Name: performing behavioral tasks in subjects with intracranial electrodes
Uploaded: 2014-10-02T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 10 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes at JoVE.com

이 작품은 EFRI-MC3에 의해 지원되었다 : # 1137237 SVS와 JTG에게 수여

모든 작업은 클리블랜드 클리닉 재단의 임상 시험 심사위원회 (IRB)에 제출 승인 된 프로토콜에 따라 수행 하였다. 동의 과정은 모든 연구 활동에 앞서 각 환자로 하였다. 이 예에서, 스테레오 뇌파를했다 학습 기준을 충족하는 대상이 경련 이식 (SEEG) 전극을 이용합니다. 이 프로젝트는 주제를 논의하고 그들이 참여하도록 동의 한. 1 환자 등록 <ol><li> 두개 내 전극 주입에 배려 내화물 간질 환자를 평가합니다. 환자는 침습 수술 좋은 후보 인 경우, 전극의 배치를 최적화하기 위해 환자의 MRI, PET 및 MEG 발작 병리와 함께 분석. 임상 팀은 모든 평가를 수행하고 어떤 결정은 연구 목적으로 제공되지 않습니다. . </li><li> 연구 대상 환자를 식별 subsequeNT 주입 및 평가 포함 / 제외 기준을 기반 IRB 승인 된 프로토콜에 따라 환자를 확인한다. 참고 : 포함 기준의 분위기와 주제를 포함하는 환자의 최선의 이익에 있습니다. 오라 환자들은 발작을 할 예정임을 연구자에게 통지 할 수있다; 필요한 예방 조치를 취할 수있는 연구자와 환자의 시간을주고 (임상 직원을 알리기 위해 발작 알람을 누르고 길에서 모든 장비를 당겨). 주제는, 기운이 환자 입력 장치가 쉽게 환자 영역에서 것을 제거 할 수 있도록하지 않는 모집 경우, 직원은 연구 장비 및 프로토콜 알고 있습니다. </li><li> IRB에 따라 모든 연구 활동에 대한 사전 동의를 구합니다. 동의하는 동안, 그 참여를 강조하는 것은 자발적이며 어떠한 방식 으로든 환자에게 임상 치료에 영향을 미칠 것입니다, 연구를 설명한다. 대부분의 경우이 난에아무 직접 환자에게 이익과 참여 의지는 이타 적이다. </li><li> 항상 환자의 권리를 존중하고 개인 정보를 유지한다. 자신의 정보가 익명 및 기밀 유지됩니다 환자를 생각 나게하고 아무 결과에 따라 언제든지 연구 참여를 중단 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 환자 서명을하고 그 또는 그녀가 이해하고 연구에 참여하기로 동의하면 동의를 날짜입니다. 탈퇴 한 사본을 검토 할 수있는 환자와 남아; 그들은 어떤 질문이나 우려는 PI 연락 환자를 장려해야한다. </li></ol> 2 동작 시스템 셋업 <ol><li> 방에 장비를 데리고하기 전에 필요한 콘센트 (2) 충분한 환자의 방에 공간뿐만 아니라 액세스가 있는지 확인하십시오. </li><li> 모든 장비 및 전선이 셋업을 신속하게 준비가되어 있다는 것을 확인합니다. 행동 시스템은 FDA가 계속에 적용 할 수 있습니다 로봇 팔을 (승인 포함ROL 작업 동안 커서), 노트북 컴퓨터가 행동 프로그램, 작업 자극을 표시하기위한 모니터, 전기 생리 학적 및 행동 데이터를 저장하는 데이터 수집 시스템을 제어한다. 참고 : 하나의 연구의 특정 요구를 충족하는 데 필요한 수정 사항을 확인합니다. 예를 들어, 환자 인터페이스 대신에 로봇 아암을위한 버튼 상자를 사용한다. </li><li> 환자가 현재 작업을 완료 무기와 안락 의자 (또는 침대)에 환자를 지원하기에 적합한 방식으로 위치하지 않을 경우, 그들은 발작을합니다. 그 수 그것은 그룹이 환자와 상호 작용 할 방법을, 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지를 알려하는 모니터링 기기의 모든 회원들과 등 연구 설계, 장비를 논의하기 위해 좋은 생각이며, 모든 가능한 문제 : 주 발생한다. </li><li> 환자가 준비가되면 방으로 행동 시스템을 가져 오기 및 행동 시스템과 로봇 팔을 부팅을 시작합니다. </li><li> 디지털 이벤트 마르크를 연결시간 순서로 전기 생리 획득 시스템의 DC 채널 행동 컴퓨터로부터 R 출력 행동 이벤트 마커 기록 SEEG 신호 자물쇠. NOTE :이 중앙에는 임상 획득 시스템을 방해하지 않는 연구 목적, 지정된 별도의 전기 생리 수집 시스템이있다. 그러나, 적절한 인력과 협력하여 임상 획득 시스템을 사용하는 것이 가능하다. 모든 노력이 임상 획득을 방해하지 않도록해야한다. </li><li> 로봇 팔을 교정하고 이러한 운동 범위는 환자에게 편안한 것을 놓습니다. 