels.">Electropreconcentration with Charge-Selective Nanochannels.</a> Anal Chem. 80, 9542-9550 (2008).</li><li>Ko, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanofluidic+preconcentration+device+in+a+straight+microchannel+using+ion+concentration+polarization.">Nanofluidic preconcentration device in a straight microchannel using ion concentration polarization.</a> Lab Chip. 12, 4472-4482 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

nanofluidics을 연구 일반 기기 설계 방식에 따라, 우리는 나노 채널의 어레이를 패터닝하는 리소그래피 콜로이드 성 나노 입자의 증착 구동 자기 조립을 사용하는 대신 두 개의 미세 채널에서 나노 유체 사이의 접합을 제작. 비드 전달 채널, 700 nm의 깊이가 100 ㎛의 전체 폭에 비드 전달 채널의 양쪽에 2 ㎛의 폭 nanotraps의 배열 콜로이드 입자를 흐르는 경우에 흐르는 비드 현탁액을 방지 인해 nanotraps에...

10 2 나노 - Nanofluidics 10 (1)의 길이 규모에서 생물학적 과정 또는 이온의 수송 현상과 분자를 연구하는 μ의 TAS의 새로운 연구 영역 (마이크로 총 분석 시스템)입니다. 필요한 경우 이러한 나노 채널과 나노 유체 도구의 출현으로, 분자 및 이온의 수송 과정은 분리 및 검출이 길이 규모에서 사용할 수있는 기능을 이용하여, 전례없는 정밀도로 모니터링 및 조작 할 수 있습니다. 1, 2 분의 이러한 특성 나노 기능 전하 불균형을 일으켜 나노 채널 및 마이크로 채널 사이의 이온 농도 분극 (ICP)를 개시 할 수있는 나노 채널 벌크 전하 (또는 Dukhin 번호) 표면에 높은 비율이다. (3) 나노 유체 현상의 연구를위한 일반적인 장치 플랫폼은 접합 등의 나노 채널의 배열에 의해 연결된 두 개의 마이크로 시스템으로 구성되어 있습니다. 4-6 </sup&gt; 이러한 나노 유체 장치를 구축하기위한 선택의 재료로 인해 접합 과정에서 붕괴 채널을 방지 높은 강성의 실리콘이다. 7 ​​그러나, 실리콘 소자 제조 비싼 마스크와 클린 룸 시설에서 처리 상당한 양을 필요로한다. 8 때문에 성형 플라즈마 본딩, 폴리 디메틸 실록산 (PDMS)을 통해 장치의 제조의 편의 10 널리 마이크로 유체 용 건축 재료로서 허용되었으며 그것뿐만 아니라 nanofluidics 이상적인 물질 일 수있다. 그러나, 낮은 영률 360-870 KPa가 주위 플라즈마 본딩 동안 PDMS 채널을 쉽게 접을 수있다. 나노 채널의 깊이는 100 nm의 아래해야 할 경우 표준 포토 리소그래피 기술을 통해 PDMS 소자의 제조는 채널 폭을 요구하는 매우 어려운 될 것이라는 것을 의미 1 : 나노 채널 (깊이와 넓이)의 최소 종횡비는 10 미만이어야 포토리스의 전류 한계 이하에서 약 1 μm의 ography. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해, 플라즈마 처리 후 78 내지 11 또는 형성하는 주름의 평균 깊이와 크랙을 개시 연신 비의 리소그래피 방법을 이용하여 PDMS의 나노 채널을 생성하기위한 시도가 있었다. (12)이 기계적 압력 PDMS 채널 수 붕괴 60 나노 미터의 낮은 나노 채널의 높이입니다. (13) 이러한 고도로 발명 비 리소그래피 방법 깊이 100nm로 이하 건물 나노 채널을​​ 허용하더라도, 나노 채널 제작의 치수 제어 성이 여전히 나노 유체 장치 등의 건축 재료 PDMS의 광범위한 수용을 장애가된다. 나노 채널의 또 다른 중요한 문제는, 실리콘 또는 PDMS 여부에 이온 또는 분자의 조작에 대한 채널 벽면의 표면 전하를 변경할 필요가있는 경우에, 표면 기능화된다. 결합을 통해 장치 조립 후, 나노 채널은 매우 어렵다때문에 확산 제한 전송에 표면 기능화 도달. 높은 치수 정확도 및 용이 한 표면 기능화와 나노 스케일 채널을 생성하기 위해 마이크로 유체 소자에 증착 14-16에 의한 콜로이드 입자의 자기 조립 방법은 유망한 접근 방법 중 하나가 될 수있다. 기공 크기 및 표면 특성의 제어 외에, 튜닝 가능성은 온도 17의 pH, 18, ​​19 및 이온 세기를 조절함으로써 고분자 전해질로 코팅 된 콜로이드 입자를 사용하여 반응계 공극의 크기도있다.이 때문에 이러한 18 electrochromatography 20 바이오 센서 21 단백질 농도 22 마이크로 유체 단백질 및 DNA의 분리. 14,23 본 연구에 대한 장점, 콜로이드 입자의 자기 조립 방법은 아직 발견 애플리케이션, 우리는 구축이 자기 조립 방법을 배포 에서 동 전기 농축 장치이 마이크로 나노 유체 간의 접합을 필요 PDMS. 24 기적 농도 뒤에 기본적인 메커니즘은 이온 농도 분극 (ICP)에 기초한다. 제조 및 조립 단계 (25)의 상세한 설명은 다음의 프로토콜에 포함된다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(Styrenesulfonic Acid) Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Polysciences&#160;</td>
			<td>08772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(allylamine) Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>479144-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica Microsphere - 300 nm</td>
			<td>Polysciences&#160;</td>
			<td>24321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica Microsphere - 500 nm</td>
			<td>Polysciences&#160;</td>
			<td>24323</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica Microsphere Carboxyl Functional - 500 nm</td>
