This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research No. 22750122 (S.H.), No. 26288099 (T.Y.), and No. 23350050 (Y.T.) of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. S.H. is grateful for The Kurata Memorial Hitachi Science and Technology Foundation. The research reported in this publication was supported by the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (S.H.).

단관 능성 및 이작 용성 폴리 1. 합성 (THF) <ol><li> 관능 폴리 (THF) <ol><li> 불꽃 2 구 100 ㎖의 둥근 바닥 플라스크를 건조. 진공 및 질소 (3 회)와 플라스크를 입력합니다. </li><li> 플라스크에 증류수 테트라 하이드로 퓨란 (THF) (50 ㎖)를 추가합니다. 20 ℃에서 물을 용기에 플라스크를 놓고, 온도를 평형화. </li><li> 주사기로 플라스크에 메틸 트리 플레이트 (0.5 밀리몰)를 추가합니다. 20 ° C에서 5 ~ 10 분 동안 혼합물을 교반한다. </li><li> 주사기로 플라스크에 N의 페닐 피 롤리 딘 (4-6 당량.)를 추가합니다. 30 ~ 60 분 동안 혼합물을 교반한다. </li><li> 완전히 감압 (약 100 토르)에서 용매를 제거한다. 아세톤 3-5 ml의 잔류 물을 용해. n 개의 헥산 300 ~ 500 ml의에 아세톤 용액을 추가합니다. 침전물을 여과하고, 감압하에 건조. </li></ol></li><li> 관능 성 폴리 (THF) <ol><li> 불꽃 2 구 100 ㎖의 둥근 바닥 플라스크를 건조. 버지니아cuum 질소 (3 회)와 플라스크를 입력합니다. </li><li> 플라스크에 증류수 THF (50 ㎖)를 추가합니다. 20 ℃에서 물을 용기에 플라스크를 놓고, 온도를 평형화. </li><li> 주사기로 플라스크에 트리플 무수물 (0.3 밀리몰)를 추가합니다. 20 ° C에서 5 ~ 10 분 동안 혼합물을 교반한다. </li><li> 주사기로 플라스크에 N의 페닐 피 롤리 딘 (4-6 당량.)를 추가합니다. 30 ~ 60 분 동안 혼합물을 교반한다. </li><li> 완전히 감압 (약 100 토르)에서 용매를 제거한다. 아세톤 3-5 ml의 잔류 물을 용해. n 개의 헥산 300 ~ 500 ml의 아세톤 용액을 추가합니다. 침전물을 여과하고, 감압하에 건조. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 페 릴렌의 합성 디이 미드 통합 4 무장 스타 8 모양의 Dicyclic 폴리 (THF) <ol><li> 무장 스타 폴리 (THF) <ol><li> 이온 교환 <ol><li> 물, 페 릴렌 테트라 카르 복실 디이 미드의 나트륨 염 (10 ㎎ / ㎖, 150 ㎖)에 녹인다. 디졸브아세톤 관능 폴리 (THF) (160 ㎎ / ㎖, 4 ㎖). 격렬하게 교반 수용액에 아세톤 용액에 적가를 추가합니다. 여과에 의해 형성된 침전물을 수집합니다. </li><li> 회수 된 침전물 (2.1.1.1) 네 배와 위의 절차를 반복합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 공유 고정 <ol><li> 톨루엔 얻어진 침전물 (5 ㎎ / ㎖)에 녹인다. 4 시간 동안 용액을 환류시켰다. </li><li> 완전히 감압 (약 100 토르)에서 용매를 제거한다. n은 헥산 / 아세톤 (2/1 부피 / 부피) 실리카 겔 플러그를 통해 잔류 물 필터. 생성물을 침전 빙수 (300-500 mL)에 상기 용액을 추가한다. 여과에 의해 침전물을 수집합니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Dicyclic 8 모양의 폴리 (THF) <ol><li> 이온 교환 <ol><li> 물, 페 릴렌 테트라 카르 복실 디이 미드의 나트륨 염 (6 ㎎ / ㎖, 50 ㎖)에 녹인다. (0.5 g을 관능 성 폴리 (THF)을 녹여) 아세톤의 30 ~ 50 ml를한다. 0 ° C에서 격렬하게 교반 수용액에 아세톤 용액에 적가를 추가합니다. 여과에 의해 형성된 침전물을 수집합니다. </li><li> 회수 된 침전물 (2.2.1.1)으로 위의 절차를 반복합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 공유 고정 <ol><li> 톨루엔 얻어진 침전물 (0.05 g / L)을 녹인다. 4 시간 동안 용액을 환류시켰다. </li><li> 완전히 감압 (약 100 토르)에서 용매를 제거한다. 부분적으로 잔류 물을 용해 톨루엔을 추가합니다. 다시 침전 N 헥산 300 ~ 500 ml의에. </li><li> n은 헥산 / 아세톤 (2/1 부피 / 부피) 실리카 겔 플러그를 통해 형성된 침전물을 필터링. 다시 침전 물 300 ~ 500 ml의에. </li><li> 폴리스티렌 겔을 사용하는 컬럼 크로마토 그래피 (18)에 의해 형성된 침전물을 정제. 또한, REM에 클로로포름의 용리액 19 분취 겔 투과 크로마토 그래피 (GPC)에 의해 조질 생성물을 정제굴절율 (RI) 및 UV 검출기를 모니터링하여 비켜 부산물. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3. 단일 분자 형광 이미징 실험 <ol><li> 샘플 준비 <ol><li> 현미경 커버 전표의 청소 <ol><li> 장소 번호 1.5 24 X 24mm 현미경 커버 염색 항아리에 미끄러 져. </li><li> 15 분의 항아리와 초음파 처리로 1 M 포타슘 하이드 라이드 용액 (100 ㎖)를 추가합니다. 경사 분리하여 수산화 칼륨 용액을 붓고 수회 초순수 커버 슬립을 헹군다. 15 분의 항아리와 초음파 처리로 분광 등급 에탄올 (100 ㎖)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 경사 분리하여 에탄올을 붓고 수회 초순수 커버 슬립을 헹군다. 경사 분리하여 초순수를 주입 한 후, 단계 3.1.1.2를 반복한다. </li><li> 15 분의 항아리와 초음파 처리에 초순수를 추가합니다. 여러 번 초순수 커버 슬립 린스. 플라스틱 핀셋으로 항아리에서 커버 슬립을 꺼내 건조 공기 또는 건조 질소 중 하나에 의해 그들을 건조. </li></ol></li><li> 중합체 용융물의 샘플을 14, 15의 제조 <ol><li> 유리 병에 표지되지 않은 선형 폴리 (THF) 100 ㎕를 추가하고는 헤어 드라이어를 이용하여 융점 (약 25 ℃) 이상의 온도로 가열한다. </li><li> 형광 물질이 함유 중합체 (선형, 4- 무장 스타, 환상 또는 8 자형 dicyclic 2.1 2.2 합성)의 클로로포름 (1 ㎖, 10-6 M)을 녹인다. 비 표지 된 선형 폴리 (THF)의 용융물의 100 μL 용액을 1 μL를 추가한다. </li><li> 철저하게 피펫 팁과 샘플을 혼합 한 후, 건조기를 사용하여 샘플을 가열하여 클로로포름을 증발시켰다. 주 :이 형광 혼입 폴리머 10-8 M을 함유하는 표지되지 않은 선형 폴리 (THF)의 용융물을 제공한다. </li><li> 샘플의 10 μL 마이크로 피펫 및 D를 사용하여보세요세정 커버 슬립에 그것을 ROP. 샘플의 다른 청소 커버 슬립을 넣고 두 커버 전표 사이의 샘플을 샌드위치. </li><li> 부드럽게 플라스틱 핀셋을 사용하여 샘플을 누릅니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 와이드 필드 형광 촬상 설정 15 <ol><li> 반전 현미경의 뒷면 포트에 여기 레이저 (488 nm의) 소개 <ol><li> 빔 경로에 여기 대역 필터 및 편광자를 삽입한다. </li><li> 빔 확장기에 의해 직경 약 1cm에 빔을 확장합니다. </li><li> 빔 경로에 1/4 파장 판을 삽입한다. 