다른 인터페이스 장치를 사용하는 경우, 장치가 올바르게 작동하고 피사체 사용할 수 있도록 편안하게 배치되었는지 확인. </li><li> 로봇 팔을 사용하는 동안, 비상 정지 버튼은 행동 작업 전반에 걸쳐 연구자에 의해 쉽게 액세스 할 수 있는지 확인합니다. 발작의 경우, 비상 정지 버튼은가압 그들 자신을 해치지 않도록 장치가 환자로부터 멀리 당겨진다. 또한, 우리는 발작이 발생하는 경우에 환자의 제거를 용이하게하기 위해 로봇 시스템과 함께 제공되는 벨크로 스트랩을 사용하지 마십시오. NOTE :이 예에서, 동작 감싸고 병렬 포트, 병렬 포트 케이블을 사용하여 획득 시스템의 디지털 입력 포트에 접속된다. 이러한 로봇 팔의 x 및 y 위치 등의 추가 아날로그 신호를 동시에 기록됩니다. </li></ol> 3 행동 작업 <ol><li> 인터페이스 장치의 설정 및 교정 장비의 완료 후 환자에게 작업을 설명한다. </li><li> &quot;전쟁&quot;의 자녀의 카드 게임과 유사한 행동 작업을 사용합니다. 해당 카드는 컴퓨터의 카드보다 큰지 여부에 대한 베팅을 만들기 위해 환자를 묻는다. 베팅의 선택은 해당 카드의 상대 값의 환자의 인식에 기초한다. t 간소화단 한 벌의 카드를 사용하고 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 번째의 카드 덱을 제한하여, 후속 분석을 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 350 밀리의 화면에 고정 큐를 표시합니다. 환자가 작업을 시작하기 위해 정착 마크 위에 커서를 보유하고 있는지 확인. </li><li> 1000 밀리 초에 대한 자극을 표시합니다. 이 아래로 향하게 옆에있는 환자가 컴퓨터의 카드를 자신의 카드를 볼 수 있습니다. </li><li> 카드의 실종에 따라, 이동 - 큐 (&lt;5000 밀리 초) 자신의 카드를 기반으로 하나 5달러 또는 $ 20, 내기 환자를 묻는 두 가지 옵션이 표시를 보여줍니다. 자신이 선택한 베팅을 통해, 로봇 팔을 사용하여 커서를 이동하여 베팅을하는 환자에게 문의하십시오. 위치에 따라 전혀 편견을 없도록 재판에 재판에서 베팅 위치를 랜덤 화. </li><li> (- 1250 밀리 초 1000) 컴퓨터의 카드의 계시를 따라 500 밀리 초 지연 (빈 화면) - 베팅을 선택한 후, 250을 알 수 있습니다. , 재판이 승리 여부, 결과 (1000 밀리 초)을 관찰 손실 또는 그릴얼마나 원 또는 분실되었다. </li><li> 그들의 성과에 자신감이 더 질문이 없을 때까지 환자가 연습 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> (4) 데이터 수집 <ol><li> 환자가 준비가되면 데이터를 기록하고 연구 (임상) 수집 시스템의 설정이 적절하게 선택되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 촬영 중 최소의 배경 소음을 유지하기 위해 실내 조명과 TV를 끄십시오. 또한, 이러한 자신의 발을 도청 이야기하거나 다리를 떨고 같은 행동을 자제하는 환자를 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 작업을 시작하고 작업을 수행하는 환자를 기록합니다. 30 분 동안 작업을 수행 할 주제를 물어보십시오. 로봇 팔 시스템의 샘플링 비율은 1 kHz에서, 그리고 SEEG 기록 방식의 2 KHz에서이다. 참고 :이 시간은 다른 패러다임과 다를 수 있습니다. </li></ol> (5) 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 먼저 보장 SEEG 기록 데이터를 드 식별하여 해당 환자의 인포기 기밀 유지와 그 / 그녀의 데이터는 익명으로 제출된다. </li><li> 수술 후 CT와 수술 전 MRI의 전극 위치의 좌표를 얻습니다. </li><li> 행동 작업에서 관심의 디지털 타임 스탬프와 신경 생리 학적 기록을 맞 춥니 다. </li><li> 이벤트 종속 뇌 활동 변조 신호를 분석하는 분석 방법을 적용한다. NOTE : 본 연구에서는 SEEG 신호와 관련된 이벤트의 전력 스펙트럼 밀도 (PSD)가 Chronux의 multitaper 툴박스 26,27을 이용하여 계산 하였다. 각각의 실험 데이터는 해당 이벤트에 대한 (시간 제로)에 일치하고, 계산 된 PSD는 기준 PSD에 대하여, 각 주파수 빈에서 정상화되었다. </li></ol>

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저자는 공개 충돌이 전혀 없다.

