Name: an optimized protocol for the efficient radiolabeling of gold nanoparticles by using a 125i-labeled azide prosthetic group
Uploaded: 2016-10-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the government of the Republic of Korea, (Grant nos. 2012M2B2B1055245 and 2012M2A2A6011335) and by the RI-Biomics Center of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute.

Caution: The oxidized form of radioactive iodine is quite volatile and must be handled with adequate lead shields and lead vials. All radiochemical steps should be carried out in a well-ventilated charcoal-filtered hood, and the experimental procedures need to be monitored by radioactivity detection devices.
1. Preparation of Chemicals and the Reverse Phase Cartridge for the Synthesis of the 125I-labeled Azide
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of reagents in solution
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 1 mg of ...

<ol>
	<li>Jewett, J. C., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cu-free+Click+Cycloaddition+Reactions+in+Chemical+Biology.">Cu-free Click Cycloaddition Reactions in Chemical Biology.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 1272-1279 (2010).</li><li>Debets, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioconjugation+with+Strained+Alkenes+and+Alkyne.">Bioconjugation with Strained Alkenes and Alkyne.</a> Acc. Chem. Res. 44, 805-815 (2011).</li><li>Sletten, E. M., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+Mechanism+to+Mouse:+A+Tale+of+Two+Bioorthogonal+Reactions.">From Mechanism to Mouse: A Tale of Two Bioorthogonal Reactions.</a> Acc. Chem. Res. 44, 666-676 (2011).</li><li>Koo, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioorthogonal+Cu-Free+Click+Chemistry+in+vivo+for+Tumor-Targeted+Delivery+of+Nanoparticles.">Bioorthogonal Cu-Free Click Chemistry in vivo for Tumor-Targeted Delivery of Nanoparticles.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 11836-11840 (2012).</li><li>Chang, P. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copper-Free+Click+Chemistry+in+Living+Animals.">Copper-Free Click Chemistry in Living Animals.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 1821-1826 (2010).</li><li>Bostic, H. E., Smith, M. D., Poloukhtine, A. A., Popik, V. V., Best, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+Labeling+and+Immobilization+via+copper-free+Click+Chemistry.">Membrane Labeling and Immobilization via copper-free Click Chemistry.</a> Chem. Commun. 48, 1431-1433 (2012).</li><li>Someya, T., Ando, A., Kimoto, M., Hirao, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-Specific+Labeling+of+RNA+by+Combining+Genetic+Alphabet+Expansion+Transcription+and+Copper-Free+Click+Chemistry.">Site-Specific Labeling of RNA by Combining Genetic Alphabet Expansion Transcription and Copper-Free Click Chemistry.</a> Nucl. Acids Res. 43, 6665-6676 (2015).</li><li>Lee, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoporous+Silica+Nanoparticle+Pretargeting+for+PET+Imaging+Based+on+a+Rapid+Bioorthogonal+Reaction+in+a+Living+Body.">Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Pretargeting for PET Imaging Based on a Rapid Bioorthogonal Reaction in a Living Body.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52, 10549-10552 (2013).</li><li>Sachin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=F-18+Labeling+Protocol+of+Peptides+Based+on+Chemically+Orthogonal+Strain-Promoted+Cycloaddition+under+Physiologically+Friendly+Reaction+Conditions.">F-18 Labeling Protocol of Peptides Based on Chemically Orthogonal Strain-Promoted Cycloaddition under Physiologically Friendly Reaction Conditions.</a> Bioconjugate Chem. 23, 1680-1686 (2012).</li><li>Evans, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copper-Free+Click+-+A+Promising+Tool+for+Pre-targeted+PET+Imaging.">Copper-Free Click - A Promising Tool for Pre-targeted PET Imaging.</a> Chem. Commun. 48, 991-993 (2012).</li><li>Campbell-Verduyn, L. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-Promoted+Copper-Free+&amp;#34;Click&amp;#34;+Chemistry+for+18F+Radiolabeling+of+Bombesin.">Strain-Promoted Copper-Free &amp;#34;Click&amp;#34; Chemistry for 18F Radiolabeling of Bombesin.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 11117-11120 (2011).</li><li>Arumugam, S., Chin, J., Schirrmacher, R., Popik, V. V., Kostikov, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=18F]Azadibenzocyclooctyne+([18F]ADIBO):+A+Biocompatible+Radioactive+Labeling+Synthon+for+Peptides+using+Catalyst+Free+[3+2]+Cycloaddition.">18F]Azadibenzocyclooctyne ([18F]ADIBO): A Biocompatible Radioactive Labeling Synthon for Peptides using Catalyst Free [3+2] Cycloaddition.