편광자의에 대하여 45도에서 파장 판의 광축을 설정한다. 또는, Berek 보상기를 삽입 및 / 4 λ하는 광학 지연을 설정합니다. </li><li> 빔의 크기를 조정할 여기 빔 경로에 다이어프램을 삽입한다. </li><li> 반전 광 microsco의 후면 포트에 레이저 광을 도입하기 전PE, 집광 렌즈 삽입 (평면 - 볼록 렌즈의 초점 거리를 ≈ 300mm)의 대물 렌즈 중 레이저 빔이 시준 된 위치. </li></ol></li><li> 필터 큐브에 장착 된 이색 미러를 사용하여 레이저 빔을 반사 한 후, 고 개구 수 (NA)의 대물 렌즈를 통해 샘플에 레이저 광을 도입 (예를 들면, NA 1.3, 100X 배율 오일 침지). </li><li> 대물 렌즈에 목적 히터를 부착하고 30 ° C까지 온도를 설정합니다. </li><li> 거꾸로 현미경의 무대에 샘플을 장착 <ol><li> 대물 렌즈에 침지 기름 한 방울을 떨어 뜨리고 현미경 상태에서 샘플을 탑재합니다. </li><li> 약 10 ㎛, 시료의 두께가 시료의 바닥 및 상부면의 축 방향 위치를 확인하여 수득되는 것을 보장한다. </li><li> 샘플의 하부 표면 위의 몇 마이크로 미터 현미경의 초점을 조정한다. </li></ol></l난&gt; <li> 대물 렌즈에서 원형 편광 여기 광을 얻습니다 <ol><li> 대물 렌즈의 밖으로 평행 레이저 빔에 편광판을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 편광자 후 파워 미터를 삽입하여 편광판을 투과 한 레이저의 강도를 기록한다. 편광자를 회전시킴으로써 서로 다른 편광 각도로 투과 레이저 파워를 기록한다. </li><li> 전송 레이저 파워 모든 편광 각도에서 일정하지 않으면, 약간의 여기 빔 경로에 삽입 된 1/4 파장 판 또는 Berek 보상기를 회전한다. </li><li> 상수 전송 레이저 출력 될 때까지 단계를 반복 3.2.5.2 및 3.2.5.3은 모든 편광 각도에서 얻을 수있다. 원 편광이 샘플을 얻을 수 있는지 확인합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 설치 전각 (전자 승산이) 장치 연결 - 전하 (CCD) 카메라 <ol><li> 현미경의 측면 포트 EM-CCD 카메라를 부착와 T에 연결화상 획득 소프트웨어를 그가. </li><li> 필요한 경우, 장치에 EM-CCD 카메라에 의해 생성 된 트랜지스터 - 트랜지스터 논리 (TTL) 신호를 전송하여 기계적 셔터 또는 여기 빔 경로에 삽입 음향 광 여과기 카메라 노출을 동기화. 대안 적으로, 레이저에 EM-CCD 카메라에 의해 생성 된 TTL 신호를 보내어 레이저 출력으로 상기 카메라 노출을 동기화. 주 : 출력이 입력 전력 트랜지스터 - 트랜지스터 논리에 의해 변조 될 수있는 고체 레이저 (TTL) 신호가 실험에 사용되는 경우에만 후자의 옵션이 적용될 수있다. </li><li> 단일 형광 물질의 고품질의 형광 이미지를 얻기 위해 카메라를 제어하는 ​​소프트웨어를 사용하여 CCD 카메라에 EM 이득 (일반적으로 약 300)을 적용한다. </li><li> ROI (region of interest)를 카메라를 제어하는 ​​소프트웨어를 사용하여 (시야의 중심에 통상적으로 128 X 128 픽셀)로 설정한다. 주 :이 imagi 허용용융 샘플 내의 형광 물질이 함유 된 고분자 사슬의 움직임을 시각화에 필요한 프레임 전송 모드, 200 Hz에서 - (100)의 프레임 속도 (NG) 실험. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 실험을 실행 <ol><li> 실험 조건 최적화 <ol><li> 상기 여기 광의 경로에 삽입 된 진동판을 사용하여 직경 약 20 ㎛, 시료의 조명 영역을 조정한다. </li><li> 수동 여기 빔 경로에 삽입 된 적절한 감광 (ND) 필터를 선택하여 8 mW의 - (4) 시료에 여기 레이저 파워를 설정한다. 참고 : - 2 kW 급 cm -2 샘플에서이 일의 평균 레이저 파워를 제공한다. </li><li> 200 Hz에서 - (100)의 프레임 속도로 샘플의 형광 기록 화상. 각 형광 물질이 함유 중합체로부터 얻어지는 형광 강도가 너무 낮 으면, 서서히 제를 사용하여 여기 전력을 증가샘플에서 약 100 mW에 도달 할 때까지 전자 ND 필터. </li><li> 단일 분자 형광 화상의 품질이 여전히 만족스럽지 않으면, 표지되지 않은 폴리 (THF)의 순수 용융물의 형광 화상을 기록하여 샘플에서 형광 불순물을 확인한다. 높은 형광 배경이 관찰되는 경우, 다른 비 표지 폴리 (THF)을 사용합니다. </li><li> 용융물에 형광 물질이 함유 중합체로부터 얻어지는 형광 스폿의 밀도가 공간을 (이 확산 동작의 분석에 오류를 발생) 분리가 너무 높으면 시료까지의 형광 물질이 함유 중합체의 농도를 감소 공간적으로 격리 된 반점이 관찰된다. </li><li> 용융물에 형광 물질이 함유 중합체로부터 얻어지는 형광 스폿의 밀도 (이 이미징 실험의 낮은 처리량을 초래)가 너무 낮은 경우, appropr까지 시료에 형광 물질이 함유 중합체의 농도를 증가형광 현장의 늦었 밀도에 도달한다. </li><li> 용융물의 형광 물질이 함유 중합체로부터 얻어지는 형광 이미지를 흐리게하는 경우, 화상 취득의 프레임 속도를 증가시킨다. 참고 :이 종종 일반적으로, 64 X 64 픽셀의 작은 투자 수익 (ROI)을 필요로한다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 이미지 획득 <ol><li> 실험 조건이 최적화되면 시료가 평형 상태에 도달 할 수 있도록, 한 시간 동안 현미경 무대에 장착 된 샘플을 둡니다. </li><li> 200Hz의 프레임 속도 - 100에 용융 상태의 형광 물질이 함유 된 고분자 1000 형광 이미지 시퀀스 - (500)를 기록한다. 기본 파일 형식은 TIFF 없으면, TIFF 형식으로 모든 이미지 시퀀스를 변환한다. </li></ol></li></ol> 확산 모션 4. 분석 <ol><li> 평균 제곱 변위 (MSD) 분석 <ol><li> 같은 방법으로 형광 이미지 시퀀스 자르기각 이미지 시퀀스는 ImageJ에 같은 단일 잘 집중 확산 형광 물질이 함유 된 고분자 이용한 화상 처리 소프트웨어를 포함하고있다. </li><li> 절단 된 이미지 시퀀스는 10 개 이상의 프레임들을 포함하면, 각각의 시퀀스가 ​​10 프레임으로 구성되도록 복수의 시퀀스로 이미지 시퀀스를 분할. </li><li> 정확하게 화상의 2 차원 가우시안 끼움 각 이미지 시퀀스에서의 분자의 위치를 ​​결정한다. </li><li> 수학 식 20을 이용하여 확산 계수 (D) 각각의 분자 확산 궤적 (분자, 즉, 시간에 따른 위치)의 평균 제곱 변위 (MSD) 분석에 의해 결정을 <img alt="Equation1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation1.jpg" /> × 1 및 y i는 이미지 프레임 I의 분자의 위치이고, n은 프레임 전으로부터의 Δt 시간 경과와 프레임 번호를 나타낸다. </li><li> 의 확산 계수 플롯주파수 히스토그램. 참고 : 일반적으로, 히스토그램은 100 개 이상의 분자로 구성되어있다. </li></ol></li><li> 누적 분포 함수 (CDF) 분석 주 : CDF, P (R (2)는 I Δ t) 내가 t δ 일정 시간 지연 후 원점으로부터 반경 (R) 내에 확산 분자를 찾는 누적 확률에 대응한다. <ol><li> 시간이 4.1.3에서 얻은 모든 확산 궤적에 대한 1Δt, 2Δt, ····, iΔt의 지연 동안 발생 제곱 변위를 계산합니다. 