여기에서 우리는 그들이 행동 작업에 종사로 인간 두개 내 전기 생리학 연구를 수행하기위한 방법을 제시 하였다. 이 방법과 간단한 치환은 인간의 움직임과 인식을 연구 중요하다. 본질적으로 어떤 기술에 장점과 단점이 존재하지만, 두개 내 전극에서 기록은 다른 전기 생리 및 이미징 기술을 통해 장점이 있습니다. 주요 장점 중 두 나은 제어 및 동작 태스크의 설계 고품질의 데이터를 수집 할 ?...

간질은 신경 세포 집단에서의 과도한 전기적 방전으로 인한 만성 재발 성 발작이 특징으로, 가장 흔한 뇌 질환 중 하나입니다. 간질은 전 세계적으로 50,000,000명 간질을 가진 모든 사람의 약 40 %를 완전히 약물 치료 (1)에 의해 제어 할 수없는 어려운 발작이 영향을 미칩니다. 지역화 및 수술 제거하거나 연결이 끊어 - 발작의 발생 (EZ 간질 영역)을 담당하는 뇌 영역이 경우 수술은 발작이 자유로운 상태가 발생할 수 있습니다. 해부학 EZ의 위치와 가능 피질 및 피질 하 웅변 지역과의 근접성을 정의하기 위해, 비 침습적 도구의 배열을 사용할 수 있습니다 발작 기호학, 비디오 두피 뇌파 전위 기록 (발작 및 간기 녹음), 신경 심리 검사의 분석 , 인 자기 (MEG)와 MRI 2. 비 침습적 데이터는 precisel 부족하면웅변 피질 및 피질 하 영역 또는 다중 초점 발작에 대한 가능성이있을 때, 만성 침습적 모니터링 3,4 요구 될 수의 조기 개입 의심 될 때 Y는 가상 EZ의 위치를 정의한다. 여러 깊이 전극을 3 ~ 뇌에 위치 경막 격자 스트립, 뇌의 표면 상에 배치 된 전극과 입체 뇌파 (SEEG)를 포함 할 수있다 EZ의 위치와 경계를 정의하기위한 만성 침습적 모니터링 방법 차원 패션. 펜 필드와 동료는 누구 pneumoencephalography 확산 대뇌 위축 다섯 공개 된 왼쪽 시간적 정수리 골절 환자에서 경막 외 단일 접촉 전극을 사용하는 경우 경막 두개 내 녹음은 처음 1939 년에보고되었다. 1980 년대 입증 동안 그 후, 경막 그리드 어레이의 사용은 여러 게시 후 더 인기가 자신의안전성과 효능 6. SEEG 방법을 개발하고 진 Tailarach와 Jean Bancaud에 의해 프랑스에서 대중화 된 50 년대에 주로 내화 초점 간질 7-9의 침략 매핑에 대한 선택의 방법으로 프랑스와 이탈리아에서 사용되었습니다했다. SEEG의 원리는 발작 기호학를 관련 뇌에서 주요 원리로서 간질 방전의 3 - 차원 시공간 조직을 얻어 anatomo - 전기 임상의 상관 관계에 기초한다. 주입 전략이 고려 간질 활동의 주 조직 및 발작 전파에 관련된 가상 네트워크 간질을 얻어 착상 가설에 기초하여 전극 배치로 개별화된다. 여러 유럽 최근 북미 보고서에 따르면, SEEG 방법론은 깊은 피질 및 피질 하 구조, 인접하지 않은 여러 소호에서 정확한 기록을 할 수 있습니다BES 및 양자 탐사 큰 craniotomies 10-15에 대한 필요성을 회피하면서. 이후, 수술 후 이미지가 주입 전극의 정확한 해부학 적 위치를 얻기 위해 수행된다. 이어서, 모니터링주기가 시작되는 환자는 주입 전극으로부터 간기 및 발작 활동을 기록하기 위해 1~4주의 기간 동안 병원에 남아있다. 거기에 더 첨가 위험이없고, 환자는 일반적으로 일상적인 모니터링 기간에서 환영 유예 기한으로 조사 연구를 플레이대로이 감시 기간은, 이벤트 관련 SEEG 분석을 사용하여 뇌 기능을 연구 적기이다. 기록은 두개 내 전극이 개선 평가 및 간질 환자의 치료 만이 중요하지 않은에서 얻고 있지만, 추가 행동 패러다임 동안 인간의 뇌 활동을 연구 할 수있는 탁월한 기회를 제공합니다. 몇몇 연구자들은 이미에서 침략 기록을 공부할 수있는 기회를 실현간질 환자. 힐 외. 피질 매핑 기능 (16)으로부터 환자 electrocorticographic (ECOG) 신호를 기록하는 방법에 대해보고. ECOG 녹음도 모터 언어 커플 링 (17)에 대한 통찰력을 제공하고 있습니다. 이식 깊이 전극 환자는 18 움직임 (19) 학습, 메모리에 뇌 진동을 연구하기 위해 탐색 작업을 수행했습니다. 깊이 전극 녹음은 또한 해마 유발 활동 (20), 디폴트 모드 네트워크 (21)의 신경 활동, 감정적 처리 (22)의 시간 과정으로, 그렇지 않으면 얻기 어려운 시간 해상도로 패러다임을 연구하는 데 사용되었다. Hudry 등은 23 일치하는 단기 후각 자극에 대한 자신의 편도체에 이식 SEEG 전극을했다 측두엽 간질 환자를 공부했다. 또 다른 그룹은 건강 꼰 로프에 손을 굴곡 또는 손의 일방적 인 움직임이나 발 같은 간단한 사지의 움직임을 공부했다이식 SEEG (24, 25)와 간질 환자에서 N 사이트. 상기 연구는 관련 문헌의 매우 다양한 컬렉션의 작은 표본이다. 학습과 인간의 두뇌는 행동 레코딩 작업 및 두개의 조합을 사용하여 작동 방식을 이해하기 넘을 가능성이 존재한다. 이 목표를 달성하기위한 다른 방법이 있지만, 두개 내 기록은 높은 공간적 해상도뿐만 아니라, 더 깊은 구조에 대한 액세스를 포함하여 몇 가지 이점을 갖는다. 저자는 행동 작업시 두개 내 전극을 환자 기록에 대한 일반적인 방법을 설명하는 것을 목표로하고 있습니다. 그러나 성공적으로 치료를받은 환자에서 임상 연구를 완료 한 여러 방어벽과 장벽이있다. 제한, 교란 효과, 본 연구의 중요성도 파악하고 탐구한다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>InMotion ARM</td><td>Interactive Motion Technologies</td><td>InMotion Arm</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://interactive-motion.com/inmotion-arm-the-new-standard-of-care/&quot;&gt;http://interactive-motion.com/inmotion-arm-the-new-standard-of-care/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Equipment our lab used, can use other equipment to collect data</td></tr><tr><td>MATLAB</td><td>Mathworks Inc</td><td>MATLAB</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mathworks.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.mathworks.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Need version r2007b or higher to run Monkeylogic</td></tr><tr><td>Data Acquisition Toolbox</td><td>Mathworks Inc</td><td>Data Acquisition Toolbox</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mathworks.com/products/daq/&quot;&gt;http://www.mathworks.com/products/daq/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Must have to run Monkeylogic</td></tr><tr><td>Image Processing Toolbox</td><td>Mathworks Inc</td><td>Image Processing Toolbox</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/&quot;&gt;http://www.mathworks.com/products/image/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Must have to run Monkeylogic</td></tr><tr><td>Monkeylogic</td><td>Wael Asaad and David Freedman</td><td>Monkeylogic</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.brown.edu/Research/monkeylogic/&quot;&gt;http://www.brown.edu/Research/monkeylogic/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; Free download, must have MATLAB to run</td></tr><tr><td>Chronux&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Medametrics, LLC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Data Processing Toolbox</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.chronux.org/&quot;&gt;http://www.chronux.org/&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Brainstorm</td><td></td><td>MEG/EEG Analysis Application</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/&quot;&gt;http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm/&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Laptop</td><td>Dell</td><td>Latitude E5530</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/latitude-e5530/pd?ST=dell%20latitude%20e5530&amp;amp;dgc=ST&amp;amp;cid=263756&amp;amp;lid=4781504&amp;amp;acd=12309152537461010&quot;&gt;http://www.dell.com/us/business/p/latitude-e5530/pd?ST=dell%20latitude%20e5530&amp;amp;dgc=ST&amp;amp;cid=263756&amp;amp;lid=4781504&amp;amp;acd=12309152537461010&lt;/a&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>NI Card</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI USB-6008</td><td>&lt;a href=&quot;http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/201986&quot;&gt;http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/201986&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 12-Bit, 10 kS/sec Low-Cost Multifunction DAQ</td></tr></tbody></table>

