The authors would like to thank Dr. Christina Ginkel (German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE), Dr. Michaela M&#246;hring (DZNE) and Dr. Robert Stark (DZNE) for assistance in animal breeding and animal health care. This work was financially supported by the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut f&#252;r Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM) Bonn, Germany.

The authors have nothing to disclose.

이 실험 동물 행동 1,3들의 전체 레퍼토리를 수행 할 수 있도록 비 억제 기법으로 이식 EEG의 radiotelemetry 중앙 관련성이다. 원격 측정 방식은 자연 EEG 녹음되지만, T-미로, 방사형 미로, 물 미로, 수면 부족 작업 또는 때마다 뇌파 기록이 필요하거나 도움이 같은인지 적 작업과 주기성 분석 설정, 아래도 녹음뿐만 아니라 수 있습니다 이것은 주요 관심사이다 복잡한인지 또는 모터 활동 중. ...

Radiotelemetry 특히 EEG, ECG, EMG, 혈압, 몸체 중심부 온도 또는 활성 측정 1-7의 환경에서, 다양한 크기의 의식 무제한 동물의 행동 및 생리 다양한 파라미터를 측정하기위한 가장 중요한 방법 론적 접근이다. 이론적으로, 모든 화학 종은 고양이, 개, 돼지, 영장류 -3,8-로 마우스 및 래트와 같은 설치류에서 기관 이식의 radiotelemetry EEG를 사용하여 분석 될 수있다. 심지어 물고기, 파충류와 양서류는 radiotelemetric 조사 9 될 수 있습니다. 지난 20 년 동안 이식 뇌파 radiotelemetry는 이러한 간질, 수면 장애, 신경 퇴행성 질환 및 신경 정신 질환 7,10-12 인간 질병의 다양한 형질 전환 동물 모델의 특성에 가치있는 것으로 입증되었습니다. 과거에는 생쥐 biopotentials 쥐 포함한 생리 데이터를 수집하는 다양한 방법 론적 접근 DESC왔다ribed. 재킷 레코더 시스템, 물리적 억제 방법, 비 이식 radiotransmitters와 닿는 시스템에서 착용은 지난 13, 14의 주요 관심을 받았다. 요즘, radiotelemetric 주입을위한 다양한 시스템이 시판되고있다. 그러나, 문학 화면은 자체 제작 radiotelemetric 시스템 15-40의 발전을 설명하는 29 출판물을 밝혔다. 집에서 만든 시스템이 저렴하고 적응 이상의 사용자가 될 가능성이있는 반면, 상업적으로 이용 가능한 시스템은 똑바로 앞으로 설치가 비교적 쉽고 빠르게 설정할 수 있습니다. 이식 EEG의 radiotelemetry 재킷 시스템 또는 방법 닿는 착용 물리적 구속 방법과 같은 경쟁 기술에 비해 많은 장점을 갖는다. 후자는, 정의에 의해 억제된다 즉., 동물 이동 할 수 없거나 정상적인 동작이 손상된다. 심지어 재 취득을 위해 동물을 마취 할 필요가 있습니다책임 데이터. 현대 테더 시스템은 다소 덜 억제 될 가능성이 있지만, 이는 과학적으로 입증되어야한다. 한편 Radiotelemetry 동물 시공간 제한없이 때문에 동작들의 전체 레퍼토리를 나타낼 수 있으며, 접근 억제 인간 1,3-에서 획득 할 수있는 결과보다 예측으로 우수하다고 생각된다. 이 억제 방법 극적 기본 생체 변수, 예를 들면., 식품 섭취량, 바디 코어 온도, 혈압 및 심박수 예 3 신체 활동을 변경할 수 있지만 이는 꽤 알려져있다. 곁에 시스템은 하나 아직도 널리 사용되는 고전 억제 방법 13, 14을 나타냅니다. 경막 또는 깊이 중 전극이되는 전극은 일반적으로 두개골에 고정 된 소형 소켓에 연결된다. 소켓 자체가 동물의 비교적 자유로운 이동을 허용하는 케이블의 연결을 위해 노출된다. Alth요즘 깨닫지 못하고 있거나 남의 테더 시스템은 매우 선조 매우 유연하게 한 주요 단점 중 하나는 여전히 반 억제 즉,이다. 동물이 자신의 몸 (머리)에서 발생하는 모든 외부 장치를 조작하는 경향 또한, 전극 이식 장소에서 감염의 위험이있을 수 있습니다. 다양한 종류의 무선 radiotelemetry 기술이 이미 60 년대 후반에 기재되어 있으며, 따라서 수십 년 동안 존재 해 왔지만, 단지 최근 특히 작은 실험실 설치류 등으로 저렴하고 안정적이며 비교적 편한 10,41,42되었다 마우스 및 래트있다. 작은 소형 이식 EEG 송신기는 현재 시판되고 20g (~ 10 주)보다 큰 쥐에 이식 할 수있다. 따라서, 특히 트랜스 제닉 마우스 모델의 전기 생리 학적 특성 요즘 이식 EEG의 radiotelemetry의 적용 분야 지배적이되었다. 동물의 크기는 더 이상 실험 절대 restric 없다송신기 &#39;배터리의 수명 반면 기 참이다. 제한된 수명 시간에도 불구하고, 송신기 이식 시스템은 시스템을 억제하여 전위 기록 관련 스트레스와 관련된 대부분의 단점을 최소화 할 수있다. 설치류는 휴식, 운동 활성 (탐사)과 수면 (REM, 느린 파 수면) 43, 44를 포함하는 생리 학적 행동의 자신의 완전한 필수품 전반을 표시 할 수 있습니다. 중요한 것은, 이식 radiotelemetry 강하게 동물 사용 세를 줄일 수 있습니다. 현재 과학 실험 동물의 수를 제한하고 그들의 고통을 감소시키는 방법에 대한 집중적 논의가있다. 분명히, 동물 실험과 인간과 동물의 질병의 동물 모델은 수익성 병태 생리 및 치료에 이후의 진행 상황에 대한 우리의 이해에 필수적이다. 또한, 동물 실험 약물 연구 개발에 중요하다. 그들은 실질적으로 약물 라이선스에 전임상 / 독성 연구에 기여 않습니다따라서 모두 인간과 동물의 관리에 투입. 그것은 현재 어떤 대안이 아직 도출 할 그렇지 않으면 불가능하다 복잡한 병리 생리 학적 메커니즘을 이해하는 동물 연구에 사용할 수없는 것으로, 주목할만한입니다. 같은 시간의 3R, 즉에서., 유럽 연합 (EU)과 미국에서 대체 감소 및 개선 전략을 강력하게 보완 대체 방법에 대한 연구를 장려한다. Radiotelemetry는 다른 기술에 비해 실험 동물의 수와 고통을 감소시킬 수있는 성공적인 3R 전략의 중요한 예이다. 여기에서 우리는 쥐와 쥐 모두에서 무선 주파수 송신기의 피하 주머니 주입을 수행하기 위해 상세하고 연속 된 단계별 접근 방식을 제공합니다. 이 제 1 시퀀스는 정위 경막 깊은 뇌내 EEG 전극 위치의 설명이 이어진다. 특별한주의 주택 조건, 마취, 수술 주변 및 수술 후 통증이 지급됩니다관리 가능한 항 감염 치료. 초점은 안정적으로 경막 외 깊은 뇌내 구조를 대상으로 컴퓨터 3D 정위 방법입니다. 우리는 또한 수술 후 회복 기간 동안 외상과 통증 관리의 최적화의 감소를위한 빈번한 실험 EEG 전극 이식에 함정과 전략에 대해 언급. 마지막으로, 표면과 깊은 뇌파 기록의 예되게됩니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen (Rimadyl VET - InjektionA2:D43sl&#246;sung)</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>PZN 0110208</td>
			<td>20 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>binocular surgical magnification microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss Stemi 2000</td>
			<td>0000001003877, 4355400000000, 0000001063306, 4170530000000, 4170959255000, 4551820000000, 4170959040000, 4170959050000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bulldog serrefine</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>18051-28</td>
			<td>28mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cages (Macrolon)</td>
			<td>Techniplast</td>
			<td>1264C, 1290D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cold light source</td>
			<td>Schott KL2500 LCD</td>
			<td>9.705&#160;202</td>
			<td>ordered at Th.Geyer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cotton tip applicators (sterile)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>EH12.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dexpanthenole (Bepanthen Wund- und Heilsalbe)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>PZN: 1578818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drapes (sterile)</td>
			<td>Hartmann</td>
			<td>PZN 0366787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>9065.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.3% / 3% hydrogene peroxide solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>95321</td>
