Name: palladium n-heterocyclic carbene complexes: synthesis from benzimidazolium salts and catalytic activity in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions
Uploaded: 2017-07-30T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 19 min 58 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions at JoVE.com

우리는 약학부 (The University of Sydney), Erciyes University Research Fund 및 TUBITAK (1059B141400496)의 재정 지원을 인정합니다. 우리는 Tim Harland (The University of Sydney)에 비디오 편집에 대해 감사드립니다.

<ol>
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D., Plenio, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+hexahydro-s-indacene+based+NHC+ligand+for+olefin+metathesis+catalysts.">A hexahydro-s-indacene based NHC ligand for olefin metathesis catalysts.</a> J. Organomet. Chem. 710, 68-74 (2012).</li><li>Yigit, M., Yigit, B., Gok, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+novel+palladium(II)+N-heterocyclic+carbene+complexes+and+their+catalytic+activities+in+the+direct+C5+arylation+reactions.">Synthesis of novel palladium(II) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and their catalytic activities in the direct C5 arylation reactions.</a> Inorg. Chim. Acta. 453, 23-28 (2016).</li><li>Yasar, S., Sahin, C., Arslan, M., Ozdemir, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+characterization+and+the+Suzuki-Miyaura+coupling+reactions+of+N-heterocyclic+carbene-Pd(II)-pyridine+(PEPPSI)+complexes.">Synthesis, characterization and the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of N-heterocyclic carbene-Pd(II)-pyridine (PEPPSI) complexes.</a> J. Organomet. Chem. 776, 107-112 (2015).</li><li>Ozdemir, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Heterocyclic+carbenes:+Useful+ligands+for+the+palladium-catalysed+direct+C5+arylation+of+heteroaromatics+with+aryl+bromides+or+electron-deficient+aryl+chlorides.">N-Heterocyclic carbenes: Useful ligands for the palladium-catalysed direct C5 arylation of heteroaromatics with aryl bromides or electron-deficient aryl chlorides.</a> Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 12 (12), 1798-1805 (2010).</li><li>Clavier, H., Nolan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-heterocyclic+carbene+and+phosphine+ruthenium+indenylidene+precatalysts:+A+comparative+study+in+Olefin+metathesis.">N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine ruthenium indenylidene precatalysts: A comparative study in Olefin metathesis.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 13 (28), 8029-8036 (2007).</li><li>Johnson, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalyzed+reactions+of+acyl+anion+equivalents.">Catalyzed reactions of acyl anion equivalents.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (11), 1326-1328 (2004).</li><li>Marion, N., Diez-Gonzalez, S., Nolan, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-heterocyclic+carbenes+as+organocatalysts.">N-heterocyclic carbenes as organocatalysts.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46 (17), 2988-3000 (2007).</li><li>Perry, M. C., Burgess, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chiral+N-heterocyclic+carbene-transition+metal+complexes+in+asymmetric+catalysis.">Chiral N-heterocyclic carbene-transition metal complexes in asymmetric catalysis.</a> Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 14 (8), 951-961 (2003).</li><li>Zeitler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extending+mechanistic+routes+in+heterazolium+catalysis-promising+concepts+for+versatile+synthetic+methods.">Extending mechanistic routes in heterazolium catalysis-promising concepts for versatile synthetic methods.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (46), 7506-7510 (2005).