performing behavioral tasks in subjects with intracranial electrodes

스테레오 뇌파 (SEEG) 전극, 경막 그리드 또는 깊이 전극 임플란트를 가진 환자는 발작 초점과 웅변 분야의 국산화에 대한 뇌의 다른 영역에 이식 전극의 다수가 있습니다. 뇌의 병적 인 영역을 찾을 가능성이 절제 될 때까지 주입 한 후, 환자는 병원에 남아 있어야합니다. 행동 패러다임의 숫자가 신경을 밝히기 위해 수행되는 가이드 동작을 연관 될 수 있기 때문에이 기간 동안 환자는 연구 커뮤니티에 대한 독특한 기회를 제공합니다. 피험자는 의사 결정 및 보상 인코딩을 평가하기위한 작업을 수행 행동으로서 여기에서는 두개 임플란트로부터 뇌의 활동을 기록하기위한 방법을 제시한다. 두개 내 전극의 모든 전기 생리 데이터는 한 번에 하나의 기능에 관련된 여러 뇌 영역의 시험을 허용, 행동 작업 중에 동작에 관련된 비늘 기록됩니다.또한, 동물 실험과는 달리, 인간 환자에서 동일한 피사체 또는 수행 제어에 대해 둘 이상의 태스크를 수행 할 수있는 능력을 허용 신속 행동 다양한 작업을 배울 수있다. 인간의 뇌 기능을 이해하기위한이 기술의 많은 장점에도 불구하고, 병에 걸린 조직에서 환경 적 요인, 진통 효과, 시간 제약 등을 포함하고, 우리는 논의 방법론적인 한계도있다. 이 방법은 쉽게 두개강 ​​평가를 수행하는 기관에 의해 구현 될 수있다; 직접 동작 중에 인간의 뇌 기능을 조사 할 수있는 기회를 제공한다.