주 : 시간이 iΔt의 지연에 대한 이러한 계산은 총 내가 제곱 - 변위 m를 제공합니다. </li><li> 다른 R 2 값에서 R 2보다 작은 총 m의 전 데이터 세트 내에서 제곱 - 변위 (리터 I)의 수를 계산 (0 &lt;R2 &lt;∞). R 2 대 정규화 리터의 난<html> 플롯은 CDF, P (R 2, iΔt)에 해당합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 별개의 확산 모델 CDFS 분석 참고 : 얻어진 CDFS는 별개의 확산 모델이 장착되어 있습니다; 균일 확산 모델은 D 분포가 가우시안 (단일 가우시안 모델)에 의해 설명되는 여러 확산 모드, 다중 확산 모드가되는 D 분포 다중 가우시안 (다중 가우시안 모델)에 의해 설명된다. <ol><li> 균일 확산 모델에서는, 수학 식 21을 사용하여 CDF를 끼워 맞춤으로써, 평균 D를 결정 <img alt="Equation2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation2.jpg" /> 주 : 방정식에서 벗어나 분자의 이종 확산을 제안한다. </li><li> 단일 가우스 모델에서는 15을 사용하여 CDF 피팅하여 가우시안 (F (D))에 의해 기술 D의 확률 분포를 결정 켜기 3 &quot;SRC =&quot;/ 파일 / ftp_upload / 54503 / 54503equation3.jpg &quot;/&gt; <img alt="Equation4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation4.jpg" /> A, W 및 D는 0 가우스의 크기, 폭 및 중심 어디에. </li><li> 더블 가우시안 모델 (14)을 사용하여 CDF를 끼워 맞춤으로써 가우시안 (F (D))에 의해 기술 D 성분 J 번째의 확률 분포를 결정 <img alt="Equation5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation5.jpg" /> <img alt="Equation6" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation6.jpg" /> J는 각각의 확산 성분의 분획, α 및 J와 J w 및 D 0 J이고 가우스 성분 j 번째의 크기, 폭 및 중심이다. </li></ol></li><li> 이론적 확률 DISTRI의 계산확산 계수의 bution 참고 : 인해 다른 확산 모델에 대해 계산 된 통계 오류 (P (D) D의 D)에 발생하는 D의 확률 분포; 균일 확산 모델은 D 분포가 가우시안 (단일 가우시안 모델)에 의해 설명되는 여러 확산 모드, 다중 확산 모드가되는 D 분포 다중 가우시안 (다중 가우시안 모델)에 의해 설명된다. <ol><li> 균일 확산 모델에서는, 수학 식 22를 이용하여 D의 통계적 확률 분포를 계산 <img alt="Equation7" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation7.jpg" /> N이 확산 궤도 데이터 포인트의 수 (N = 10, 4.1.2 참조)이고, D 0 평균 확산 계수 (CDF를 분석에 의해 측정이 4.2.3.1 참조)이고, D는 실험적으로 얻어진 개별 궤도 용 확산 계수. </li><li> 에서단일 가우시안 확산 모델은 수학 식 15를 이용하여 D의 통계적 확률 분포를 계산 <img alt="Equation8" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation8.jpg" /> F (D)은 CDF 분석에 의해 결정된 D의 확률 분포 (4.2.3.2 참조)이고, D는 0 평균 확산 계수이다합니다 (CDF 분석에 의해 결정 4.2.3.2 참조). </li><li> 더블 가우시안 확산 모델에서는, 수학 식 14를 이용하여 D의 통계적 확률 분포를 계산 <img alt="Equation9" src="/files/ftp_upload/54503/54503equation9.jpg" /> F (D의 J)은 CDF 분석에 의해 결정된 D (D의 j) 성분 j 번째의 확률 분포를 나타내고 (4.2.3.3 참조), 그리고 D의 0j은 CDF 결정 요소 j 번째 (평균 확산 계수 분석) 4.2.3.3를 참조하십시오. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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Chem. 6 (22), 4109-4115 (2015).</li><li>Habuchi, S., Fujiwara, S., Yamamoto, T., Vacha, M., Tezuka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Molecule+Study+on+Polymer+Diffusion+in+a+Melt+State:+Effect+of+Chain+Topology.">Single-Molecule Study on Polymer Diffusion in a Melt State: Effect of Chain Topology.</a> Anal. Chem. 85 (15), 7369-7376 (2013).</li><li>Habuchi, S., Satoh, N., Yamamoto, T., Tezuka, Y., Vacha, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multimode+Diffusion+of+Ring+Polymer+Molecules+Revealed+by+a+Single-Molecule+Study.">Multimode Diffusion of Ring Polymer Molecules Revealed by a Single-Molecule Study.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 49 (8), 1418-1421 (2010).</li><li>Habuchi, S., Tezuka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Topological Polymer Chemistry: Progress of Cyclic Polymers in Syntheses, Properties and Functions. , 265-290 (2013).</li><li>Fernandez, P., Bayona, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+off-line+gel-remeation+chromatography+normal-phase+liquid-chromatography+fro+the+determination+of+polycyclic+aromatic-compounds+in+environmental-samples+and+standard+reference+materials+(air+particulate+matter+and+marine+sediment).">Use of off-line gel-remeation chromatography normal-phase liquid-chromatography fro the determination of polycyclic aromatic-compounds in environmental-samples and standard reference materials (air particulate matter and marine sediment).</a> J. Chromatogr. 625 (2), 141-149 (1992).