			<td>30% stock solution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gloves (sterile)</td>
			<td>Unigloves</td>
			<td>1570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dental glas ionomer cement</td>
			<td>KentDental /NORDENTA</td>
			<td>957 321</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2% glutaraldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G6257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Forceps-curved, serrated</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Micro Needle Holder-Tungsten Carbide</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>12500-12</td>
			<td>12.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heat-based surgical instrument sterilizer</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>18000-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heating pad</td>
			<td>AEG HK5510</td>
			<td>520010</td>
			<td>ordered at myToolStore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed dental drill</td>
			<td>Adeor</td>
			<td>SI-1708</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors extra thin&#160;</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14058-09</td>
			<td>9 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inhalation narcotic system (isoflurane)</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus GmbH</td>
			<td>34-1352, 10-1340, 34-0422, 34-1041, 34-0401, 34-1067, 72-3044, 34-0426, 34-0387, 34-0415, 69-0230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter 250 ml</td>
			<td>PZN 6497131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>PZN 07506004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lactated Ringer&#8217;s solution (sterile)</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>L7502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lexar-Baby Scissors-straight, 10 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14078-10</td>
			<td>10 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nissl staining solution</td>
			<td>Armin Baack</td>
			<td>BAA31712159</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non-absorbable suture material 5-0/6-0 (sterile)</td>
			<td>SABANA (Sabafil)</td>
			<td>N-63123-45</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>Covidien (Sofsilk)</td>
			<td>S1172, S1173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halsey Needle Holder</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>12001-13</td>
			<td>13 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pads (sterile)</td>
			<td>ReWa Krankenhausbedarf</td>
			<td>2003/01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% saline (NaCl, sterile)</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>PZN:8609255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scalpel blades with handle (sterile)</td>
			<td>propraxis</td>
			<td>2029/10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Pattern Forceps</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11000-12, 11000-14</td>
			<td>12 cm and 14.5 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel and tungsten electrodes parylene coated&#160;</td>
			<td>FHC Inc., USA)</td>
			<td>UEWLGESEANND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>Neurostar</td>
			<td>51730M</td>
			<td>ordered at Stoelting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Stereo Drive-New Motorized Stereotaxic)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tapes (sterile)</td>
			<td>BSN medical GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>626225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TA10ETA-F20&#160;</td>
			<td>DSI</td>
			<td>270-0042-001X</td>
			<td>Radiofrequency transmitter 3.9 g,&#160; 
			3.9 g, 1.9 cc, input voltage range &#177; 2.5 mV, 
			channel bandwidth (B) 1-200 Hz,&#160; 
			nominal sampling rate (f) 1000 Hz (f = 5B) 
			temperature operating range 34-41 &#176;C 
			warranted battery life 4 months</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TL11M2-F20EET&#160;</td>
			<td>DSI</td>
			<td>270-0124-001X</td>
			<td>Radiofrequency transmitter&#160; 
			3.9 g, 1.9 cc, input voltage range &#177; 1.25 mV, 
			channel bandwidth (B) 1-50 Hz,&#160; 
			nominal sampling rate (f) 250 Hz (f = 5B) 
			temperature operating range 34-41 &#176;C 
			warranted battery life 1.5 months</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Forceps- 1x2 Teeth 12 cm</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>11021-12</td>
			<td>12 cm length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten carbide iris scissors</td>
			<td>F.S.T.</td>
			<td>14558-11</td>
			<td>11.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibroslicer 5000 MZ</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>5000-005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine (Rompun)</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>PZN: 1320422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

