우리는 모든 원고가이 원고를 쓰고주의 깊게 읽는 것에 기여한 것에 대해 감사드립니다. 외과 적 프로토콜에 대한 유용한 의견을 제공하는 Gisèle Ferrand 박사와 소음 노출을위한 원래의 Labview 실행 파일을 제공 한 Dr. Jean-Yves Chatton에 대한 토론을 자극 한 Paul Franken에게 감사드립니다. 스위스 국립 과학 재단 (Grants 31003A_146244 및 31003A_166318)과 Etat de Vaud가 기금을 지원했습니다.

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저자는 경쟁적 인 금전적 이익이 없다고 선언합니다.

여기서는 EEG, EMG 및 ECG 변수가 통합 된 비 REM 수면의 연속 시간 프로파일을 설정하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이것은 마우스 수면에 대한 통합 설명을 개발하기위한 첫 번째 단계입니다. 비 수면 중 수면 중 잡음에 대한 높은 탄력성과 낮은 탄력성을 구성하는 이전에 인식 할 수 없었던 시간을 식별하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다 1 . 유사한 시간적 구조는 유사한 분석 (1)...

포유류의 수면은 환경 적 자극에 대한 휴식과 회복력의 행동 상태입니다. 이 명백한 균일 성에도 불구하고, polysomnographic 및 자율 매개 변수는 다양한 시간적 및 공간적 척도 1 정성 및 양적으로 다른 신경 및 신체 상태 사이의 수면 이동을 나타냅니다. 몇 분에서 수십 분 동안 비 REM과 REM 수면 사이의 전환이 발생합니다. 비 REM 수면은 뇌파에서 큰 진폭, 저주파수 활동을 수반하며, REM 수면은 세타 밴드 (6 - 10 Hz)에서 규칙적인 뇌파 활동을 보여 주며 근육 atonia 2 . 비 REM 수면에서 인간은 빛 (S2)과 깊은 저속 수면 (SWS)을 순환합니다. 그들의 명명에서 알 수 있듯이,이 두 단계는 각각 낮고 높은 각성 문턱 값 3 , 4를 보여 주며, 주로 낮은 빈도slow wave activity (SWA; 0.75 - 4 Hz)라고 불리는 대뇌 피질의 뇌파 에너지. 비 균일 성은 시합 5 , 6 의 과정에서 SWA의 다양한 존재에 의해 광범위하게 문서화되어 있기 때문에 분과 초 2 배 시간대에 S2와 SWS의 개별 관찰을 통해 지속되지만 EEG와 현장 잠재 리듬에도 영향을 미친다. 시그마 대역 (10-15 Hz)과 감마 리듬 (80-120 Hz)에서 스핀들 파를 포함하여 더 높은 주파수 (검토를 위해 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 참조 ). 미묘한 변화보다는 인간의 수면 피질 상태를 극단적 인 스펙트럼으로 이동시킵니다. 비 REM 수면, SWA의 우위 상태에서 이러한 범위는 대략 웨이크 같은 활동들은 고주파 부품 (11)의 상당 부분을 포함하고 있기 때문 <sup&gt;, 12 . 비 REM 수면 단계로 분할되지 않는다 설치류 및 고양이에서는 중간 슬립 (IS)이라는 짧은 기간이 REM 수면 개시 전에 13 나온다. IS 동안, hippocampal theta activity와 ponto-geniculo-occipital waves와 같은 REM 수면 특징이 시작되고 스핀들 파와 SWA와 같은 비 REM 수면 시그니처는 여전히 존재하며 두 수면 상태 14 , 15 사이의 혼합을 나타냅니다. 그럼에도 불구하고, IS는 항우울제 16에 의해 변조되고 이전 깨우기 17 동안 새로운 대상 제시를 통해 기능적으로 구별 될 수 있으며 각성 문턱 설정에 기여합니다 18 . 또한, 자유롭게 움직이는 쥐의 뇌파 및 EMG 매개 변수의 상태 공간 플롯은 비 REM 수면, REM 수면 및 각성 사이에 연속하는 점 14 의 클러스터를 보여줍니다. SWA에는 간헐적으로 쇠퇴하거나 REM 수면을 취하지 않아 합병 된 비 REM 수면 시합 중 저주파 및 고주파 성분의 상대적인 존재가 상당 부분 변동합니다 14 , 19 , 20 . 마지막으로, 비 REM 수면 중에 SWA 및 고주파수 리듬의 가변 비율은 시간뿐만 아니라, 대뇌 피질의 영역 (19) 사이의 진폭과 동기 지역적 차이를 보이지에만 발생한다. 포유 동물의 비 REM 수면은 획일적이지 않습니다. 그러나 그러한 불균일성이 기능과 행동 특성이 다른 상태로 연결되는지 여부는 명확하지 않다. 수면 장애의 여러 유형에서, 지속적인 수면은 자발적 각성과 부적절한 운동 행동에 의해 방해받습니다. 더욱이, 스펙트럼 분석은 EEG 21 에서의 더 높은 주파수의 상대적 존재의 변화를 보여준다호흡 률 및 심장 박동 비율과 같은 자율 매개 변수 22 . 안정된 수면 상태의 질서있는 순서는 따라서 교란되고, 피질 및 / 또는 자율 신경 자극의 요소는 통제되지 않은 방식으로 침입한다. 그러므로 수면 상태의 연속을 이해하는 것이 질병과 관련이있을 수 있습니다. 또한, 도시 환경에서 환경 소음에 의해 수면의 동요는이 중요한 수면 23시 고조 취약점의 순간을 식별하기 위해 렌더링, 일반 건강 위험과 연관되어 있습니다. 인간을 자고 행동 각성 실험 광 불 REM 수면 (단계 S2) 및 REM 수면 쇼 비교 및 하부 자극 반면 4 임계 값, SWA 지배 비 REM 수면 (단계 S3)에서 일어나 어려운는 것을 나타낸다. 짧은 소리 자극의 피질 처리는 REM sleep, S2 및 S3 24 사이에서 상당히 다르며 ,(25), 상태 별 피질 활동 패턴 감각의 제 1 프로세싱 단계를 조절하는 것을 나타낸다. 사람의 비 REM 수면의 경우 소음에 대한 반응으로 기상하는 경향은 뇌파의 존재와 EEG 26 , 27 , 28 의 알파 리듬에 따라 다릅니다. 