Name: thermal measurement techniques in analytical microfluidic devices
Uploaded: 2015-06-03T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

이 작품에 대한 부분적인 재정 지원은 물 장비 및 위스콘신 - 밀워키 (IIP-0968887)과 마켓 대학 (IIP-0968844)의 대학에있는 정책에 대한 산업 / 대학 협동 연구 센터를 통해 미국 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation)에 의해 제공되었다. 우리는 도움이 토론 글렌 M. 워커, 우 진 장과 샨 Radhakrishnan 감사합니다.

1. 열 입자 감지 (TPD) <ol><li> 표준 반도체 공정 기술을 이용하여 2, 마이크로 머신에 의한 박막 실리콘 질화물 막, 및 온도 센서가 내장 마이크로 제조 실리콘 장치를 준비한다. 탈 (DI) 물 제조 장치를 씻어. 주 : 열 입자 탐지기를위한 미세 유체 소자의 제조 방법은 선행 문헌 2에 설명되어있다. </li><li> 마이크로 채널이 폴리 디메틸 실록산 (PDMS) 기판을 제조, (5)를 처리 표준 리소그래피를 이용한 몰드를 만들 SU8. 참고 : 채널 크기는 각각의 특정 입자의 차원을 위해 설계되었습니다. <ol><li> 염기의 1 비율 (30 mL) 및 제 (3 ml)에 경화 : 10 혼합하여 PDMS합니다. 금형에 PDMS를 붓고 잠시 진공 (5 ~ 10 분)에 노출하여 거품을 제거합니다. 진공 탈기 레벨에 임계 값이 아니며 가스 bubb까지 계속한다 : 참고레 완전히 혼합 된 PDMS에서 제거됩니다. </li><li> PDMS를 치료하기 위해 2 시간 동안 열판 (~ 70 ° C)에 금형을 놓습니다. 금형 손상되지 않도록 매우 조심스럽게이어서 PDMS 벗겨져. 주 : 진공 레벨이 임계 값이 아니다. </li></ol></li><li> 수동 펀치를 사용하여, 일단 PTFE 관용 단단한 구멍 (1 mm)를 펀치. PDMS 저수지를 만들기 위해 다른 쪽 끝에서 큰 펀치 (2mm)를 사용합니다. 현미경 장치 위에 펀칭 미세 통로를 배치하고, 마이크로 채널 (도 1a)의 중심에 정렬 RTD. </li><li> 전기 인터페이스에있어서, 콘택 패드의 위치에서의 전기 핀을 연결하고 잠금 나사를 조여. 높이 조절 핀 (포고 핀) 장치의 올바른 전극 패드에 앉아 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 1.5 ㎖의 튜브에 DI 물 100 ㎕의 농축 PS 비드의 10 μl를 희석. </li><li> (글리세롤의 2.7 μl를 추가, 1.26 구슬이 중성 부력을 유지 PS를 보장하기 위해g / cm 3) DI 물에 폴리스티렌 (PS) 비드 밀도 유체 밀도 (일치 1.05 g / cm 3). </li><li> 일단 채널 및 1 mL 유리 주사기 타단에 PTFE 튜브를 연결한다. DI 물 0.5 mL를 유리 주사기를 입력합니다. 참고 : 튜브의 누설을 방지 할 수있는 권리 펀치 크기를 선택하여 만든 단단한 피팅. </li><li> 컴퓨터 제어 주사기 펌프에 주사기를 가득 탈 이온수를 놓습니다. 유체 저장조 줄곧 전체 채널을 채우기 위해 채널에 물 (5-20 μL / 분)를 누른다. </li><li> 저장조에 평형 비드 용액 10 ㎕를 부하하고 주사기 펌프에 흐름 방향을 변화시켜 마이크로 채널에 비드 용액을 소개한다. </li><li> (그림 2) 원 / m로 저항을 측정하는 동안 컴퓨터 제어 소스 / 미터를 통해 직류 전류 1mA 바이어스하고 측정 된 데이터를 정렬하여 RTD를 켭니다. 