non-restraining eeg radiotelemetry: epidural and deep intracerebral stereotaxic eeg electrode placement

이식 뇌파 radiotelemetry는 신경 및 신경 퇴행성 질환과 간질의 형질 전환 마우스 모델의 신경 학적 특성에 중앙 관련이있다. 이 강력한 기술은 기본적인 병태 생리 학적 메카니즘에 유용한 통찰을 제공 할뿐만 예., CNS 관련 질환의 병인, 또한 새로운 병진 즉. 치료 방법의 개발을 용이하게한다. 재킷이나 닿는 시스템에 사용되는 기록 시스템의 사용은 반 억제 캐릭터에 자신의 비 생리적 억제에서 고통을 경쟁 기술 반면, radiotelemetric 뇌파 기록은 이러한 단점을 극복. 기술적으로, 이식 뇌파 radiotelemetry 다양한 생리 학적 및 병태 생리 학적 조건 하에서 경막 외 깊은, 뇌내 뇌파의 정확하고 매우 민감한 측정 할 수 있습니다. 첫째, 우리는 곧장 앞으로의 상세한 프로토콜 성공적인 제시높은 품질의 electrocorticograms 결과 경막 외 (표면) 뇌파 기록에 대한 신속하고 효율적인 기술. 둘째, 우리는 해마 (electrohippocampogram)에서, 예를 들면 깊은, 뇌내 EEG 전극을 이식하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 두 방법 모두의 경우, 컴퓨터 화 된 3D 정위 전극 주입 시스템이 사용된다. 무선 주파수 송신기 자체는 마우스 및 래트 모두 피하 파우치에 주입된다. 특별한주의는 또한 실험 동물의 수술 주변과 수술 후 치료를 사전에 지불해야합니다. 마우스 및 래트 적합한 수술 마취 제제뿐만 아니라 수술 후 통증 치료 및 관리를 상세히 설명한다.