</li><li>Biesenberger, J. A., Tan, M., Duvdevan, I., Maurer, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recycle+gel+permeation+chromatography.+1.+recycle+principle+and+design.">Recycle gel permeation chromatography. 1. recycle principle and design.</a> J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Lett. 9 (5), 353 (1971).</li><li>Kusumi, A., Sako, Y., Yamamoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confined+lateral+diffusion+of+membrane-receptors+as+studied+by+single-particle+tracking+(nanovid+microscopy)+-+effects+of+calcium-induced+differentiation+in+cultured+epithelial-cells.">Confined lateral diffusion of membrane-receptors as studied by single-particle tracking (nanovid microscopy) - effects of calcium-induced differentiation in cultured epithelial-cells.</a> Biophys. J. 65 (5), 2021-2040 (1993).</li><li>Schutz, G. J., Schindler, H., Schmidt, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-molecule+microscopy+on+model+membranes+reveals+anomalous+diffusion.">Single-molecule microscopy on model membranes reveals anomalous diffusion.</a> Biophys. J. 73 (2), 1073-1080 (1997).</li><li>Vrljic, M., Nishimura, S. Y., Brasselet, S., Moerner, W. E., McConnell, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+diffusion+of+individual+class+II+MHC+membrane+proteins+in+cells.">Translational diffusion of individual class II MHC membrane proteins in cells.</a> Biophys. J. 83 (5), 2681-2692 (2002).</li><li>Margineanu, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photophysics+of+a+water-soluble+rylene+dye:+Comparison+with+other+fluorescent+molecules+for+biological+applications.">Photophysics of a water-soluble rylene dye: Comparison with other fluorescent molecules for biological applications.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 108 (32), 12242-12251 (2004).</li><li>Tezuka, Y., Oike, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+and+covalent+fixation+for+topological+polymer+chemistry.">Self-assembly and covalent fixation for topological polymer chemistry.</a> Macromol. Rapid Commun. 22 (13), 1017-1029 (2001).</li><li>Deres, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Origin+of+Heterogeneity+of+Polymer+Dynamics+near+the+Glass+Temperature+As+Probed+by+Defocused+Imaging.">The Origin of Heterogeneity of Polymer Dynamics near the Glass Temperature As Probed by Defocused Imaging.</a> Macromolecules. 44 (24), 9703-9709 (2011).</li><li>Flier, B. M. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+Diffusion+in+Thin+Polymer+Films+As+Observed+by+High-Temperature+Single-Molecule+Fluorescence+Microscopy.">Heterogeneous Diffusion in Thin Polymer Films As Observed by High-Temperature Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (1), 480-488 (2012).</li><li>Habuchi, S., Oba, T., Vacha, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-beam+single-molecule+defocused+fluorescence+imaging+reveals+local+anisotropic+nature+of+polymer+thin+films.">Multi-beam single-molecule defocused fluorescence imaging reveals local anisotropic nature of polymer thin films.</a> Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 (15), 6970-6976 (2011).</li><li>Zettl, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-Diffusion+and+Cooperative+Diffusion+in+Semidilute+Polymer+Solutions+As+Measured+by+Fluorescence+Correlation+Spectroscopy.">Self-Diffusion and Cooperative Diffusion in Semidilute Polymer Solutions As Measured by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy.</a> Macromolecules. 42 (24), 9537-9547 (2009).</li><li>Kirstein, J., Platschek, B., Jung, C., Brown, R., Bein, T., Brauchle, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploration+of+nanostructured+channel+systems+with+single-molecule+probes.">Exploration of nanostructured channel systems with single-molecule probes.</a> Nat. Mater. 6 (4), 303-310 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