주 : 실험 기간 동안, 센서 바이어스; 따라서, 온도를 연속적으로 카운팅 실험이 끝날 때까지 측정한다. RTD 센서가 전기적으로 연속적으로 카운팅 실험이 끝날 때까지의 온도를 측정하기 위해 100 μA에서 1mA의 범위 DC 전류를인가함으로써 바이어스된다. 이는 잡음 레벨과 검출 신호 진폭 간의 트레이드 오프가 존재하기 때문에 정확한 전류 레벨을 선택하는 것이 중요하다. 주사기 펌프는 마이크로 채널의 플로우를 생성하기 위해 사용된다. TPD 실험을 수행 할 수있는 적절한 유량을 선택하면 측정 속도로 제한된다. 이 속도는 전기 장치 및 측정 속도의 열 시상수의 함수이다. 열 입자 검출 실험 결과를도 3에 나타낸다. </li><li> Callendar-van Dusen 방정식 (6)을 이용하여 온도 측정 저항의 데이터를 변환하기 위해 개발 된 데이터 처리 소프트웨어 (LabVIEW를) 사용. </li></ol> 열 (2)마이크로 열량계를 사용하여 액체 물질의 특성 <ol><li> 이 과정에서, 열 확산율 및 샘플의 비열을 측정하는 온 - 칩 열량계 장치 (도 4a) (3)를 사용한다. 참고 : 각 죽을에서 2 마이크로 열량계 챔버 (도 4b는)이있다. 각 챔버는 2 입구와 하나의 출구가 있습니다. 그리고 각 챔버는 히터와 통합 RTD 센서를 가지고 있습니다. </li><li> 장치 홀더 (그림 4C)에 마이크로 열량계 장치를 놓습니다. 홀더 피팅 미세 유체 입구 및 출구에 장치를 맞 춥니 다. 장치의 상단에있는 PDMS 도장 층을 놓습니다. </li><li> 장치 홀더에 전기 연결 핀을 설치하고 홀더 나사를 잠급니다. 참고 : 높이 조절 포고 핀은 전기 접촉 패드와 정렬되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 장치 홀더 (그림 4D)에 자기 래치와 미세 유체 인터페이스 층을 설치합니다. PT를 연결합니다FE는 입구와 출구 모두 튜브. 샘플 로딩 주사기 펌프에 하나의 입구를 연결 엔탈피이 경우 측정되지 않는 한, 다른 하나를 닫는다. </li><li> 마이크로 채널 및 챔버로 샘플을로드하기 위해 개발 된 컴퓨터 제어 프로그램을 사용하십시오. 참고 :이 프로그램은 박막 중단 챔버에 과도한 압력을 해제 중단 흐름을 사용합니다. <ol><li> 유리 주사기로 300 μL 샘플을로드하고 주사기 펌프에 놓습니다. 점도가 높은 샘플 (예를 들어, 글리세롤 및 이온 성 액체)에 대한 매우 느린 (0.25 μL / 분) 일정한 유량을 사용합니다. 비열 측정을위한 열 확산율 측정 및 이온 성 액체 글리세린 샘플을 사용합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 측정 <ol><li> 열 확산율 측정 <ol><li> 도 5a에 도시 된 바와 같이, 측정 설정을 연결합니다. 마이크로 열량계 챔버로 글리세롤 샘플을로드합니다. 난방을위한 수정 된 컴퓨터 제어 프로그램을 실행<html> T 침투 시간 측정. </li><li> 측정 된 열 침투 시간 7에서 열 확산을 계산하는 보정 열 침투 방정식을 사용하여 <img alt="식 (1)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52828/52828eq1.jpg" width="100" /> α는 열확산이고, L은 실의 두께가 (P)으로 인해 제조 공정 변화에 두께 보정 인자이고, t는 0 열 침투 시간이다. </li></ol></li><li> 비열 측정 <ol><li> 도 5b에 도시 된 바와 같이 TWA 측정 설정을 사용한다. 