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21, 6987-6991 (2011).</li><li>Bouvet, V., Wuest, M., Wuest, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copper-Free+Click+Chemistry+with+the+Short-Lived+Positron+Emitter+Fluorine-18.">Copper-Free Click Chemistry with the Short-Lived Positron Emitter Fluorine-18.</a> Org. Biomol. Chem. 9, 7393-7399 (2011).</li><li>Satpati, D., Bauer, N., Hausner, S. H., Sutcliffe, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+[64Cu]DOTA-ADIBON3-Ala-PEG28-A20FMDV2+via+Copper-Free+Click+Chemistry+for+PET+Imaging+of+Integrin+&#945;v&#946;6.">Synthesis of [64Cu]DOTA-ADIBON3-Ala-PEG28-A20FMDV2 via Copper-Free Click Chemistry for PET Imaging of Integrin &#945;v&#946;6.</a> J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 302, 765-771 (2014).</li><li>Lee, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facile+Method+To+Radiolabel+Glycol+Chitosan+Nanoparticles+with+64Cu+via+Copper-Free+Click+Chemistry+for+MicroPET+Imaging.">Facile Method To Radiolabel Glycol Chitosan Nanoparticles with 64Cu via Copper-Free Click Chemistry for MicroPET Imaging.</a> Mol. Pharmaceutics. 10, 2190-2198 (2013).</li><li>Zeng, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=64Cu+Core-Labeled+Nanoparticles+with+High+Specific+Activity+via+Metal-Free+Click+Chemistry.">64Cu Core-Labeled Nanoparticles with High Specific Activity via Metal-Free Click Chemistry.</a> ACS Nano. 6, 5209-5219 (2012).</li><li>Jeon, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiosynthesis+and+in+vivo+Evaluation+of+[125I]2-4(iodophenethyl)-2-Methylmalonic+Acid+as+a+Potential+Radiotracer+for+Detection+of+Apoptosis.">Radiosynthesis and in vivo Evaluation of [125I]2-4(iodophenethyl)-2-Methylmalonic Acid as a Potential Radiotracer for Detection of Apoptosis.</a> J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 308, 23-29 (2016).</li><li>Adam, M. J., Wilbur, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiohalogens+for+Imaging+and+Therapy.">Radiohalogens for Imaging and Therapy.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 34, 153-163 (2005).</li><li>Jeon, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiosynthesis+of+123I-Labeld+Hesperetin+for+Biodistribution+Study+of+Orally+Administered+Hesperetin.">Radiosynthesis of 123I-Labeld Hesperetin for Biodistribution Study of Orally Administered Hesperetin.</a> J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 306, 437-443 (2015).</li><li>Kil, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+[123I]IPEB+and+[123I]IMPEB+as+SPECT+Radioligands+for+Metabotropic+Glutamate+Receptor+Subtype.">Development of [123I]IPEB and [123I]IMPEB as SPECT Radioligands for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype.</a> ACS Med. Chem. Lett. 5, 652-656 (2014).</li><li>Chen, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Utility+of+I-123+Pretherapy+Scan+in+I-131+Radioiodine+Therapy+for+Thyroid+Cancer.">The Utility of I-123 Pretherapy Scan in I-131 Radioiodine Therapy for Thyroid Cancer.</a> Thyroid. 22, 304-309 (2012).</li><li>Jeon, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Method+for+Iodine+Radioisotope+Labeling+of+Cyclooctyne-Containing+Molecules+using+Strain-Promoted+Copper-Free+Click+Reaction.">Efficient Method for Iodine Radioisotope Labeling of Cyclooctyne-Containing Molecules using Strain-Promoted Copper-Free Click Reaction.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. 23, 3303-3308 (2015).</li><li>Choi, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+Evaluation+of+an+125I-Labeled+Azide+Prosthetic+Group+for+Efficient+and+Bioorthogonal+Radiolabeling+of+Cyclooctyne-Group+Containing+Molecules+using+Copper-Free+Click+Reaction.">Synthesis and Evaluation of an 125I-Labeled Azide Prosthetic Group for Efficient and Bioorthogonal Radiolabeling of Cyclooctyne-Group Containing Molecules using Copper-Free Click Reaction.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 26, 875-878 (2016).</li><li>Kim, Y. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+Targeting+and+Imaging+Using+Cyclic+RGD-PEGylated+Gold+Nanoparticle+Probes+with+Directly+Conjugated+Iodine-125.">Tumor Targeting and Imaging Using Cyclic RGD-PEGylated Gold Nanoparticle Probes with Directly Conjugated Iodine-125.</a> Small. 7, 2052-2060 (2011).</li></ol>

In general, the observed radiochemical yield of the purified 125I-labeled azide (1) was 75 &#177; 10% (n = 8). The radiolabeling was accomplished with 50-150 MBq of radioactivity, and the radiochemical results are quite consistent. If [125I]NaI (t1/2 = 59.4 d) that underwent radioactive decay for more than a month was used in the radioiodination reaction, the radiochemical yield of 1 was observed to be slightly decreased (53-65%). Therefore, it i...