</li><li>Schwarz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Heterocyclic+carbenes,+part+25+-+Polymer-supported+carbene+complexes+of+palladium:+Well-defined,+air-stable,+recyclable+catalysts+for+the+Heck+reaction.">N-Heterocyclic carbenes, part 25 - Polymer-supported carbene complexes of palladium: Well-defined, air-stable, recyclable catalysts for the Heck reaction.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 6 (10), 1773-1780 (2000).</li><li>Akkoc, S., Gok, Y., Ilhan, I. O., Kayser, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Methylphthalimide-substituted+benzimidazolium+salts+and+PEPPSI+Pd-NHC+complexes:+synthesis,+characterization+and+catalytic+activity+in+carbon-carbon+bond-forming+reactions.">N-Methylphthalimide-substituted benzimidazolium salts and PEPPSI Pd-NHC complexes: synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.</a> Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 12, 81-88 (2016).</li><li>Karaca, E. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Palladium+complexes+with+tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene+ligands:+Catalytic+activity+for+the+direct+arylation+of+furan,+thiophene,+and+thiazole+derivatives.">Palladium complexes with tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene ligands: Catalytic activity for the direct arylation of furan, thiophene, and thiazole derivatives.</a> Organometallics. 34 (11), 2487-2493 (2015).</li><li>Ozdemir, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-Heterocyclic+carbene-palladium+catalysts+for+the+direct+arylation+of+pyrrole+derivatives+with+aryl+chlorides.">N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladium catalysts for the direct arylation of pyrrole derivatives with aryl chlorides.</a> Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 9, 303-312 (2013).</li><li>Senocak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis,+crystal+structures,+magnetic+properties+and+Suzuki+and+Heck+coupling+catalytic+activities+of+new+coordination+polymers+containing+tetracyanopalladate(II)+anions.">Synthesis, crystal structures, magnetic properties and Suzuki and Heck coupling catalytic activities of new coordination polymers containing tetracyanopalladate(II) anions.</a> Polyhedron. 49 (1), 50-60 (2013).</li><li>Akkoc, S., Gok, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dichlorido(3-chloropyridine-N)+1,3-dialkylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene+palladium(II)+complexes:+Synthesis,+characterization+and+catalytic+activity+in+the+arylation+reaction.">Dichlorido(3-chloropyridine-N) 1,3-dialkylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene palladium(II) complexes: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in the arylation reaction.</a> Inorg. Chim. Acta. 429, 34-38 (2015).</li><li>Akkoc, S., Gok, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+activities+in+direct+arylation+of+novel+palladium+N-heterocyclic+carbene+complexes.">Catalytic activities in direct arylation of novel palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.</a> Appl. Organomet. Chem. 28 (12), 854-860 (2014).</li><li>Akkoc, S., Gok, Y., Ilhan, I. O., Kayser, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+Generation+of+Efficient+Palladium+N-heterocyclic+Carbene+Catalysts+Using+Benzimidazolium+Salts+for+the+Suzuki-Miyaura+Cross-coupling+Reaction.">In situ Generation of Efficient Palladium N-heterocyclic Carbene Catalysts Using Benzimidazolium Salts for the Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-coupling Reaction.</a> Curr. Org. Synth. 13 (5), 761-766 (2016).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