동일한 샘플 로딩 프로그램을 사용하여 챔버 내에서 이온 성 액체를 넣습니다. AC 온도 변동 (∂ T AC)의 진폭을 얻을 수있는 TWA 프로그램을 실행하고 계산하는 비열 식을 사용하는 특정, C P는, 각각의 이온 성 액체 샘플 8 열 : 28eq2.jpg &quot;폭 =&quot;117 &quot;/&gt; C 0 입력 파워 교정 인자이고, 입력 힘 P에서, ω는 구동 신호의 주파수이고, m은 액체 시료의 질량이다. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 종이 기반 미세 유체 소자 3. 열량 생화학 감지 <ol><li> 미세 박막 (40 ~ 50 nm의 니켈) RTD 센서를 사용합니다. RTD 센서의 제조 단계 이전 작품 4에 설명되어 있습니다. </li><li> 종이 기반의 채널 제조 4, 용지를 디자인 패턴 (L 자형)과 미세 유체 채널을 절단 칼 플로터를 사용합니다. , 커팅 매트 위에 종이를 놓고 종이와 칼 플로터 커팅 매트를로드하고, 미세 유체 종이 채널 4를 잘라 적절한 조리법을 사용합니다. </li><li> 장치 및 채널 통합, RTD 센서에 용지를 통합하는 아크릴계 점착제 층 (5 μm의)를 사용합니다. 깨끗한 B를 사용하여짐을 싣다는 장치에 용지를 밀어 기포를 (그림 6A)를 제거합니다. 아크릴 필름은 RTD 센서 위에 종이를 보유하는 접착제 층이다. </li><li> 효소 활성화를위한, GOD 효소 활성화의 50 mM 아세트산 나트륨 완충액을 사용한다. 1 ㎎ / ㎖ 솔루션을 만들기 위해 아세트산 나트륨 완충액 1 ㎖로 신 효소의 1 mg을 추가합니다. 5.1 용액의​​ pH를 조정한다. 주 : 5.1 용액의​​ pH를 유지하기 위해 아세트산 나트륨 완충액, 아세트산의 양을 조정한다. </li><li> 바이어스 1mA의 DC 전류 RTD는 RTD를 활성화하고 저항 실험 (~ 4 분) 이후에 정착하면서 지속적으로 저항 소스 / 미터 측정을 시작합니다. 참고 : 그림 6b는 종이 기반의 열량 테스트의 측정 설정을 보여줍니다. </li><li> 피펫을 통해 종이 마이크로 채널 (고정 부위)의 중심 제조 GOD 용액 2 μl를 소개한다. 검출 된 온도 (그림 7A)는 T 시작해야합니다O 감소. 참고 :이 냉각 효과가 함께 샘플의 높은 동작 측온 저항체의 온도와 증발 때문이다. </li><li> 글루코스 농도를 측정하기 위해, 채널 입구 표준 혈당 조절 용액 (9)을 도입하고, 반응에 의한 저항 변화를 측정한다. 모든 (높음, 보통 및 낮은 농도) 다른 혈당 조절 솔루션이 실험을 반복 저항 데이터를 저장합니다. </li><li> 니켈 -은 Callandar RTD 및 반 Dusen 방정식 저항 (TCR)의 온도 계수를 이용하여, 온도에 대한 저항 변화를 변환한다. 글루코오스 반응 엔탈피 및 GOD 효소 (Δ H = -80 kJ의 / 몰)을 고려하고 수학 식 (10)의 농도를 이용하여 각 샘플에서 포도당의 농도를 계산한다 : <img alt="식 (3)" src="/files/ftp_upload/52828/52828eq3.jpg" width="83" /> N p를 몰 농도, C가 감지되는 경우 <sub&gt; P는 시스템의 열용량 및 ΔT는 온도를 계산한다. </li></ol>