The strain-promoted copper-free click reaction between azides and cyclooctynes has been extensively applied to the efficient bioorthogonal labeling of a wide range of biomolecules, nanomaterials, and living subjects1-7. Due to the excellent site-specificity and rapid reaction rate of this conjugation reaction, it has also been used to synthesize radiolabeled tracers. A few 18F-labeled azide or DBCO prosthetic groups have been prepared for in vitro labeling of various cancers targeting peptides and antibodies, as well as for in vivo pre-targeted imaging of tumors8-13. In addition to these examples, the same conjugation reaction was applied to the metal-radioisotope-labeling of nanomaterials for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies14-16.
For several decades, radioactive iodines have been used for biomedical research and clinical trials through PET imaging (124I), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging (123I, 125I), and thyroid cancer treatment (131I)17-21. Therefore, an efficient method for radioactive iodine labeling is fundamentally important for various investigations, including molecular imaging studies, analysis of organ distribution of biomolecules, biomarker identification, and drug development. A copper-free click reaction strategy could be used in radioactive iodine labeling. However, this application has not been investigated as extensively as 18F-labeled biomolecules22-23. Here, we will provide a step-by-step protocol for the synthesis of an 125I-labeled azide for radiolabeling of DBCO-group-derived molecules. The procedures in the present report will include radioiodination of the stannylated precursor, purification steps with HPLC, and solid phase extraction. We also demonstrate efficient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-modified 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles using the 125I-labeled azide. The detailed protocol in this report will help synthetic chemists understand a new radiolabeling methodology for the synthesis of radiolabeled products.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="683">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Chloramine T trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">402869</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:255px;">[125I]NaI in aq. NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Perkin-Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NEZ033A010MC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Sodium metabisulfite&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">S9000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Formic acid</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">251364</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Sep-Pak tC18 plus cartridge</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Waters</td>
			<td>WAT036800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">650501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">459844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gold(III) chloride trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">520918</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tween 20&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">DBCO PEG SH (MW 5000)</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NANOCS</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PG2-DBTH-5k</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:255px;">TLC silica gel 60 F254</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Merck</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Analytical HPLC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1290 Infinity</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Preparative HPLC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">1260 Infinity</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Analytical C18 reverse-phase column</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Preparative C18 reverse-phase column</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PrepHT XDB-C18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Radio TLC scanner</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Bioscan</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AR-2000</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Radioisotope dose calibrator</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Capintec, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CRC -25R dose calibrator</td>
			<td>Model number</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an optimized protocol for the efficient radiolabeling of gold nanoparticles by using a 125i-labeled azide prosthetic group

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-functionalized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction. Radioiodination of the stannylated precursor (2) was carried out by using [125I]NaI and chloramine T as an oxidant at room temperature for 15 min. After HPLC purification of the crude product, the purified 125I-labeled azide (1) was obtained with high radiochemical yield (75 &plusmn; 10%, n = 8) and excellent radiochemical purity (&gt;99%). For the synthesis of radiolabeled 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles, the DBCO-functionalized gold nanoparticles (3) were prepared by using a thiolated polyethylene glycol polymer. A copper-free click reaction between 1 and 3 gave the 125I-labeled gold nanoparticles (4) with more than 95% of radiochemical yield as determined by radio-thin-layer chromatography (radio-TLC). These results clearly indicate that the present radiolabeling method using a strain-promoted copper-free click reaction will be useful for the efficient and convenient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-containing nanomaterials.

The radioiodination reaction of the stannylated precursor (2) was carried out using 150 MBq of [125I]NaI, acetic acid, and chloramine T at room temperature for 15 min to provide the radiolabeled product (1). After preparative HPLC purification of the crude mixture, the desired product was obtained with 75 &#177; 10% (n = 8) of radiochemical yield. Analytical HPLC revealed that the radiochemical purity of the 125I-labeled product was ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group at JoVE.com

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

A detailed procedure for the synthesis of a 125I-labeled azide and the radiolabeling of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-group-conjugated, 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction is described.

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing ...

A Simple Method for the Size Controlled Synthesis of Stable Oligomeric Clusters of Gold Nanoparticles under Ambient Conditions

Reducing dilute aqueous HAuCl4 with sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN) under alkaline conditions produces 2 to 3 nm diameter nanoparticles. Stable grape-like ...

Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units

Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by CopperI-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units

The main purpose of this video is to show 6 reaction steps of a convergent synthesis and prepare a complex molecule containing up to three nonplanar ...

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

Organolithium reagents are powerful tools in the synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox. However, the extreme pyrophoric nature of the most reactive reagents ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Luminophore Formation in Various Conformations of Bovine Serum Albumin by Binding of Gold(III)

Luminophore Formation in Various Conformations of Bovine Serum Albumin by Binding of GoldIII

The purpose of the presented protocols is to study the process of Au(III) binding to BSA, yielding conformation change-induced red fluorescence (&#955;em ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...