4 개의 벤즈 이미 다 졸리움 염 및이어서 팔라듐 NHC 착물의 합성 및 정제 프로토콜은 젊은 과학자 또는 새로운 필드 과학자들이 그들을 숙달하는 것을 돕기 위해 고의로 상세하게 제시되었다. 이 같은 목표를 염두에두고, 아릴 화 및 스즈키 - 미야 우라 반응에서 4 가지 착물의 촉매 활성을 시험하기위한 프로토콜이 또한 상세히 제시되었다. 또한, 우리는 다른 많은 / 새로운 팔라듐 NHC 복합체의 촉?...

N- 헤테로 사이 클릭 카벤 (NHCs)은 복분해, 푸란 생성, 중합, 하이드로 실릴 화, 수소화, 아릴 화, 스즈키 - 미야 우라 교차 - 커플 링 및 미조 로키 - 헤크 크로스 커플 링과 같은 다양한 중요한 반응을 촉매하는 능력에 대해 많은 관심을 끌어왔다 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 . NHC는 금속과 결합 될 수있다. 이러한 금속 -NHC 착물은 부차적 인 리간드 및 유기 촉매 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 로서 전이 금속 촉매 반응에 광범위하게 사용되어왔다 . </15 , 16 . 일반적으로, 그것들은 금속 - 탄소 배위 결합 (17)의 높은 해리 에너지의 결과로서 공기, 수분 및 열에 대한 특별하게 안정하다. 여기서, 네 benzimidazolium 염 (화합물 1-4)의 이전에 나타낸 합성 및 정제를위한 프로토콜들은 팔라듐 NHC 복합체 (화합물 5-8 각각은) 18 상세이다. 소금과 복합체는 이전에 다양한 기술을 사용하여 특성화되었습니다 18 . 유사한 화합물이 아릴 화 및 Suzuki-Miyaura 교차 커플 링 반응 9 , 10 , 11의 촉매 작용에 사용되기 때문에 아릴 화 및 Suzuki-Miyaura 반응에서 복합체의 촉매 활성을 시험하기위한 프로토콜은 다음과 같다.lso 상세. 중요한 것은, 복합체의 촉매 활성을 합성, 정제 및 시험하기위한 프로토콜이 새로운 팔라듐 NHC 복합체에 쉽게 적응할 수 있도록 충분히 일반적으로 제시된다는 것이다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2,5-dimethoxyphenylboronic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;-butylfuran</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt;-butylthiophene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-chloropyridine</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-bromoacetophenone</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-bromoanisole</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-chlorotoluene</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-methoxy-1-chlorobenzene</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-tert-butylphenylboronic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benzimidazole</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bromobenzene</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Celite</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dichloromethane</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diethyl ether</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl acetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hexane</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium sulfate</td><td>Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N,N&lt;/em&gt;-dimethylacetamide</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;,&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-dimethylformamide</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Palladium chloride</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phenylboronic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium acetate</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium carbonate</td><td>Scharlau (Barcelona, Spain)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium hydroxide</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silica gel</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium tert-butoxide</td><td>Merck (Darmstadt, Germany)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thianaphthene-2-boronic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich (Interlab A.S., USA)</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

palladium n-heterocyclic carbene complexes: synthesis from benzimidazolium salts and catalytic activity in carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions

벤즈 이미 다 졸리움 염으로부터 4 개의 팔라듐 N- 헤테로시 클릭 카르 벤 착물의 합성 및 후속 정제를 위해 상세하고 일반화 된 프로토콜이 제시된다. 아릴 화 및 스즈키 - 미야 우라 교차 - 커플 링 반응에서 이러한 착체의 촉매 활성을 시험하기위한 상세하고 일반화 된 프로토콜이 또한 제시된다. 대표적인 결과는 아릴 화 및 Suzuki-Miyaura 유형 반응에서 4 가지 착물의 촉매 활성에 대해 나타내었다. 조사 된 각 반응에 대해 4 가지 착물 중 적어도 하나가 성공적으로 반응을 촉매 화하여 많은 탄소 - 탄소 결합 형성 반응의 촉매 작용을위한 유망한 후보 물질이 될 수 있었다. 제시된 프로토콜은 새로운 팔라듐 N - 헤테로 사이 클릭 카벤 착물의 합성, 정제 및 촉매 활성 시험에 적용하기에 충분히 일반적이다.

Benzimidazolium 염 (1 - 4) (18) (24) 이전보고 (도 1)을 특징으로하는 정제 된 N -alkylbenzimidazoles 다양한 알킬 할라이드를 사용하여 무수 DMF 합성했다. 그들은 백색 또는 크림색의 고체이고 수율은 62 %에서 97 % 사이였다. 이어서, 18 , 24 전에...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions at JoVE.com

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

벤즈 이미 다 졸리움 염으로부터 4 개의 팔라듐 N- 헤테로시 클릭 카르 벤 착물의 합성 및 후속 정제를 위해 상세하고 일반화 된 프로토콜이 제시된다. 착물은 아릴 화 및 스즈키 - 미야 우라 반응에서 촉매 활성에 대해 시험 하였다. 조사 된 각 반응에 대해 4 가지 복합체 중 하나 이상이 반응에 촉매 작용을 성공적으로 수행했습니다.

보장<em&gt; N</em&gt; - 헤테로 사이 클릭 카벤 착물 : 벤즈 이미 다 졸리움 염으로부터의 합성 및 탄소 - 탄소 결합 형성 반응에서의 촉매 활성

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

9.6K 조회수.  The University of Sydney.  벤즈 이미 다 졸리움 염으로부터 4 개의 팔라듐 N- 헤테로시 클릭 카르 벤 착물의 합성 및 후속 정제를 위해 상세하고 일반화 된 프로토콜이 제시된다. 착물은 아릴 화 및 스즈키 - 미야 우라 반응에서 촉매 활성에 대해 시험 하였다. 조사 된 각 반응에 대해 4 가지 복합체 중 하나 이상이 반응에 촉매 작용을 성공적으로 수행했습니다. 