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Different thermal measurement techniques in microfluidic devices and their respective setup procedures are presented in this work. These thermal measurement methods such as thermal conductivity monitoring, thermal penetration time, amplitude of AC thermal fluctuations, and amplitude measurement of the generated heat are used to detect specific substances and investigate different reactions and interactions. 
The thermal time constant plays a key role in the aforementioned thermal measurement t...

세 가지 다른 마이크로 크기의 열 측정 기술은이 문서에 제시되어있다. 미세 유체 장치의 세 가지 상이한 구성은 열 입자 검출부 (TPD), 열적 특성 (열전도율 및 비열), 및 화학 반응과 상호 작용 열량 검출에 사용된다. 열 입자 검출 검출 및 미세 유체 장치에서 입자를 계산하는 것은 널리, 환경 산업, 생물 응용 프로그램 (1)에 사용됩니다. TPD는 미세 유체 장치 2 열 측정의 새로운 응용 프로그램 중 하나입니다. 검출 및 입자 크기에 기초하여 입자를 계수 열 전달을 사용하여 시스템의 복잡성, 비용 및 크기를 감소시킨다. 다른 방법, 복잡한 광학 또는 복잡한 전기 측정 및 고급 신호 처리 소프트웨어에서 입자를 검출하기 위해 사용된다. 열 체인지마이크로 열량계를 사용하여 액체 물질의 cterization 액체 시료의 열 특성은 미세 유체 장치의 열 측정의 두 번째 응용 프로그램입니다. 마이크로 스케일 열량을 수행하면 샘플 소모를 줄이고, 종래의 벌크 열량 방법에 비해 더 높은 반복성을 제공하여 정확도를 증가시킬 것이다. 온 - 칩 마이크로 - 열량계 장치를 이용하여 열전도율 및 비열 측정을위한 절차는 다른 세 제시된다. 열전도율 측정 용 히트 침투 시간 기술 및 마이크로 유체 디바이스들에서 비열 측정을위한 열 파 분석 (TWA)의 세부 사항은 프로토콜 절에서 설명된다. 열량 바이오 화학에있는 검색, 탐지 종이 기반 미세 유체 소자 열 측정의 또 다른 응용 프로그램은 종이 기반 미세 유체에서 생화학 감지입니다. 에서 모세관 작용종이의 다공질 구조가 액체를 운반 마이크로 채널 거품 개시 문제를 피할 수있다. 종이 기반의 미세 유체 소자에서 가장 일반적인 검출 메커니즘은 광학 또는 전기 화학적 기술이다. 광 검출은 높은 복잡성 앓고 고급 화상 처리 소프트웨어의 필요성이 검출 된 신호를 양자화하는. 이들은 활성 반응 부산물을 생산에 적용 할 수 있기 때문에, 전기 화학 탐지가 또한 제한된다. 최근 소개 열량 종이 기반 생화학 센서 플랫폼 (4)은 종이 기반 마이크로 유체 시스템 및 라벨없는 열 감지 메커니즘을 이용한다. 종이 기반의 미세 유체 플랫폼에 글루코스 옥시 다제 (GOD) 효소를 이용한 글루코스의 열량 검출 절차는 프로토콜 부분에 제시되어있다. 본 연구의 목적은 미세 유체 소자에서 열 측정 기술의 능력을 입증하는 것이다. 장치 혼합물 준비N, 액체 시료 처리 및 저항 온도 감지기 (RTD) 센서 여기 및 측정은 다음 절에 제시되어있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dow Corning</td><td>Sylgard 184</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PS beads - 90 &amp;#956;m</td><td>Corpuscular</td><td>100265</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PS beads - 200 &amp;#956;m</td><td>Corpuscular</td><td>100271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>SigmaAldrich</td><td>G5516</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GOD enzyme</td><td>SigmaAldrich</td><td>G7141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose Control Solution - Low</td><td>Bayer contour</td><td>Low Control</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose Control Solution - Normal</td><td>Bayer contour</td><td>Normal Control</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glucose Control Solution - High</td><td>Bayer contour</td><td>High Control</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromatography filter paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>3001-845</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass</td><td>VWR&amp;nbsp;</td><td>48393-106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acrylic Film</td><td>Nitto Denko</td><td>5600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass syringe (1 ml)</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>1001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe pump</td><td>New Era</td><td>NE-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>knife plotter</td><td>Silhouette</td><td>portrait</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Current Preamplifier</td><td>Stanford Research</td><td>SR-570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ocilloscope</td><td>Agilent</td><td>DSO 2420A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Signal Generator</td><td>HP</td><td>HP3324A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lock-in Amplifire</td><td>Stanford Research</td><td>SRS-830</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Source/meter 2400</td><td>Keithley</td><td>2400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Source/meter 2600</td><td>Keithley</td><td>2436A</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

thermal measurement techniques in analytical microfluidic devices

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. Micromachining techniques allow reduction of the thermal mass of fabricated structures and introduce the possibility to perform high sensitivity thermal measurements in the micro-scale and nano-scale devices. Combining thermal measurement techniques with microfluidic devices allows performing different analytical measurements with low sample consumption and reduced measurement time by integrating the miniaturized system on a single chip. The procedures of thermal measurement techniques for particle detection, material characterization, and chemical detection are introduced in this paper.