이 결과에서는 대전 태스크를 재생 한 피사체에 캡처 변연계에서 SEEG 데이터의 분석을 제시한다. 변연계 (그림 1)에서 - (150 Hz에서 40) 변조 우리는 전쟁 작업의 다양한 측면이 중요한 감마 밴드를 보여주고 있음을 입증 할 수 있습니다. 상관없이 작업 우발의 시각 피질에서 빠른 지연에 결과 화면에 객체의 프레젠테이션 (~ 200 밀리 초) 넓은 밴드 반응을 알 수있는 바와 같이. 또한, 보상...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes at JoVE.com

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

두개의 전극 이식 환자는 환자가 행동 작업을 수행하는 동안 뇌의 여러 영역에서 신경 학적 데이터를 기록 할 수있는 독특한 기회를 제공한다. 여기서, 우리는이 환자 집단에 대한 액세스, 다른 기관에서 재현 할 수 이식 환자에서의 기록 방법을 제시한다.

두개 내 전극 피사체에 행동 작업 수행

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

performing-behavioral-tasks-in-subjects-with-intracranial-electrodes

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.3K 조회수.  Cleveland Clinic Foundation.  두개의 전극 이식 환자는 환자가 행동 작업을 수행하는 동안 뇌의 여러 영역에서 신경 학적 데이터를 기록 할 수있는 독특한 기회를 제공한다. 여기서, 우리는이 환자 집단에 대한 액세스, 다른 기관에서 재현 할 수 이식 환자에서의 기록 방법을 제시한다. 

비디오: Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Intra-Operative Behavioral Tasks in Awake Humans Undergoing Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through implanted electrodes. Deep brain stimulation was first implemented as a therapeutic modality by Benabid et al. in the late 1980s, when he used this technique to stimulate the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor 1. Currently, the procedure is used to treat patients who fail to respond adequately to medical management for diseases such as Parkinson's, dystonia, and essential tremor. The efficacy of this procedure for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been demonstrated in well-powered, randomized controlled trials 2. Presently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved DBS as a treatment for patients with medically refractory essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, and dystonia. Additionally, DBS is currently being evaluated for the treatment of other psychiatric and neurological disorders, such as obsessive compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, and epilepsy. 
DBS has not only been shown to help people by improving their quality of life, it also provides researchers with the unique opportunity to study and understand the human brain. Microelectrode recordings are routinely performed during DBS surgery in order to enhance the precision of anatomical targeting. Firing patterns of individual neurons can therefore be recorded while the subject performs a behavioral task. Early studies using these data focused on descriptive aspects, including firing and burst rates, and frequency modulation 3. More recent studies have focused on cognitive aspects of behavior in relation to neuronal activity 4,5. This article will provide a description of the intra-operative methods used to perform behavioral tasks and record neuronal data with awake patients during DBS cases. Our exposition of the process of acquiring electrophysiological data will illuminate the current scope and limitations of intra-operative human experiments.

Deep brain stimulation surgery offers a unique opportunity to examine information encoding in the awake human brain. This article will describe intra-operative methods used to perform cognitive and behavioral tasks while simultaneously acquiring physiological data such as EMG, single-unit neuronal activity and/or local field potentials.

딥 뇌 자극 수술을받은 깨어 인간 내부 수술 행동 작업

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that directs chronic, high frequency electrical stimulation to specific targets in the brain through ...

연구

의학

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

인간의 결합 침략 피질과인지의 평가를위한 비 침습적 표면 신경 생리학 녹음과 정서적 기능

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

행동분석학

Surgical Implantation of Chronic Neural Electrodes for Recording Single Unit Activity and Electrocorticographic Signals

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery. Here we provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting electrode systems. We demonstrate the implantation procedure of both a penetrating and a surface electrode. The surgical process is described from start to finish, including detailed descriptions of each step throughout the procedure. It should also be noted that this video guide is focused towards procedures conducted in rodent models and other small animal models. Modifications of the described procedures are feasible for other animal models.

We provide useful information for surgeons who are learning the process of implanting chronic neural recording electrodes. Techniques for both penetrating and surface electrode systems are described in a rodent animal model.

단일 유닛 활동과 Electrocorticographic 신호를 녹음하기 위해 만성 신경 전극 외과 이식

The success of long-term electrophysiological recordings often depends on the quality of the implantation surgery.  Here we provide useful information for ...