비디오: Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium with the general formula of [(P{(NC5H10)3-n(C6H11)n})2Pd(Cl)2] (where n = 0-2), belong to a new family of easy accessible, very cheap, and air stable, but highly active and universally applicable C-C cross-coupling catalysts with an excellent functional group tolerance. Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium [(P(NC5H10)3)2Pd(Cl)2] (1), the least stable complex within this series towards protons; e.g. in the form of water, allows an eased nanoparticle formation and hence, proved to be the most active Heck catalyst within this series at 100 &#176;C and is a very rare example of an effective and versatile catalyst system that efficiently operates under mild reaction conditions. Rapid and complete catalyst degradation under work-up conditions into phosphonates, piperidinium salts and other, palladium-containing decomposition products assure an easy separation of the coupling products from catalyst and ligands. The facile, cheap, and rapid synthesis of 1,1',1"-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine and 1 respectively, the simple and convenient use as well as its excellent catalytic performance in the Heck reaction at 100 &#176;C make 1 to one of the most attractive and greenest Heck catalysts available.
We provide here the visualized protocols for the ligand and catalyst syntheses as well as the reaction protocol for Heck reactions performed at 10 mmol scale at 100 &#176;C and show that this catalyst is suitable for its use in organic syntheses.

Mizoroki-Heck Cross-coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-phosphinetriyltripiperidine]}palladium Under Mild Reaction Conditions

Dichloro{bis[1,1',1''-(phosphinetriyl)tripiperidine]}palladium [(P(NC5H10)3)2Pd(Cl)2] (1) is an easy accessible, cheap, and air stable, but highly active Heck catalyst with an excellent functional group tolerance that efficiently operates under mild reaction conditions to give the coupling products in very high yields.

온화한 반응 조건 하에서 팔라듐 - 디클로로 {비스 [(phosphinetriyl) tripiperidine 1,1 &#39;, 1 &#39;&#39;]} 의해 촉매 Mizoroki-헥 크로스 커플 링 반응

Dichloro-bis(aminophosphine) complexes of palladium with the general formula of [(P{(NC5H10)3-n(C6H11)n})2Pd(Cl)2] (where n = 0-2), belong to a new family ...

연구

화학

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is 1H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.

This protocol describes the use of amide coupling reactions of isonicotinic acid and diaminoalkanes to form bridging ligands suitable for use in the synthesis of multinuclear platinum complexes, which combine aspects of the anticancer drugs BBR3464 and picoplatin.

이핵 항암제로 플래티넘 비스 피리딘 계 리간드와 이들 착물의 합성 아미드 커플 링 반응

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. ...

Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus

Here we present a protocol for the synthesis of two distinct carbonyl-decorated carbenes. Both carbenes can be prepared using nearly identical procedures in multi-gram scale quantities. The goal of this manuscript is to clearly detail how to handle and prepare these unique carbenes such that a synthetic chemist of any skill level can work with them. The two carbenes described are a diamidocarbene (DAC, carbene 1) and a monoamidoaminocarbene (MAAC 2). These carbenes are highly electron-deficient and as such display reactivity profiles that are atypical of more traditional N-heterocyclic carbenes. Additionally, these two carbenes only differ in their electrophilic character and not their steric parameters, making them ideal for studying how carbene electronics influence reactivity. To demonstrate this phenomenon, we are also describing the activation of white phosphorus (P4) using these carbenes. Depending on the carbene used, two very different phosphorus-containing compounds can be isolated. When the DAC 1 is used, a tris(phosphaalkenyl)phosphane can be isolated as the exclusive product. Remarkably however, when MAAC 2 is added to P4 under identical reaction conditions, an unexpected carbene-supported P8&#160;allotrope of phosphorus is isolated exclusively. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that this carbene-supported P8allotrope forms via a [2+2] cycloaddition dimerization of a transient diphosphene which has been trapped by treatment with 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene.

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of two carbonyl-decorated carbenes. The protocol makes these interesting compounds readily available to chemists of all skill levels. In addition to the synthesis of these two carbenes, their use in the activation of white phosphorus is also described.