4 무장과 8 모양의 중합체. 합성을위한 중요한 단계 인 ESA-CF 프로토콜 (그림 1)을 통해 제조 12, 24 단관 능성과 관능 성 선형 폴리 (THF)의 N -phenylpiperidinium 말 단기와이었다 하였다 위의 절차에 따라 합성. 11 이온 교환 복실 과잉 량을 함유하는 수용액에 트리 플레이트 카운터 음이온을 가진 폴리머 전구체의 아세톤 용액으로 재침을 실시 하였다. <p class="jove_conte...

Cyclic polymers are unique in that they do not have chain ends. They often exhibit unusual behaviors which is distinct from their linear counterpart, including increased thermal stability of polymer micelles by a linear-to-cyclic conversion,1,2 and spatial organization of DNA in bacterial cells by a loop formation.3 Topological interactions between the cyclic chains are believed to be the critical factor for such unusual behaviors.4,5 Therefore, characterizing the motion and relaxation of cyclic polymers under entangled conditions has been an important research topic in polymer science for decades.6
Cyclic polymer dynamics has been investigated using both synthetic and naturally occurring molecules by means of ensemble averaged experimental methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), light scattering, and viscosity measurements.7-9 However, these studies often suffer from impurity molecules in the samples.10 Furthermore, spatiotemporal heterogeneities of the motion of individual molecules caused by inherent structural heterogeneity of entangled polymers are often hidden behind the ensemble averaging in these studies. In order to characterize molecular level dynamics of cyclic polymers, a synthesis method that provides high purity cyclic polymers and an experimental and analysis methods that allow for quantitative characterization of molecular motion at the single molecule level have to be developed. Here, we will show a method to synthesize high-purity cyclic and dicyclic poly(THF)s that incorporate a fluorophore unit using an electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process11-13 and a method to analyze the motion of the individual fluorophore-incorporated polymer chains using a combination of mean-squared displacement (MSD) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) analyses.
A proper data processing has been shown to be essential for the accurate characterization of the diffusive motion. With an adequate MSD and CDF analyses, a multiple-mode diffusion of the cyclic and dicyclic polymers in the melt and semi-dilute solution of the linear polymer chains has been revealed,14-16 suggesting the significant effects of the topological states of the polymers on the diffusive motion of the chains under entangled conditions.17 While the experimental and analytical approaches to characterize the motion of the cyclic polymers are described in this protocol, the same method can be used to quantitatively characterize the diffusive motion in many other heterogeneous systems. The approach would be especially suitable when multiple diffusion components existing in the samples are to be analyzed.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Materials</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">THF</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Godo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Wakosil C-300</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Godo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Toluene</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Godo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">n-Hexane</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Godo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">CHCl3</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Kanto Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Bio-Beads S-X1</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Methyl triflate</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Triflic anhydride</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Nacalai Tesque</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Potassium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Poly(tetrahydrofuran)</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Immersion oil</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Cargille</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Type 37 / Type A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;"></td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;"></td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">2-Neck 100-mL round-bottom flask</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Flask</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Beaker</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Funnel</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Reflux condenser</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Water bath</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td style="width:240px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Microscope cover slips (24 x 24 mm, No. 1)</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Matsunami Glass</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CO22241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Staining jar</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">AS ONE Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1-7934-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">VWR International&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">142-0047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IX71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Ar-Kr ion laser</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Coherent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Innova 70C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Berek compensator</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Newport</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">5540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Excitation filter</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LL01-488-12.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Dichloric mirror</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Omega optical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500DRLP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Emission filter</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BLP01-488R-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Lens and mirror</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">EM-CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Andor Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">iXon</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Objective lens (x100, N.A. = 1.3)</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UPLFLN 100XOP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Objective heater</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Bioptechs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:320px;">Preparative GPC</td>
			<td style="width:240px;">Japan Analytical Industry</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LC-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of cyclic polymers and characterization of their diffusive motion in the melt state at the single molecule level