			<td>Polysciences&#160;</td>
			<td>24753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica Microsphere Amine Functional - 500 nm</td>
			<td>Polysciences&#160;</td>
			<td>24756</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trichlorosilane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>175552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>3510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube Rotator&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10136-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex Mixer</td>
			<td>WiseMix</td>
			<td>VM-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>Micro 1207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma Cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC-001-HP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS Mixer</td>
			<td>Thinky</td>
			<td>ARE-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>PR305220M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epi-fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>Clara</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Platinum Electrodes</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>43014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Source Meter</td>
			<td>Keithley</td>
			<td>2400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Multimeter&#160;</td>
			<td>Extech</td>
			<td>410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscopy Glass Slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>2951-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>822184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>7646-14-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>71505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3264</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CAA CCG ATG CCA CAT CAT TAG CTA C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-Phycoerythrin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P-800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynamic light scattering system for Zeta Potential Measurement</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>Zetasizer Nano S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoresist&#160;</td>
			<td>Shipley</td>
			<td>SPR700-1.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Projection lithography</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>NSR2005i9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reactive Ion Etcher</td>
			<td>Applied Materials</td>
			<td>AME P5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICP deep reactive ion etcher</td>
			<td>STS</td>
			<td>STS-6&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Contact lithography</td>
			<td>Electronic Visions</td>
			<td>EV620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photoresist Coater Developer</td>
			<td>SSI</td>
			<td>SSI 150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-contact surface profiler</td>
			<td>Wyko</td>
			<td>NT 9800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

creating sub-50 nm nanofluidic junctions in pdms microfluidic chip via self-assembly process of colloidal particles