그림 3은 측정 된 온도 신호의 플롯을 보여줍니다. 해당 광학 이미지 비드의 존재 하에서 생성 된 신호는 마이크로 채널에서 미세 구 PS 비드의 성공적인 검출을 나타낸다. 마이크로 채널을 통과하는 액체의 열전도 PS 비드의 존재로 인해 변경된다. 채널의 열전도율의 변화는 마이크로 채널에서의 열전달에 영향을주지한다. 마이크로 채널에서의 열 전달의 변화는 저항의 변동 (?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices at JoVE.com

Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Here, we present three protocols for thermal measurements in microfluidic devices.

분석 미세 유체 장치의 열 측정 기술

Thermal measurement techniques have been used for many applications such as thermal characterization of materials and chemical reaction detection. ...

thermal-measurement-techniques-in-analytical-microfluidic-devices

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.6K 조회수.  Marquette University. Here, we present three protocols for thermal measurements in microfluidic devices. 

비디오: Thermal Measurement Techniques in Analytical Microfluidic Devices

Terahertz Microfluidic Sensing Using a Parallel-plate Waveguide Sensor

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic samples with a wide range of possible sensor designs such as interferometers and resonators 1,2. Most of the existing RI sensing applications focus on biological materials in aqueous solutions in visible and IR frequencies, such as DNA hybridization and genome sequencing. At terahertz frequencies, applications include quality control, monitoring of industrial processes and sensing and detection applications involving nonpolar materials.
Several potential designs for refractive index sensors in the terahertz regime exist, including photonic crystal waveguides 3, asymmetric split-ring resonators 4, and photonic band gap structures integrated into parallel-plate waveguides 5. Many of these designs are based on optical resonators such as rings or cavities. The resonant frequencies of these structures are dependent on the refractive index of the material in or around the resonator. By monitoring the shifts in resonant frequency the refractive index of a sample can be accurately measured and this in turn can be used to identify a material, monitor contamination or dilution, etc.
The sensor design we use here is based on a simple parallel-plate waveguide 6,7. A rectangular groove machined into one face acts as a resonant cavity (Figures 1 and 2). When terahertz radiation is coupled into the waveguide and propagates in the lowest-order transverse-electric (TE1) mode, the result is a single strong resonant feature with a tunable resonant frequency that is dependent on the geometry of the groove 6,8. This groove can be filled with nonpolar liquid microfluidic samples which cause a shift in the observed resonant frequency that depends on the amount of liquid in the groove and its refractive index 9.
Our technique has an advantage over other terahertz techniques in its simplicity, both in fabrication and implementation, since the procedure can be accomplished with standard laboratory equipment without the need for a clean room or any special fabrication or experimental techniques. It can also be easily expanded to multichannel operation by the incorporation of multiple grooves 10. In this video we will describe our complete experimental procedure, from the design of the sensor to the data analysis and determination of the sample refractive index.

The procedure for implementing a refractive index sensor for terahertz frequencies based on a grooved parallel-plate waveguide geometry is described here. The method yields a measurement of the refractive index of a small volume of liquid through monitoring of the shift in the resonant frequency of the waveguide structure

병렬 판 도파관 센서를 사용하여 Terahertz 마이크로 감지

Refractive index (RI) sensing is a powerful noninvasive and label-free sensing technique for the identification, detection and monitoring of microfluidic ...

연구

공학

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that accompany system miniaturisation. Advantages include the ability to efficiently process nano- to femoto- liter volumes of sample, facile integration of functional components, an intrinsic predisposition towards large-scale multiplexing, enhanced analytical throughput, improved control and reduced instrumental footprints.1
In recent years much interest has focussed on the development of droplet-based (or segmented flow) microfluidic systems and their potential as platforms in high-throughput experimentation.2-4 Here water-in-oil emulsions are made to spontaneously form in microfluidic channels as a result of capillary instabilities between the two immiscible phases. Importantly, microdroplets of precisely defined volumes and compositions can be generated at frequencies of several kHz. Furthermore, by encapsulating reagents of interest within isolated compartments separated by a continuous immiscible phase, both sample cross-talk and dispersion (diffusion- and Taylor-based) can be eliminated, which leads to minimal cross-contamination and the ability to time analytical processes with great accuracy. Additionally, since there is no contact between the contents of the droplets and the channel walls (which are wetted by the continuous phase) absorption and loss of reagents on the channel walls is prevented.
Once droplets of this kind have been generated and processed, it is necessary to extract the required analytical information. In this respect the detection method of choice should be rapid, provide high-sensitivity and low limits of detection, be applicable to a range of molecular species, be non-destructive and be able to be integrated with microfluidic devices in a facile manner. To address this need we have developed a suite of experimental tools and protocols that enable the extraction of large amounts of photophysical information from small-volume environments, and are applicable to the analysis of a wide range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. Herein two examples of these methods are presented and applied to the detection of single cells and the mapping of mixing processes inside picoliter-volume droplets. We report the entire experimental process including microfluidic chip fabrication, the optical setup and the process of droplet generation and detection.