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single molecule level. An electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process is used for the synthesis of the cyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran) (poly(THF)). The diffusive motion of individual cyclic polymer chains in a melt state is visualized using single molecule fluorescence imaging by incorporating a fluorophore unit in the cyclic chains. The diffusive motion of the chains is quantitatively characterized by means of a combination of mean-squared displacement (MSD) analysis and a cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The cyclic polymer exhibits multiple-mode diffusion which is distinct from its linear counterpart. The results demonstrate that the diffusional heterogeneity of polymers that is often hidden behind ensemble averaging can be revealed by the efficient synthesis of the cyclic polymers using the ESA-CF process and the quantitative analysis of the diffusive motion at the single molecule level using the MSD and CDF analyses.

페 릴렌 4 무장 스타를 디이는-통합 8 모양의 dicyclic 폴리 (THF) s는 정전 자기 조립 및 공유 고정 (ESA-CF) 프로세스 (그림 1, 그림 2)를 사용하여 합성 하였다. 시간 경과 단일 분자 형광 이미지는 4 무장 (그림 3a)를 측정하고 (그림 3b) 중합체를 8 자형 하였다. 시간 경과 형광 이미지 (그림 3)은 공간적으로 인해 체인?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

합성 및 단일 분자 수준에서 순환 고분자의 확산 움직임의 특성에 대한 프로토콜이 제공됩니다.