화이트 인의 활성화에 카르 보닐 장식 카르 벤의 제조 및 사용

Here we present a protocol for the synthesis of two distinct carbonyl-decorated carbenes. Both carbenes can be prepared using nearly identical procedures ...

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the hydroxylmethylene phosphine precursor with ammonia in methanol under a nitrogen atmosphere. The N-triphosPh ligand precipitates from the solution after approximately 1 hr of reflux and can be isolated analytically pure via simple cannula filtration procedure under nitrogen. Reaction of the N-triphosPh ligand with [Ru3(CO)12] under reflux affords a deep red solution that show evolution of CO gas on ligand complexation. Orange crystals of the complex [Ru(CO)2{N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (2) were isolated on cooling to RT. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum showed a characteristic single peak at lower frequency compared to the free ligand. Reaction of a toluene solution of complex 2 with oxygen resulted in the instantaneous precipitation of the carbonate complex [Ru(CO3)(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (3) as an air stable orange solid. Subsequent hydrogenation of 3 under 15 bar of hydrogen in a high-pressure reactor gave the dihydride complex [RuH2(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P] (4), which was fully characterized by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. Complexes 3 and 4 are potentially useful catalyst precursors for a range of hydrogenation reactions, including biomass-derived products such as levulinic acid (LA). Complex 4 was found to cleanly react with LA in the presence of the proton source additive NH4PF6 to give [Ru(CO){N(CH2PPh2)3}-&#954;3P{CH3CO(CH2)2CO2H}-&#954;2O](PF6) (6).

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Ruthenium phosphine complexes are widely used for homogeneous catalytic reactions such as hydrogenations. The synthesis of a series of novel tridentate ruthenium complexes bearing the N-triphos ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 is reported. Additionally, the stoichiometric reaction of a dihydride Ru&#8211;N-triphos complex with levulinic acid is described.

루테늄의 시리즈의 합성, 특성 및 반응성<em&gt; N</em&gt; -triphos<sup&gt; 박사</sup&gt; 단지

Herein we report the synthesis of a tridentate phosphine ligand N(CH2PPh2)3 (N-triphosPh) (1) via a phosphorus based Mannich reaction of the ...

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Herein is presented a general strategy to perform reactions under mild to moderate CO2 pressures with dry ice. This technique obviates the need for specialized equipment to achieve modest pressures, and can even be used to achieve higher pressures in more specialized equipment and sturdier reaction vessels. At the end of the reaction, the vials can be easily depressurized by opening at room temperature. In the present example CO2 serves as both a putative directing group as well as a way to passivate amine substrates, thereby preventing oxidation during the organometallic reaction. In addition to being easily added, the directing group is also removed under vacuum, obviating the need for extensive purification to remove the directing group. This strategy allows the facile &#947;-C(sp3)-H arylation of aliphatic amines and has the potential to be applied to a variety of other amine-based reactions.

Achieving Moderate Pressures in Sealed Vessels Using Dry Ice As a Solid CO2 Source

Here we present a protocol for performing reactions in simple reaction vessels under low-to-moderate pressures of CO2. The reactions can be performed in a variety of vessels simply by administering the carbon dioxide in the form of dry ice, without the need for costly or elaborate equipment or set-ups.

단단한 CO2 원본으로 드라이 아이스를 사용 하 여 밀봉된 용기에 적당 한 압력을 달성

Herein is presented a general strategy to perform reactions under mild to moderate CO2 pressures with dry ice. This technique obviates the need for ...

Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

We report a method to generate the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) under UV-irradiation at 365 nm to characterize IMes and determine the corresponding photochemical mechanism. Then, we describe a protocol to perform ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) in solution and in miniemulsion using this NHC-photogenerating system. To photogenerate IMes, a system comprising 2-isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) as the sensitizer and 1,3-dimesitylimidazolium tetraphenylborate (IMesH+BPh4-) as the protected form of NHC is employed. IMesH+BPh4- can be obtained in a single step by anion exchange between 1,3-dimesitylimidazolium chloride and sodium tetraphenylborate. A real-time steady-state photolysis setup is described, which hints that the photochemical reaction proceeds in two consecutive steps: 1) ITX triplet is photo-reduced by the borate anion and 2) subsequent proton transfer takes place from the imidazolium cation to produce the expected NHC IMes. Two separate characterization protocols are implemented. Firstly, CS2 is added to the reaction media to evidence the photogeneration of NHC through formation of the IMes-CS2 adduct. Secondly, the amount of NHC released in situ is quantified using acid-base titration. The use of this NHC photo-generating system for the ROMP of norbornene is also discussed. In solution, a photopolymerization experiment is conducted by mixing ITX, IMesH+BPh4-, [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 and norbornene in CH2Cl2, then irradiating the solution in a UV reactor. In a dispersed medium, a monomer miniemulsion is first formed then irradiated inside an annular reactor to produce a stable poly(norbornene) latex.