Droplet-based microfluidic platforms are promising candidates for high throughput experimentation since they are able to generate picoliter, self-compartmentalized vessels inexpensively at kHz rates. Through integration with fast, sensitive and high resolution fluorescence spectroscopic methods, the large amounts of information generated within these systems can be efficiently extracted, harnessed and utilized.

microfluidic 비말 플랫폼 형광 검출 방법

The development of microfluidic platforms for performing chemistry and biology has in large part been driven by a range of potential benefits that ...

생체공학

Fiber Optic Distributed Sensors for High-resolution Temperature Field Mapping

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists chiefly of velocity and temperature readings, both ideally having high spatial and temporal resolution to facilitate rigorous code validation. While high resolution velocity data is readily obtained through optical measurement techniques such as particle image velocimetry, it has proven difficult to obtain temperature data with similar resolution. Traditional sensors such as thermocouples cannot fill this role, but the recent development of distributed sensing based on Rayleigh scattering and swept-wave interferometry offers resolution suitable for CFD code validation work. Thousands of temperature measurements can be generated along a single thin optical fiber at hundreds of Hertz. Sensors function over large temperature ranges and within opaque fluids where optical techniques are unsuitable. But this type of sensor is sensitive to strain and humidity as well as temperature and so accuracy is affected by handling, vibration, and shifts in relative humidity. Such behavior is quite unlike traditional sensors and so unconventional installation and operating procedures are necessary to ensure accurate measurements. This paper demonstrates implementation of a Rayleigh scattering-type distributed temperature sensor in a thermal mixing experiment involving two air jets at 25 and 45 &#176;C. We present criteria to guide selection of optical fiber for the sensor and describe installation setup for a jet mixing experiment. We illustrate sensor baselining, which links readings to an absolute temperature standard, and discuss practical issues such as errors due to flow-induced vibration. This material can aid those interested in temperature measurements having high data density and bandwidth for fluid dynamics experiments and similar applications. We highlight pitfalls specific to these sensors for consideration in experiment design and operation.

We demonstrate use of a fiber optic distributed sensor for mapping the temperature field of mixing air jets. The Rayleigh scattering-based sensor generates thousands of data points along a single fiber to provide exceptional spatial resolution that is unattainable with traditional sensors such as thermocouples.

고해상도 온도 필드 매핑을위한 광섬유 분산 센서

The reliability of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes is checked by comparing simulations with experimental data. A typical data set consists ...

High Throughput Microfluidic Rapid and Low Cost Prototyping Packaging Methods

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging techniques.
The one-time use packaging technique employs UV-based and temperature curing epoxies to connect microtubes to access holes, wire-bonding for integrated circuit connections, and silver epoxy for electrical connections. This method is based on a robust assembly technique that can support relatively high pressure close to 1 psi and does not need any support to strengthen the microfluidic architecture.
Reusable packaging techniques consist of PDMS-based microtube interconnectors and anisotropic adhesive films for electrical connections. These devices are more sensitive and fragile. Consequently, Plexiglas support is added to the microfluidic structure to improve the electrical contact when anisotropic adhesive films are used, and also to strengthen the microfluidic architecture. In addition, a micromanipulator is needed to maintain tubes while using a thin PDMS layer to connect them to the access holes. Different PDMS layer thicknesses, ranging from 0.45-3 mm, are tested to compare the best adherence versus injection rates. Applied injection rates are varied from 50-300 &#956;l/hr for 0.45-3 mm PDMS layers, respectively. These techniques are mainly applicable for low-pressure applications. However, they can be extended for high-pressure ones through plasma-oxygen process to permanently seal the PDMS to glass substrates. The main advantage of this technique, besides the fact that it is reusable, consists of keeping the device observable when the microchannel length is very short (in the range of 3 mm or lower).