신경과학

Recording Human Electrocorticographic (ECoG) Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography or functional magnetic-resonance imaging. These techniques have either inherently low temporal or low spatial resolution, and suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio and/or poor high-frequency sensitivity. Thus, they are suboptimal for exploring the short-lived spatio-temporal dynamics of many of the underlying brain processes. In contrast, the invasive technique of electrocorticography (ECoG) provides brain signals that have an exceptionally high signal-to-noise ratio, less susceptibility to artifacts than EEG, and a high spatial and temporal resolution (i.e., &lt;1 cm/&lt;1 millisecond, respectively). ECoG involves measurement of electrical brain signals using electrodes that are implanted subdurally on the surface of the brain. Recent studies have shown that ECoG amplitudes in certain frequency bands carry substantial information about task-related activity, such as motor execution and planning1, auditory processing2 and visual-spatial attention3. Most of this information is captured in the high gamma range (around 70-110 Hz). Thus, gamma activity has been proposed as a robust and general indicator of local cortical function1-5. ECoG can also reveal functional connectivity and resolve finer task-related spatial-temporal dynamics, thereby advancing our understanding of large-scale cortical processes. It has especially proven useful for advancing brain-computer interfacing (BCI) technology for decoding a user's intentions to enhance or improve communication6 and control7. Nevertheless, human ECoG data are often hard to obtain because of the risks and limitations of the invasive procedures involved, and the need to record within the constraints of clinical settings. Still, clinical monitoring to localize epileptic foci offers a unique and valuable opportunity to collect human ECoG data. We describe our methods for collecting recording ECoG, and demonstrate how to use these signals for important real-time applications such as clinical mapping and brain-computer interfacing. Our example uses the BCI2000 software platform8,9 and the SIGFRIED10 method, an application for real-time mapping of brain functions. This procedure yields information that clinicians can subsequently use to guide the complex and laborious process of functional mapping by electrical stimulation.
Prerequisites and Planning:
Patients with drug-resistant partial epilepsy may be candidates for resective surgery of an epileptic focus to minimize the frequency of seizures. Prior to resection, the patients undergo monitoring using subdural electrodes for two purposes: first, to localize the epileptic focus, and second, to identify nearby critical brain areas (i.e., eloquent cortex) where resection could result in long-term functional deficits. To implant electrodes, a craniotomy is performed to open the skull. Then, electrode grids and/or strips are placed on the cortex, usually beneath the dura. A typical grid has a set of 8 x 8 platinum-iridium electrodes of 4 mm diameter (2.3 mm exposed surface) embedded in silicon with an inter-electrode distance of 1cm. A strip typically contains 4 or 6 such electrodes in a single line. The locations for these grids/strips are planned by a team of neurologists and neurosurgeons, and are based on previous EEG monitoring, on a structural MRI of the patient's brain, and on relevant factors of the patient's history. Continuous recording over a period of 5-12 days serves to localize epileptic foci, and electrical stimulation via the implanted electrodes allows clinicians to map eloquent cortex. At the end of the monitoring period, explantation of the electrodes and therapeutic resection are performed together in one procedure.
In addition to its primary clinical purpose, invasive monitoring also provides a unique opportunity to acquire human ECoG data for neuroscientific research. The decision to include a prospective patient in the research is based on the planned location of their electrodes, on the patient's performance scores on neuropsychological assessments, and on their informed consent, which is predicated on their understanding that participation in research is optional and is not related to their treatment. As with all research involving human subjects, the research protocol must be approved by the hospital's institutional review board. The decision to perform individual experimental tasks is made day-by-day, and is contingent on the patient's endurance and willingness to participate. Some or all of the experiments may be prevented by problems with the clinical state of the patient, such as post-operative facial swelling, temporary aphasia, frequent seizures, post-ictal fatigue and confusion, and more general pain or discomfort.
At the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit at Albany Medical Center in Albany, New York, clinical monitoring is implemented around the clock using a 192-channel Nihon-Kohden Neurofax monitoring system. Research recordings are made in collaboration with the Wadsworth Center of the New York State Department of Health in Albany. Signals from the ECoG electrodes are fed simultaneously to the research and the clinical systems via splitter connectors. To ensure that the clinical and research systems do not interfere with each other, the two systems typically use separate grounds. In fact, an epidural strip of electrodes is sometimes implanted to provide a ground for the clinical system. Whether research or clinical recording system, the grounding electrode is chosen to be distant from the predicted epileptic focus and from cortical areas of interest for the research. Our research system consists of eight synchronized 16-channel g.USBamp amplifier/digitizer units (g.tec, Graz, Austria). These were chosen because they are safety-rated and FDA-approved for invasive recordings, they have a very low noise-floor in the high-frequency range in which the signals of interest are found, and they come with an SDK that allows them to be integrated with custom-written research software. In order to capture the high-gamma signal accurately, we acquire signals at 1200Hz sampling rate-considerably higher than that of the typical EEG experiment or that of many clinical monitoring systems. A built-in low-pass filter automatically prevents aliasing of signals higher than the digitizer can capture. The patient's eye gaze is tracked using a monitor with a built-in Tobii T-60 eye-tracking system (Tobii Tech., Stockholm, Sweden). Additional accessories such as joystick, bluetooth Wiimote (Nintendo Co.), data-glove (5th Dimension Technologies), keyboard, microphone, headphones, or video camera are connected depending on the requirements of the particular experiment.
Data collection, stimulus presentation, synchronization with the different input/output accessories, and real-time analysis and visualization are accomplished using our BCI2000 software8,9. BCI2000 is a freely available general-purpose software system for real-time biosignal data acquisition, processing and feedback. It includes an array of pre-built modules that can be flexibly configured for many different purposes, and that can be extended by researchers' own code in C++, MATLAB or Python. BCI2000 consists of four modules that communicate with each other via a network-capable protocol: a Source module that handles the acquisition of brain signals from one of 19 different hardware systems from different manufacturers; a Signal Processing module that extracts relevant ECoG features and translates them into output signals; an Application module that delivers stimuli and feedback to the subject; and the Operator module that provides a graphical interface to the investigator.
A number of different experiments may be conducted with any given patient. The priority of experiments will be determined by the location of the particular patient's electrodes. However, we usually begin our experimentation using the SIGFRIED (SIGnal modeling For Realtime Identification and Event Detection) mapping method, which detects and displays significant task-related activity in real time. The resulting functional map allows us to further tailor subsequent experimental protocols and may also prove as a useful starting point for traditional mapping by electrocortical stimulation (ECS).
Although ECS mapping remains the gold standard for predicting the clinical outcome of resection, the process of ECS mapping is time consuming and also has other problems, such as after-discharges or seizures. Thus, a passive functional mapping technique may prove valuable in providing an initial estimate of the locus of eloquent cortex, which may then be confirmed and refined by ECS. The results from our passive SIGFRIED mapping technique have been shown to exhibit substantial concurrence with the results derived using ECS mapping10.
The protocol described in this paper establishes a general methodology for gathering human ECoG data, before proceeding to illustrate how experiments can be initiated using the BCI2000 software platform. Finally, as a specific example, we describe how to perform passive functional mapping using the BCI2000-based SIGFRIED system.

Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping

We present a method for collecting electrocorticographic signals for research purposes from humans who are undergoing invasive epilepsy monitoring. We show how to use the BCI2000 software platform for data collection, signal processing and stimulus presentation. Specifically, we demonstrate SIGFRIED, a BCI2000-based tool for real-time functional brain mapping.

Neuroscientific 연구 및 실시간 기능성 두피 매핑을위한 인적 Electrocorticographic (ECoG) 신호를 녹음하기

Neuroimaging studies of human cognitive, sensory, and motor processes are usually based on noninvasive techniques such as electroencephalography (EEG), ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure involves the chronic placement of multiple depth electrodes into regions of the brain typically inaccessible via subdural grid electrode placement. SEEG thus provides a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. In this paper we demonstrate how SEEG can be used to investigate the role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in cognitive control. We include a description of the SEEG procedure, demonstrating the surgical placement of the electrodes. We describe the components and process required to record local field potential (LFP) data from consenting subjects while they are engaged in a behavioral task. In the example provided, subjects play a cognitive interference task, and we demonstrate how signals are recorded and analyzed from electrodes in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, an area intimately involved in decision-making. We conclude with further suggestions of ways in which this method can be used for investigating human cognitive processes.

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is an operative technique used in epilepsy surgery to help localize seizure foci. It also affords a unique opportunity to investigate brain function. Here we describe how SEEG can be used to investigate cognitive processes in human subjects.

정위 뇌파를 사용하여 깊은 피질의 기능 및 피질 하 구조 조사 : 전방에 cingulate 피질 수업

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Rodent Behavioral Testing to Assess Functional Deficits Caused by Microelectrode Implantation in the Rat Motor Cortex

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes demonstrate the ability to record action potentials from individual or small groups of neurons. Such recorded signals have successfully been used to allow patients to interface with or control&#160;computers, robotic limbs, and their own limbs. However, previous animal studies have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the brain not only damages the surrounding tissue but can also result in functional deficits. Here, we discuss a series of behavioral tests to quantify potential motor impairments following the implantation of intracortical microelectrodes into the motor cortex of a rat. The methods for open field grid, ladder crossing, and grip strength testing provide valuable information regarding the potential complications resulting from a microelectrode implantation. The results of the behavioral testing are correlated with endpoint histology, providing additional information on the pathological outcomes and impacts of this procedure on the adjacent tissue.

We have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex of rats causes immediate and lasting motor deficits. The methods proposed herein outline a microelectrode implantation surgery and three rodent behavioral tasks to elucidate potential changes in the fine or gross motor function due to implantation-caused damage to the motor cortex.

설치류 쥐 모터 피 질에서 Microelectrode 주입으로 인 한 기능적 적자를 평가 하기 위해 테스트 행동

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes ...