단일 분자 수준에서 순환 고분자의 합성 및 용융 상태에서 그들의 확산 운동의 특성

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single ...

synthesis-cyclic-polymers-characterization-their-diffusive-motion

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

7.8K 조회수.  King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).  합성 및 단일 분자 수준에서 순환 고분자의 확산 움직임의 특성에 대한 프로토콜이 제공됩니다. 

비디오: Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Lipid A from Gram-negative Bacteria

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS can be subdivided into three domains: the distal O-polysaccharide, a core oligosaccharide, and the lipid A domain consisting of a lipid A molecular species and 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid residues (Kdo). The lipid A domain is the only component essential for bacterial cell survival. Following its synthesis, lipid A is chemically modified in response to environmental stresses such as pH or temperature, to promote resistance to antibiotic compounds, and to evade recognition by mediators of the host innate immune response. The following protocol details the small- and large-scale isolation of lipid A from gram-negative bacteria. Isolated material is then chemically characterized by thin layer chromatography (TLC) or mass-spectrometry (MS). In addition to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, we also describe tandem MS protocols for analyzing lipid A molecular species using electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to collision induced dissociation (CID) and newly employed ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) methods. Our MS protocols allow for unequivocal determination of chemical structure, paramount to characterization of lipid A molecules that contain unique or novel chemical modifications. We also describe the radioisotopic labeling, and subsequent isolation, of lipid A from bacterial cells for analysis by TLC. Relative to MS-based protocols, TLC provides a more economical and rapid characterization method, but cannot be used to unambiguously assign lipid A chemical structures without the use of standards of known chemical structure. Over the last two decades isolation and characterization of lipid A has led to numerous exciting discoveries that have improved our understanding of the physiology of gram-negative bacteria, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, the human innate immune response, and have provided many new targets in the development of antibacterial compounds.

Isolation and characterization of the lipid A domain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria provides insight into cell surface based mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, bacterial survival and fitness, and how chemically diverse lipid A molecular species differentially modulate host innate immune responses.

그람 음성 박테리아에서 분리 및 지질의 화학 특성

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major cell surface molecule of gram-negative bacteria, deposited on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane bilayer. LPS ...

연구

화학

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

분할 및 풀 합성 펩타이드 급 아미드 도서관의 특성

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is 1H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.

This protocol describes the use of amide coupling reactions of isonicotinic acid and diaminoalkanes to form bridging ligands suitable for use in the synthesis of multinuclear platinum complexes, which combine aspects of the anticancer drugs BBR3464 and picoplatin.

이핵 항암제로 플래티넘 비스 피리딘 계 리간드와 이들 착물의 합성 아미드 커플 링 반응

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. ...

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the hydroxylmethylene phosphine precursor with ammonia in methanol under a nitrogen atmosphere. The N-triphosPh ligand precipitates from the solution after approximately 1 hr of reflux and can be isolated analytically pure via simple cannula filtration procedure under nitrogen. Reaction of the N-triphosPh ligand with [Ru3(CO)12] under reflux affords a deep red solution that show evolution of CO gas on ligand complexation. Orange crystals of the complex [Ru(CO)2{N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (2) were isolated on cooling to RT. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum showed a characteristic single peak at lower frequency compared to the free ligand. Reaction of a toluene solution of complex 2 with oxygen resulted in the instantaneous precipitation of the carbonate complex [Ru(CO3)(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (3) as an air stable orange solid. Subsequent hydrogenation of 3 under 15 bar of hydrogen in a high-pressure reactor gave the dihydride complex [RuH2(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (4), which was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Complexes 3 and 4 are potentially useful catalyst precursors for a range of hydrogenation reactions, including biomass-derived products such as levulinic acid (LA). Complex 4 was found to cleanly react with LA in the presence of the proton source additive NH4PF6 to give [Ru(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P{CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H}-&#954;2O](PF6) (6).

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Ruthenium phosphine complexes are widely used for homogeneous catalytic reactions such as hydrogenations. The synthesis of a series of novel tridentate ruthenium complexes bearing the N-triphos ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 is reported. Additionally, the stoichiometric reaction of a dihydride Ru&#8211;N-triphos complex with levulinic acid is described.