폴리 디메틸 실록산 (PDMS)의 성형으로 인해 결합의 용이성뿐만 아니라 투명성 마이크로 유체 장치를 만드는 일반적인 건축 재료이다. 때문에 PDMS 재료의 부드러움, 그러나 나노 채널을​​ 구축 PDMS를 사용하기 어려운 것이다. 채널 플라즈마 본딩시 쉽게 붕괴되는 경향이있다. 본 논문에서는 하위 50 개의 마이크로 사이에 기공 나노와 나노 유체 접합을 만들 수있는 실리카 콜로이드 나노 입자의 증발 중심의 자기 조립 방법을 제시한다. 기공 크기뿐만 아니라 나노 유체 접합 표면 전하 단순히 자기 조립 공정 전에 바이알 조립 미세 유동 장치의 외부 콜로이드 실리카 비드 크기 및 표면 작용을 변화시킴으로써 튜닝된다. 300 내지 500 나노 미터, 900 나노 미터의 비드 크기를 갖는 나노 입자의 자기 조립 (self-assembly)을 사용하여, 각각의 기공 (45) 내지 ~의 크기, ~ 75 nm이고, ~ 135 nm의 다공질 막을 제조하는 것이 가능했다. 전기에서알 전위 양이온 - 선택성 막으로서,이 나노 다공성 막을 개시 이온 농도 분극 (ICP) 작용을 15 분 이내에 ~ 1,700 배까지 농축하는 DNA. 이 아닌 나노 리소그래피 처리는 PDMS 마이크로 유체 칩 내부 이온 및 분자의 나노 전송 프로세스 연구를위한 가변 나노 유체 접합을 구축하기 위해 새로운 기회를 열어.

두 마이크로 간의 자기 조립 된 나노 유체 접합을 포함 PDMS에 집중 기적 칩)는도 1a에 도시된다. 장치의 중앙 채널은 50 ㎛ 폭 비드 전달 채널 (도 1b)을 통해 DNA 시료 용액으로 채워지고 양쪽에 각각 2 완충액 채널 어귀된다. 실리카 콜로이드 현탁액 샘플 완충액 나노 유체 채널 간의 접합을 만들 즉시 플라즈마 본딩 후 비드 전달 채널로 유입된다. 깊...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles at JoVE.com

Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles

We propose a simple self-assembly technique of silica colloidal nanoparticles to create a nanofluidic junction between two microchannels in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Using this technique, a nanoporous bead membrane with a pore size down to ~45 nm was built inside a microchannel and applied to electrokinetic preconcentration of DNA samples.

콜로이드 입자의 자기 조립 과정을 통해 PDMS 미세 유체 칩의 하위 50 Nm의 나노 유체 접합 만들기

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the prevailing building material to make microfluidic devices due to its ease of molding and bonding as well as its ...

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JoVE Journal

Engineering

10.6K 조회수.  New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD). We propose a simple self-assembly technique of silica colloidal nanoparticles to create a nanofluidic junction between two microchannels in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Using this technique, a nanoporous bead membrane with a pore size down to ~45 nm was built inside a microchannel and applied to electrokinetic preconcentration of DNA samples.

비디오: Creating Sub-50 Nm Nanofluidic Junctions in PDMS Microfluidic Chip via Self-Assembly Process of Colloidal Particles

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a stable and continuous operation of the plasma is possible and the plasma torch can be used for many different applications. On one hand, the hot (3,600 K gas temperature) plasma can be used for chemical processes and on the other hand the cold afterglow (temperatures down to almost RT) can be applied for surface processes. For example chemical syntheses are interesting volume processes. Here the microwave plasma torch can be used for the decomposition of waste gases which are harmful and contribute to the global warming but are needed as etching gases in growing industry sectors like the semiconductor branch. Another application is the dissociation of CO2. Surplus electrical energy from renewable energy sources can be used to dissociate CO2 to CO and O2. The CO can be further processed to gaseous or liquid higher hydrocarbons thereby providing chemical storage of the energy, synthetic fuels or platform chemicals for the chemical industry. Applications of the afterglow of the plasma torch are the treatment of surfaces to increase the adhesion of lacquer, glue or paint, and the sterilization or decontamination of different kind of surfaces. The movie will explain how to ignite the plasma solely by microwave power without any additional igniters, e.g., electric sparks. The microwave plasma torch is based on a combination of two resonators &#8212; a coaxial one which provides the ignition of the plasma and a cylindrical one which guarantees a continuous and stable operation of the plasma after ignition. The plasma can be operated in a long microwave transparent tube for volume processes or shaped by orifices for surface treatment purposes.