In this article we describe different techniques for microfluidic rapid prototyping platforms. The proposed techniques are based on ultraviolet (UV) sensitive and temperature curing epoxies, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based tubing, wire-bonding, and anisotropic adhesive films. The assembling procedures presented are developed for both one-time use devices as well as reusable microfluidic systems.

높은 처리량 마이크로 유체 신속하고 저렴한 비용으로 프로토 타입 포장 방법

In this work, 3 different packaging and assembly techniques are presented. They can be classified into two categories: one-time use and reusable packaging ...

Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being leveraged for developing sophisticated photonic sensors. Silicon photonic sensors seek to exploit the strong confinement of light in nano-waveguides to transduce changes in physical state to changes in resonance frequency. In the case of thermometry, the thermo-optic coefficient, i.e., changes in refractive index due to temperature, causes the resonant frequency of the photonic device such as a Bragg grating to drift with temperature. We are developing a suite of photonic devices that leverage recent advances in telecom compatible light sources to fabricate cost-effective photonic temperature sensors, which can be deployed in a wide variety of settings ranging from controlled laboratory conditions, to the noisy environment of a factory floor or a residence. In this manuscript, we detail our protocol for the fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

We describe the process of fabrication and testing of photonic thermometers.

제조 및 광 온도계의 테스트

In recent years, a push for developing novel silicon photonic devices for telecommunications has generated a vast knowledge base that is now being ...

화학

Near-Infrared Temperature Measurement Technique for Water Surrounding an Induction-heated Small Magnetic Sphere

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This technique utilizes wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm, at which the absorption coefficient of water is dependent on temperature. Water or a non-turbid aqueous gel containing a 2.0-mm- or 0.5-mm-diameter magnetic sphere is irradiated with 1150 nm or 1412 nm incident light, as selected using a narrow bandpass filter; additionally, two-dimensional absorbance images, which are the transverse projections of the absorption coefficient, are acquired via a near-infrared camera. When the three-dimensional distributions of temperature can be assumed to be spherically symmetric, they are estimated by applying inverse Abel transforms to the absorbance profiles. The temperatures were observed to consistently change according to time and the induction heating power.

A technique utilizing wavelengths of 1150 and 1412 nm to measure the temperature of water surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented.

A technique to measure the temperature of water and non-turbid aqueous media surrounding an induction-heated small magnetic sphere is presented. This ...

Measurements of Local Instantaneous Convective Heat Transfer in a Pipe - Single and Two-phase Flow

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer coefficient as a function of the liquid flow rate in a transparent pipe. With certain amendments, the approach is extended to gas-liquid flows, with a particular emphasis on the effect of a single elongated (Taylor) air bubble on heat transfer enhancement. A non-invasive thermography technique is applied to measure the instantaneous temperature of a thin metal foil heated electrically. The foil is glued to cover a narrow slot cut in the pipe. The thermal inertia of the foil is small enough to detect the variation in the instantaneous foil temperature. The test section can be moved along the pipe and is long enough to cover a considerable part of the growing thermal boundary layer.
At the beginning of each experimental run, a steady state with a constant water flow rate and heat flux to the foil is attained and serves as the reference. The Taylor bubble is then injected into the pipe. The heat transfer coefficient variations due to the passage of a Taylor bubble propagating in a vertical pipe is measured as function of the distance of the measuring point from the bottom of the moving Taylor bubble. Thus, the results represent the local heat transfer coefficients. Multiple independent runs preformed under identical conditions allow accumulating sufficient data to calculate reliable ensemble-averaged results on the transient convective heat transfer. In order to perform this in a frame of reference moving with the bubble, the location of the bubble along the pipe has to be known at all times. Detailed description of measurements of the length and of the translational velocity of the Taylor bubbles by optical probes is presented.

This manuscript describes methods aimed at measuring the local instantaneous convective heat transfer coefficients in a single or two-phase pipe flow. A simple optical method to determine the length and the propagation velocity of an elongated (Taylor) air bubble moving at a constant velocity is also presented.

파이프-단일 및 2 단계 흐름에에서 로컬 순간 대류 열 전달의 측정

This manuscript provides step by step description of the manufacturing process of a test section designed to measure the local instantaneous heat transfer ...