We describe a protocol to photogenerate N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) by UV irradiation of a 2-isopropylthioxanthone/imidazolium tetraphenylborate salt system. Methods to characterize the photoreleased NHC and elucidate the photochemical mechanism are proposed. The protocols for ring-opening metathesis photopolymerization in solution and miniemulsion illustrate the potential of this 2-component NHC photogenerating system.

N-이종 환 식 Carbenes의 Photogeneration: Photoinduced 반지 개통 Metathesis 중 합에 응용

We report a method to generate the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) under UV-irradiation at 365 nm to characterize IMes ...

Isolating Free Carbenes, their Mixed Dimers and Organic Radicals

Protocols for the isolation of the commonly employed cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC) and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) are reported. Furthermore, the synthesis of their mixed CAAC&#8211;NHC &#8220;Wanzlick&#8221; dimer and the synthesis of the related stable organic &#8220;olefin&#8221; radical are presented. The main goal of this manuscript is to give a detailed and general protocol for the synthetic chemist of any skill level on how to prepare free heterocyclic carbenes by deprotonation using filter cannulas. Due to the air-sensitivity of the synthesized compounds, all experiments are performed under inert atmosphere using either Schlenk technique or a dinitrogen filled glovebox. Controlling Wanzlick&#8217;s equilibrium (i.e., the dimerization of free carbenes), is a crucial requirement for the application of free carbenes in coordination chemistry or organic synthesis. Thus, we elaborate on the specific electronic and steric requirements favoring the formation of dimers, heterodimers, or monomers. We will show how proton catalysis allows for the formation of dimers, and how the electronic structure of carbenes and their dimers affects the reactivity with either moisture or air. The structural identity of the reported compounds is discussed based on their NMR spectra.

We present protocols for the isolation of stable heterocyclic carbenes. The synthesis of a cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC) and an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) is demonstrated using filter cannulas and Schlenk technique. We furthermore present the synthesis of the related oxygen-sensitive, electron-rich mixed &#8220;Wanzlick dimer&#8221; and the reduced stable organic radical.

무료 Carbenes, 그들의 혼합 이합체 및 유기 급진 파를 격리

Protocols for the isolation of the commonly employed cyclic (alkyl)(amino) carbene (CAAC) and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) are reported. Furthermore, the ...

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Our group recently reported the use of [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6 as a general copper-based photoredox catalyst which proved efficient to promote the activation of a broad variety of organic halides, including unactivated ones. These can then participate in various radical transformations such as reduction and cyclization reactions, as well as in the direct arylation of several (hetero)arenes. These transformations provide a straightforward access to a range of small molecules of interest in synthetic chemistry, as well as to biologically active natural products. Altogether, [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6 acts as a convenient photoredox catalyst which appears to be an attractive, cheap and complementary alternative to the state-of-the-art iridium- and ruthenium-based photoredox catalysts. Here, we report a detailed protocol for the synthesis of [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6, as well as NMR and spectroscopic characterizations, and we illustrate its use in synthetic chemistry for the direct arylation of (hetero)arenes and radical cyclization of organic halides. In particular, the direct arylation of N-methylpyrrole with 4-iodobenzonitrile to afford&#160;4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzonitrile and the radical cyclization of N-benzoyl-N-[(2-iodoquinolin-3-yl)methyl]cyanamide to afford natural product luotonin A are detailed. The scope and limitations of this copper-based photoredox catalyst are also briefly discussed.