이 섹션은 표면과 깊은, 뇌내 뇌파 기록에서 얻은 예를 보여줍니다. 처음은 생리 학적 조건에서 기준 기록은 이전의 예를 들면 다음과 이후의 기록, 약물 치료에 필수적임을 명시해야합니다. 이러한 기준 기록은 다른 행동 상태 또는 절전 / 일주기의 리듬과 뇌의 리듬의 기능적 상호 의존에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공 할 수있다. 여기, 우리는 proconvul​​sive / ps...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement at JoVE.com

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

비 구속 된 EEG radiotelemetry 자유롭게 이동 설치류에서 생체 장기 뇌파를 기록하기위한 유용한 방법 론적 접근이다. 상세한 프로토콜은 CNS의 리듬 성 CNS와 관련된 행동 단계 안정적인 기록을 얻기 위해 다양한 뇌 영역에 정위 경막 깊은 뇌내 전극 배치를 설명한다.

비 금지 EEG Radiotelemetry : 경막 외 및 깊은 뇌내 정위 EEG 전극 위치

Implantable EEG radiotelemetry is of central relevance in the neurological characterization of transgenic mouse models of neuropsychiatric and ...

non-restraining-eeg-radiotelemetry-epidural-deep-intracerebral

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.9K 조회수.  Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM).  비 구속 된 EEG radiotelemetry 자유롭게 이동 설치류에서 생체 장기 뇌파를 기록하기위한 유용한 방법 론적 접근이다. 상세한 프로토콜은 CNS의 리듬 성 CNS와 관련된 행동 단계 안정적인 기록을 얻기 위해 다양한 뇌 영역에 정위 경막 깊은 뇌내 전극 배치를 설명한다. 

비디오: Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to map brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli.

동시 MEG와 EEG와 기능 매핑

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

연구

신경과학

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

Polyimide 기반 Microelectrode를 사용하여 자유롭게 이동 마우스의 고밀도 뇌파 레코딩

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

Preterm EEG: A Multimodal Neurophysiological Protocol

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and monitoring of brain function in preterm and term babies. Most common indications are the diagnosis of epileptic seizures, assessment of brain maturity, and recovery from hypoxic-ischemic events. EEG recording techniques and the understanding of neonatal EEG signals have dramatically improved, but these advances have been slow to penetrate through the clinical traditions. The aim of this presentation is to bring theory and practice of advanced EEG recording available for neonatal units. 
In the theoretical part, we will present animations to illustrate how a preterm brain gives rise to spontaneous and evoked EEG activities, both of which are unique to this developmental phase, as well as crucial for a proper brain maturation. Recent animal work has shown that the structural brain development is clearly reflected in early EEG activity. Most important structures in this regard are the growing long range connections and the transient cortical structure, subplate. Sensory stimuli in a preterm baby will generate responses that are seen at a single trial level, and they have underpinnings in the subplate-cortex interaction. This brings neonatal EEG readily into a multimodal study, where EEG is not only recording cortical function, but it also tests subplate function via different sensory modalities. Finally, introduction of clinically suitable dense array EEG caps, as well as amplifiers capable of recording low frequencies, have disclosed multitude of brain activities that have as yet been overlooked.
In the practical part of this video, we show how a multimodal, dense array EEG study is performed in neonatal intensive care unit from a preterm baby in the incubator. The video demonstrates preparation of the baby and incubator, application of the EEG cap, and performance of the sensory stimulations.

This video explains the background theory of the neonatal EEG activity and the sensory responses, followed by a live demonstration of their recording in neonatal intensive care unit.