This movie shows how an atmospheric plasma torch can be ignited by microwaves with no additional igniters and provides a stable and continuous plasma operation suitable for plenty of applications.

어떻게 추가 점화기없이 대기압 마이크로 웨이브 플라즈마 토치를 점화

This movie shows how an atmospheric pressure plasma torch can be ignited by microwave power with no additional igniters. After ignition of the plasma, a ...

연구

공학

Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. Micromachining techniques allow reduction of the thermal mass of fabricated structures and introduce the possibility to perform high sensitivity thermal measurements in the micro-scale and nano-scale devices. Combining thermal measurement techniques with microfluidic devices allows performing different analytical measurements with low sample consumption and reduced measurement time by integrating the miniaturized system on a single chip. The procedures of thermal measurement techniques for particle detection, material characterization, and chemical detection are introduced in this paper.

Here, we present three protocols for thermal measurements in microfluidic devices.

분석 미세 유체 장치의 열 측정 기술

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

진공 조건에서 반발 계수의 측정을위한 실험 장치 개발

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Colloidal Synthesis of Nanopatch Antennas for Applications in Plasmonics and Nanophotonics

We present a method for colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and the use of these in combination with a smooth gold film, to fabricate plasmonic nanoscale patch antennas. This includes a detailed procedure for the fabrication of thin films with a well-controlled thickness over macroscopic areas using layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolyte polymers, namely poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). These polyelectrolyte spacer layers serve as a dielectric gap in between silver nanocubes and a gold film. By controlling the size of the nanocubes or the gap thickness, the plasmon resonance can be tuned from about 500 nm to 700 nm. Next, we demonstrate how to incorporate organic sulfo-cyanine5 carboxylic acid (Cy5) dye molecules into the dielectric polymer gap region of the nanopatch antennas. Finally, we show greatly enhanced fluorescence of the Cy5 dyes by spectrally matching the plasmon resonance with the excitation energy and the Cy5 absorption peak. The method presented here enables the fabrication of plasmonic nanopatch antennas with well-controlled dimensions utilizing colloidal synthesis and a layer-by-layer dip-coating process with the potential for low cost and large-scale production. These nanopatch antennas hold great promise for practical applications, for example in sensing, ultrafast optoelectronic devices and for high-efficiency photodetectors.

A protocol for the colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and fabrication of plasmonic nanoscale patch antennas with sub-10 nm gaps is presented.

플라즈몬과 나노 포토닉스의 응용 프로그램에 대한 Nanopatch 안테나의 콜로이드 합성

We present a method for colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and the use of these in combination with a smooth gold film, to fabricate plasmonic ...

Adsorption Device Based on a Langatate Crystal Microbalance for High Temperature High Pressure Gas Adsorption in Zeolite H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate crystal microbalance, LCM) and its use for gas adsorption measurements in zeolite H-ZSM-5. Prior to the adsorption measurements, zeolite H-ZSM-5 crystals were synthesized on the gold electrode in the center of the LCM, without covering the connection points of the gold electrodes to the oscillator, by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method, so that the zeolite crystals remain attached to the oscillating microbalance while keeping good electroconductivity of the LCM during the adsorption measurements. Compared to a conventional quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) which is limited to temperatures below 80 &#176;C, the LCM can realize the adsorption measurements in principle at temperatures as high as 200-300 &#176;C (i.e., at or close to the reaction temperature of the target application of one-stage DME synthesis from the synthesis gas), owing to the absence of crystalline-phase transitions up to its melting point (1,470 &#176;C). The system was applied to investigate the adsorption of CO2, H2O, methanol and dimethyl ether (DME), each in the gas phase, on zeolite H-ZSM-5 in the temperature and pressure range of 50-150 &#176;C and 0-18 bar, respectively. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of these gases in H-ZSM-5 can be well fitted by Langmuir-type adsorption isotherms. Furthermore, the determined adsorption parameters, i.e., adsorption capacities, adsorption enthalpies, and adsorption entropies, compare well to literature data. In this work, the results for CO2 are shown as an example.