Analyzing Mixing Inhomogeneity in a Microfluidic Device by Microscale Schlieren Technique

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren system is constructed from a Hoffman modulation contrast microscope, which provides easy access to the rear focal plane of the objective lens, by removing the slit plate and replacing the modulator with a knife-edge. The working principle of microscale schlieren technique relies on detecting light deflection caused by variation of refractive index1-3. The deflected light either escapes or is obstructed by the knife-edge to produce a bright or a dark band, respectively. If the refractive index of the mixture varies linearly with its composition, the local change in light intensity in the image plane is proportional to the concentration gradient normal to the optical axis. The micro-schlieren image gives a two-dimensional projection of the disturbed light produced by three-dimensional inhomogeneity.
To accomplish quantitative analysis, we describe a calibration procedure that mixes two fluids in a T-microchannel. We carry out a numerical simulation to obtain the concentration gradient in the T-microchannel that correlates closely with the corresponding micro-schlieren image. By comparison, a relationship between the grayscale readouts of the micro-schlieren image and the concentration gradients presented in a microfluidic device is established. Using this relationship, we are able to analyze the mixing inhomogeneity from associate micro-schlieren image and demonstrate the capability of microscale schlieren technique with measurements in a microfluidic oscillator4. For optically transparent fluids, microscale schlieren technique is an attractive diagnostic tool to provide instantaneous full-field information that retains the three-dimensional features of the mixing process.

Herein, we describe a procedure that employs microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. Through calibration, distribution of concentration gradient can be derived from the micro-schlieren image.

마이크로 스케일 슐 리렌 기술에 의해 미세 유체 소자 믹싱 비균질성 분석

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren ...

A Microfluidic Device for Quantifying Bacterial Chemotaxis in Stable Concentration Gradients

Chemotaxis allows bacteria to approach sources of attractant chemicals or to avoid sources of repellent chemicals. Bacteria constantly monitor the concentration of specific chemoeffectors by comparing the current concentration to the concentration detected a few seconds earlier. This comparison determines the net direction of movement. Although multiple, competing gradients often coexist in nature, conventional approaches for investigating bacterial chemotaxis are suboptimal for quantifying migration in response to concentration gradients of attractants and repellents. Here, we describe the development of a microfluidic chemotaxis model for presenting precise and stable concentration gradients of chemoeffectors to bacteria and quantitatively investigating their response to the applied gradient. The device is versatile in that concentration gradients of any desired absolute concentration and gradient strength can be easily generated by diffusive mixing. The device is demonstrated using the response of Escherichia coli RP437 to gradients of amino acids and nickel ions.

This protocol describes the development of a microfluidic device for investigating bacterial chemotaxis in stable concentration gradients of chemoeffectors.

안정적인 농도 기울기에 박테리아 Chemotaxis을 Quantifying위한 Microfluidic 장치

Chemotaxis allows bacteria to approach sources of attractant chemicals or to avoid sources of repellent chemicals. Bacteria constantly monitor the ...

생물학

Soft Lithographic Procedure for Producing Plastic Microfluidic Devices with View-ports Transparent to Visible and Infrared Light

Infrared (IR) spectro-microscopy of living biological samples is hampered by the absorption of water in the mid-IR range and by the lack of suitable microfluidic devices. Here, a protocol for the fabrication of plastic microfluidic devices is demonstrated, where soft lithographic techniques are used to embed transparent Calcium Fluoride (CaF2) view-ports in connection with observation chamber(s). The method is based on a replica casting approach, where a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold is produced through standard lithographic procedures and then used as the template to produce a plastic device. The plastic device features ultraviolet/visible/infrared (UV/Vis/IR) -transparent windows made of CaF2 to allow for direct observation with visible and IR light. The advantages of the proposed method include: a reduced need for accessing a clean room micro-fabrication facility, multiple view-ports, an easy and versatile connection to an external pumping system through the plastic body, flexibility of the design, e.g., open/closed channels configuration, and the possibility to add sophisticated features such as nanoporous membranes.

A protocol for the fabrication of plastic microfluidic devices with transparent view-ports for visible and infrared light imaging is described.

뷰-포트 표시 하 고 적외선 빛에 투명 한 플라스틱 미세 소자를 제작 하기 위한 소프트 리소 절차

Infrared (IR) spectro-microscopy of living biological samples is hampered by the absorption of water in the mid-IR range and by the lack of suitable ...