루테늄의 시리즈의 합성, 특성 및 반응성<em&gt; N</em&gt; -triphos<sup&gt; 박사</sup&gt; 단지

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

합성, 특성 및 하이브리드 금 / CD 및 금 /은 ZnS 코어 / 쉘 나노 입자의 작용 화

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated aromatic compounds remains a formidable challenge in organic synthesis. Conventional approaches often suffer from poor substrate scope, or require use of highly toxic, difficult-to-handle, and/or thermally labile reagents. Herein, we report a user-friendly protocol for the synthesis of methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate using 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (Togni reagent II). Treating methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a) with Togni reagent II in the presence of a catalytic amount of cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) in chloroform at RT afforded methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (2a). This intermediate was then converted to the final product methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (3a) in nitromethane at 120 &#176;C. This procedure is general and can be applied to the synthesis of a broad spectrum of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives, which could serve as useful synthetic building blocks for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

An operationally simple procedure for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives via a two-step sequence of O-trifluoromethylation of N-aryl-N-hydroxyacetamide followed by thermally induced intramolecular OCF3-migration is reported.

의 합성을위한 프로토콜<em&gt; 직교</em&gt; -trifluoromethoxylated 아닐린 파생 상품

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical properties for applications in photonics, drug delivery and coating technology. Here we present a new family of colloidal building blocks, coined supramolecular colloids, whose self-assembly is controlled through surface-functionalization with a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) derived supramolecular moiety. Such BTAs interact via directional, strong, yet reversible hydrogen-bonds with other identical BTAs. Herein, a protocol is presented that describes how to couple these BTAs to colloids and how to quantify the number of coupling sites, which determines the multivalency of the supramolecular colloids. Light scattering measurements show that the refractive index of the colloids is almost matched with that of the solvent, which strongly reduces the van der Waals forces between the colloids. Before photo-activation, the colloids remain well dispersed, as the BTAs are equipped with a photo-labile group that blocks the formation of hydrogen-bonds. Controlled deprotection with UV-light activates the short-range hydrogen-bonds between the BTAs, which triggers the colloidal self-assembly. The evolution from the dispersed state to the clustered state is monitored by confocal microscopy. These results are further quantified by image analysis with simple routines using ImageJ and Matlab. This merger of supramolecular chemistry and colloidal science offers a direct route towards light- and thermo-responsive colloidal assembly encoded in the surface-grafted monolayer.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of colloids coated with supramolecular moieties is described. These supramolecular colloids undergo self-assembly upon the activation of the hydrogen-bonds between the surface-anchored molecules by UV-light.

Control over colloidal assembly is of utmost importance for the development of functional colloidal materials with tailored structural and mechanical ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Insights into the Interactions of Amino Acids and Peptides with Inorganic Materials Using Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals leads to the formation of composite materials with unique properties. In addition, the undesirable process of biofouling is initiated by the adsorption of biomolecules, mainly proteins, on surfaces. This organic layer is an adhesion layer for bacteria and allows them to interact with the surface. Understanding the fundamental forces that govern the interactions at the organic-inorganic interface is therefore important for many areas of research and could lead to the design of new materials for optical, mechanical and biomedical applications. This paper demonstrates a single-molecule force spectroscopy technique that utilizes an AFM to measure the adhesion force between either peptides or amino acids and well-defined inorganic surfaces. This technique involves a protocol for attaching the biomolecule to the AFM tip through a covalent flexible linker and single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements by atomic force microscope. In addition, an analysis of these measurements is included.

Here we present a protocol to measure the force of interactions between a well-defined inorganic surface and either peptides or amino acids by single-molecule force spectroscopy measurements using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The information obtained from the measurement is important to better understand the peptide-inorganic material interphase.

단일 분자 힘 분광학을 사용하여 무기 재료와 아미노산 및 펩타이드의 상호 작용에 대한 통찰력

The interactions between proteins or peptides and inorganic materials lead to several interesting processes. For example, combining proteins with minerals ...

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a technique used in the analysis of organic compounds. When this technique is combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopies, we obtain useful information such as electron affinity, ionization potential, band-gap energies, the type of charge carriers, and degradation information that can be used to synthesize stable organic electronic devices. In this study, we present electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods to analyze the processes occurring in active layers of an organic device as well as the generated charge carriers.

In this article, we describe electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance, and ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared spectroelectrochemical methods to analyze organic compounds for application in organic electronics.

사용 하 여 순환 Voltammetry, UV-Vi-NIR, EPR Spectroelectrochemistry 유기 화합물 분석

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a technique used in the analysis of organic compounds. When this technique is combined with electron paramagnetic resonance ...

단일 분자 수준에서 순환 고분자의 합성 및 용융 상태에서 그들의 확산 운동의 특성

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

그람 음성 박테리아에서 분리 및 지질의 화학 특성

분할 및 풀 합성 펩타이드 급 아미드 도서관의 특성

이핵 항암제로 플래티넘 비스 피리딘 계 리간드와 이들 착물의 합성 아미드 커플 링 반응

루테늄의 시리즈의 합성, 특성 및 반응성

합성, 특성 및 하이브리드 금 / CD 및 금 /은 ZnS 코어 / 쉘 나노 입자의 작용 화

의 합성을위한 프로토콜

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

단일 분자 힘 분광학을 사용하여 무기 재료와 아미노산 및 펩타이드의 상호 작용에 대한 통찰력

사용 하 여 순환 Voltammetry, UV-Vi-NIR, EPR Spectroelectrochemistry 유기 화합물 분석