Preterm EEG : Multimodal Neurophysiological 프로토콜

Since its introduction in early 1950s, electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in the neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for assessment and ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

새로운 방법으로 자유롭게 움직이는 신생아 쥐의 뇌파 기록

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in scholastic, social and familial contexts. One of the most common problems in the identification of this disorder relates to the apparent over diagnosis of the disorder due to the absence of global protocols for assessment. The research group of School Learning, Difficulties and Academic Performance (ADIR) from the University of Oviedo, has developed a complete protocol that suggests the existence of certain patterns of cortical activation and executive control for identifying ADHD more objectively. This protocol takes into consideration some of the hypothetical determinants of ADHD, including the relationship between activation of selected areas of the brain, and differences in performance on various aspects of executive functioning such as omissions, commissions or response times, using innovative tools of Continuous Performance Testing (based on Virtual Reality CPT and Traditional CPT) and brain activation measures (two different tools, based on Hemoencephalography- nirHEG; and Quantified Electroencephalography --Q-EEG, respectively). This model of assessment aims to provide an effective assessment of ADHD symptomatology in order to design an accurate intervention and make appropriate recommendations for parents and teachers.

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

This work presents a new protocol for the assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by providing a more objective diagnostic procedure for this developmental disorder based on the use of innovative tools. It also analyzes the relationship between activation measures and executive function measures.

ADHD 평가 프로토콜의 뇌 활성화 (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) 및 실행 조치 (청구서)를 사용 하 여

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

신경 활동과 연결 Intracranial 뇌 파 데이터를 사용 하 여 SPM 소프트웨어 분석

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel telemetric electroencephalography system in combination with standard self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The piglets are calmed down without the use of sedatives. After their release into the pigpen, the piglets behave normally&#8212;they drink and sleep in the same cycle as their siblings. Their sleep phases are used for the EEG recordings.

Here, we present a protocol to record telemetric electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen without the use of a sedative, making it possible to record typical EEG patterns during non-REM sleep, like spindle bursts.

자유롭게 이동 Piglets에서 비 침 투 적인 뇌 파 기록

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain interstitial space with the behavior and/or with the specific outcome of a pathology (e.g., seizures for epilepsy). When studying epilepsy, the microdialysis technique is often combined with short-term or even long-term video-electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring to assess spontaneous seizure frequency, severity, progression and clustering. The combined microdialysis-EEG is based on the use of several methods and instruments. Here, we performed in vivo microdialysis and continuous video-EEG recording to monitor glutamate and aspartate outflow over time, in different phases of the natural history of epilepsy in a rat model. This combined approach allows the pairing of changes in the neurotransmitter release with specific stages of the disease development and progression. The amino acid concentration in the dialysate was determined by liquid chromatography. Here, we describe the methods and outline the principal precautionary measures one should take during in vivo microdialysis-EEG, with particular attention to the stereotaxic surgery, basal and high potassium stimulation during microdialysis, depth electrode EEG recording and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of aspartate and glutamate in the dialysate. This approach may be adapted to test a variety of drug or disease induced changes of the physiological concentrations of aspartate and glutamate in the brain. Depending on the availability of an appropriate analytical assay, it may be further used to test different soluble molecules when employing EEG recording at the same time.

Here, we describe a method for in vivo microdialysis to analyze aspartate and glutamate release in the ventral hippocampus of epileptic and non-epileptic rats, in combination with EEG recordings. Extracellular concentrations of aspartate and glutamate may be correlated with the different phases of the disease.

자유롭게 이동 하는 쥐에서 뇌 파 기록 하는 동안 흥분 성의 아미노산의 Microdialysis

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional investigation of long-range connections requires targeted recordings of single neurons combined with the specific stimulation of identified distant inputs. This is often difficult to achieve with conventional and electrical stimulation techniques, because axons from converging upstream brain areas may intermingle in the target region. The stereotaxic targeting of a specific brain region for virus-mediated expression of light-sensitive ion channels allows selective stimulation of axons originating from that region with light. Intracerebral stereotaxic injections can be used in well-delimited structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, in addition to other subcortical or cortical areas throughout the brain.
Described here is a set of techniques for precise stereotaxic injection of viral vectors expressing channelrhodopsin in the mouse brain, followed by photostimulation of axon terminals in the brain slice preparation. These protocols are simple and widely applicable. In combination with whole-cell patch clamp recording from a postsynaptically connected neuron, photostimulation of axons allows the detection of functional synaptic connections, pharmacological characterization, and evaluation of their strength. In addition, biocytin filling of the recorded neuron can be used for post-hoc morphological identification of the postsynaptic neuron.

This protocol describes a set of methods to identify the cell-type specific functional connectivity of long-range inputs from distant brain regions using optogenetic stimulations in ex vivo brain slices.