A protocol for high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurements on zeolite H-ZSM-5 using an adsorption measurement device based on a langatate crystal microbalance is presented. Prior to the adsorption measurements, the synthesis of zeolite H-ZSM-5 on the langatate crystal microbalance sensor by the steam-assisted crystallization (SAC) method is demonstrated.

제올라이트 고온 고압의 가스 흡착 용 Langatate 크리스탈 마이크로 밸런스 기준 흡착 기기 H-ZSM-5

We present a high-temperature and high-pressure gas adsorption measurement device based on a high-frequency oscillating microbalance (5 MHz langatate ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

시간 해결 전자 전도도를 통해 박막 태양 광 재료의 재조합 역학

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

고농도 현탁액의 유변학 적 특성에 도전 - 스크린 인쇄 실버 페이스트에 대한 사례 연구

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

Fabrication of Periodic Gold Nanocup Arrays Using Colloidal Lithography

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing in combination with new nanofabrication techniques. A plasmon is a quantum of charge density oscillation that lends nanoscale metals such as gold and silver unique optical properties. In particular, gold and silver nanoparticles exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances-collective charge density oscillations on the surface of the nanoparticle-in the visible spectrum. Here, we focus on the fabrication of periodic arrays of anisotropic plasmonic nanostructures. These half-shell (or nanocup) structures can exhibit additional unique light-bending and polarization-dependent optical properties that simple isotropic nanostructures cannot. Researchers are interested in the fabrication of periodic arrays of nanocups for a wide variety of applications such as low-cost optical devices, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and tamper indication. We present a scalable technique based on colloidal lithography in which it is possible to easily fabricate large periodic arrays of nanocups using spin-coating and self-assembled commercially available polymeric nanospheres. Electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy from the visible to near-infrared (near-IR) was performed to confirm successful nanocup fabrication. We conclude with a demonstration of the transfer of nanocups to a flexible, conformal adhesive film.

We demonstrate the fabrication of periodic gold nanocup arrays using colloidal lithographic techniques and discuss the importance of nanoplasmonic films.

콜 로이드 리소 그래피를 사용 하 여 정기적 금 Nanocup 배열의 제작

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing ...

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a fixed bed are important phenomena in catalyst technology. The mechanical strength of the catalyst is measured here by its bending strength or flexural strength. This technique is relatively new from the perspective of applying it to commercial catalysts of typical sizes used in the industry. Catalyst breakage by collision against a surface is measured after a fall of the extrudates through the ambient air in a vertical pipe. Quantifying the impact force is done theoretically by applying Newton's second law. Measurement of catalyst breakage due to stress in a fixed bed is done following the standard procedure of the bulk crush strength test. Novel here is the focus on measuring the reduction in the length to diameter ratio of the extrudates as a function of the stress.

Here we present a protocol to measure the modulus of rupture of an extruded catalyst and the breakage of said catalyst extrudates by collision against a surface or by compression in a fixed bed.

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a ...

Generation of Size-controlled Poly (ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. This paper proposes a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip was fabricated using the multi-layer soft lithography method. Hexadecane containing surfactant was used as the continuous phase, and PEGDA with the ultraviolet (UV) photo-initiator was the dispersed phase. Surfactants allowed the local surface tension to drop and formed a more cusped tip which promoted breaking into tiny micro-droplets. As the pressure of dispersed phase was constant, the size of droplets became smaller with increasing continuous phase pressure before dispersed phase flow was broken off. As a result, droplets with size variation from 1 &#181;m to 80 &#181;m in diameter could be selectively achieved by changing the pressure ratio in two inlet channels, and the average coefficient of variation was estimated to be below 7%. Furthermore, droplets could turn into micro-beads by UV exposure for photo-polymerization. Conjugating biomolecules on such micro-beads surface have many potential applications in the fields of biology and chemistry.

Generation of Size-controlled Poly ethylene Glycol Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Here, we present a protocol to illustrate the fabrication processes and verifying experiments of a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation.

크기 제어 폴 리 (에틸렌 글리콜) 빛 방울 장치를 통해 세미 3 차원 흐름 초점 미세의 세대

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. ...