생체공학

Transcranial Electrical Brain Stimulation in Alert Rodents

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in humans is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Less frequently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) or transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), a specific form of tACS using an electrical current applied randomly within a pre-defined frequency range, is used. The increase of noninvasive electrical brain stimulation research in humans, both for experimental and clinical purposes, has yielded an increased need for basic, mechanistic, safety studies in animals. This article describes a model for transcranial electrical brain stimulation (tES) through the intact skull targeting the motor system in alert rodents. The protocol provides step-by-step instructions for the surgical set-up of a permanent epicranial electrode socket combined with an implanted counter electrode on the chest. By placing a stimulation electrode into the epicranial socket, different electrical stimulation types, comparable to tDCS, tACS, and tRNS in humans, can be delivered. Moreover, the practical steps for tES in alert rodents are introduced. The applied current density, stimulation duration, and stimulation type may be chosen depending on the experimental needs. The caveats, advantages, and disadvantages of this set-up are discussed, as well as safety and tolerability aspects.

This protocol describes a surgical set-up for a permanent epicranial electrode socket and an implanted chest electrode in rodents. By placing a second electrode into the socket, different types of transcranial electrical brain stimulation can be delivered to the motor system in alert animals through the intact skull.

경고 설치류에 Transcranial 전기 두뇌 자극

Transcranial electrical brain stimulation can modulate cortical excitability and plasticity in humans and rodents. The most common form of stimulation in ...

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a closed-loop event-triggered manner. Although many studies are focusing on the possible benefits and side-effects of TES in healthy and pathologic brains, there are still many fundamental open questions regarding the mechanism of action of the stimulation. Therefore, there is a clear need for a robust and reproducible method to test the acute and the chronic effects of TES in rodents. TES can be combined with regular behavioral, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to investigate neuronal networks in vivo. The implantation of transcranial stimulation electrodes does not impose extra constraints on the experimental design while it offers a versatile, flexible tool to manipulate brain activity. Here we provide a detailed, step-by-step protocol to fabricate and implant transcranial stimulation electrodes to influence brain activity in a temporally constrained manner for months.

This detailed protocol describes transcranial stimulation electrode placement on the temporal bone in order to investigate the short- and long-term effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in freely moving rats.

만성 Transcranial 전기 자극 및 쥐 Intracortical 녹음

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

신경 활동과 연결 Intracranial 뇌 파 데이터를 사용 하 여 SPM 소프트웨어 분석

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Mapping Cerebral Blood Flow and Electrical Fields: Electrode Placement in Mice(대뇌 혈류와 전기장 매핑: 생쥐의 전극 배치)

Placement of Extracranial Stimulating Electrodes and Measurement of Cerebral Blood Flow and Intracranial Electrical Fields in Anesthetized Mice

The detection of cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to various forms of neuronal activation is critical for understanding dynamic brain function and variations in the substrate supply to the brain. This paper describes a protocol for measuring CBF responses to transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Dose-response curves are estimated both from the CBF change occurring with tACS (mA) and from the intracranial electric field (mV/mm). We estimate the intracranial electrical field based on the different amplitudes measured by glass microelectrodes within each side of the brain. In this paper, we describe the experimental setup, which involves using either bilateral laser Doppler (LD) probes or laser speckle imaging (LSI) to measure the CBF; as a result, this setup requires anesthesia for the electrode placement and stability. We present a correlation between the CBF response and the current as a function of age, showing a significantly larger response at higher currents (1.5 mA and 2.0 mA) in young control animals (12-14 weeks) compared to older animals (28-32 weeks) (p &lt; 0.005 difference). We also demonstrate a significant CBF response at electrical field strengths &lt;5 mV/mm, which is an important consideration for eventual human studies. These CBF responses are also strongly influenced by the use of anesthesia compared to awake animals, the respiration control (i.e., intubated vs. spontaneous breathing), systemic factors (i.e., CO2), and local conduction within the blood vessels, which is mediated by pericytes and endothelial cells. Likewise, more detailed imaging/recording techniques may limit the field size from the entire brain to only a small region. We describe the use of extracranial electrodes for applying tACS stimulation, including both homemade and commercial electrode designs for rodents, the concurrent measurement of the CBF and intracranial electrical field using bilateral glass DC recording electrodes, and the imaging approaches. We are currently applying these techniques to implement a closed-loop format for augmenting the CBF in animal models of Alzheimer's disease and stroke.

저자 스포트라이트: 알츠하이머 모델에서 대뇌 혈류를 개선하기 위한 자극 기반 접근법 

We describe a protocol for assessing dose-response curves for extracranial stimulation in terms of brain electrical field measurements and a relevant biomarker-cerebral blood flow. Since this protocol involves invasive electrode placement into the brain, general anesthesia is needed, with spontaneous breathing preferred rather than controlled respirations.

두개외 자극 전극의 배치 및 마취된 마우스의 대뇌 혈류 및 두개내 전기장 측정

The detection of cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to various forms of neuronal activation is critical for understanding dynamic brain function and ...