[DPEPhosbcpCu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Detailed and general protocols are presented for the synthesis of [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6, a general copper-based photoredox catalyst, and for its use in synthetic chemistry for the direct arylation of C-H bonds in (hetero)arenes and radical cyclization of organic halides.

[(Bcp)] PF6: 일반적이 고 광범위 하 게 적용 가능한 구리 기반 포토에도 x 촉매

Our group recently reported the use of [(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6 as a general copper-based photoredox catalyst which proved efficient to promote the ...

Preparation of Silver-Palladium Alloyed Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Catalysis under Visible-Light Illumination

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) can accelerate and control the selectivity of a variety of molecular transformations. This opens possibilities for the use of visible or near-IR light as a sustainable input to drive and control reactions when plasmonic nanoparticles supporting LSPR excitation in these ranges are employed as catalysts. Unfortunately, this is not the case for several catalytic metals such as palladium (Pd). One strategy to overcome this limitation is to employ bimetallic NPs containing plasmonic and catalytic metals. In this case, the LSPR excitation in the plasmonic metal can contribute to accelerate and control transformations driven by the catalytic component. The method reported herein focuses on the synthesis of bimetallic silver-palladium (Ag-Pd) NPs supported on ZrO2 (Ag-Pd/ZrO2) that acts as a plasmonic-catalytic system. The NPs were prepared by co-impregnation of corresponding metal precursors on the ZrO2 support followed by simultaneous reduction leading to the formation of bimetallic NPs directly on the ZrO2 support. The Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs were then used as plasmonic catalysts for the reduction of nitrobenzene under 425 nm illumination by LED lamps. Using gas chromatography (GC), the conversion and selectivity of the reduction reaction under the dark and light irradiation conditions can be monitored, demonstrating the enhanced catalytic performance and control over selectivity under LSPR excitation after alloying non-plasmonic Pd with plasmonic metal Ag. This technique can be adapted to a wide range of molecular transformations and NPs compositions, making it useful for the characterization of the plasmonic catalytic activity of different types of catalysis in terms of conversion and selectivity.

Presented here is a protocol for the synthesis of silver-palladium (Ag-Pd) alloy nanoparticles (NPs) supported on ZrO2 (Ag-Pd/ZrO2). This system allows for harvesting energy from visible light irradiation to accelerate and control molecular transformations. This is illustrated by nitrobenzene reduction under light irradiation catalyzed by Ag-Pd/ZrO2 NPs.

가시광선 조명 아래 플라스모닉 촉매용 실버 팔라듐 합금 나노 입자 의 준비

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) can accelerate and control the selectivity of a variety of molecular ...

Introduction to Catalysis

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Ryan Richards &#8212; Colorado School of Mines
Catalysis is among the most important fields of modern technology and presently accounts for approximately 35% of the gross domestic product (GDP) and sustenance of approximately 33% of the global population through fertilizers produced via the Haber process.1 Catalysts are systems that facilitate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy and influencing the selectivity. Catalysis will be a central technology in addressing the energy and environmental challenges of modern times.

Catalysis: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysts

촉매 소개

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Ryan Richards &#8212; Colorado School of Mines
Catalysis is among the most important fields of modern technology and presently ...

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온화한 반응 조건 하에서 팔라듐 - 디클로로 {비스 [(phosphinetriyl) tripiperidine 1,1 ', 1 '']} 의해 촉매 Mizoroki-헥 크로스 커플 링 반응

이핵 항암제로 플래티넘 비스 피리딘 계 리간드와 이들 착물의 합성 아미드 커플 링 반응

화이트 인의 활성화에 카르 보닐 장식 카르 벤의 제조 및 사용

루테늄의 시리즈의 합성, 특성 및 반응성

단단한 CO₂ 원본으로 드라이 아이스를 사용 하 여 밀봉된 용기에 적당 한 압력을 달성

N-이종 환 식 Carbenes의 Photogeneration: Photoinduced 반지 개통 Metathesis 중 합에 응용

무료 Carbenes, 그들의 혼합 이합체 및 유기 급진 파를 격리

[(Bcp)] PF₆: 일반적이 고 광범위 하 게 적용 가능한 구리 기반 포토에도 x 촉매

가시광선 조명 아래 플라스모닉 촉매용 실버 팔라듐 합금 나노 입자 의 준비

촉매 소개