스핀들 중 Thalamocortical 율동성 관능 처리부 (7)의 감쇠에 기여하는 것으로 생각된다 모두 시상과 피질 수준에서 향상된 시냅스 저해를 수반한다. 소음에 강하고 잠잘 수없는 잠자는 시간은 어떻게 구성되며 그 결정 요인은 무엇입니까? 생쥐와 인간 모두에서 최근에 우리는 신경 리듬에서 0.02Hz 이하의 느린 진동을 확인했습니다. 이 0.02-Hz 발진의 위상에 따라, 마우스는 외부 자극에 대한 반응성이 가변적이었으며, 깨어나거나 잠자는 동안잡음. 흥미롭게도이 진동은 심박동 수와 상관 관계가있어 자율 신경계가 외부 자극에 대한 수면의 조절에 참여한다는 것을 나타냅니다 1 . 기억과 관련된 해마 리듬도이 리듬 내에서 조직되었으며, 가장 두드러지게 그 강도는 사람의 기억력 강화의 품질과 관련이 있습니다. 0.02-Hz 발진은 환경에 대한 민감도와 내부 기억 처리를 모두 조절하는 설치류 및 인간 non-REM 수면의 조직 원리 인 것으로 보인다. 이것은 잠자기 상태에 대한 다중 매개 변수화 및 연속 평가의 필요성을 다시 한번 강조하여 잠재적 인 취약성을 식별하고 기능을 인식합니다. 여기서는 이러한 역학 파형을 추출하는 절차를 제시합니다. 여기에는 EEG / ECoG 및 EMG-ECG 측정, 감각 자극에 대한 노출,분석 루틴. 이 절차는 수면을 지속적으로 다양하지만 고도로 조직화 된 경계 상태로 보는 기본을 제공하며 그 동안 서로 다른 기본 수면 기능이 순차적으로 실행됩니다. 보다 일반적으로이 절차는 건강 상태와 질병 상태 모두에서 수면 중에 행동 결과를 선행하는 스펙트럼 및 자율 특징을 추출하는 것을 목표로하는 접근법에 적용 가능하다.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">2-components epoxy glue</td>
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			<td>5-0 FS-3</td>
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			<td>11006-12</td>
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			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>149-0332</td>
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			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td>Isoflurane 250mL</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Connectors 3x2-channels</td>
			<td>ENA AG</td>
			<td>2.316</td>
			<td>Raster 2.00 x 2.00 mm; size 5x8x9 mm; pin size 5mm; http://www.ena.ch/</td>
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			<td>Dragonfly</td>
			<td>Model #SL-10</td>
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			<td>EMBLA</td>
			<td>A10 amplifier</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14108-09</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flat Head Gold-plated steel screw</td>
			<td>J.I. Morris</td>
			<td>FF00CE125</td>
			<td>https://jimorrisco.com/</td>
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			<td>CMSA</td>
			<td>T.69 5gr</td>
			<td>http://www.cmsa.ch/en/</td>
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			<td>Pfizer</td>
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			<td>Mundipharma</td>
			<td>standart solution 60mL</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Komet drill steel 1/005PM104</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>22310</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matlab Analysis Software</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>R2016b</td>
			<td>https://ch.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microdrill</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>96758</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 923-B</td>
			<td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-923-b-mouse-gas-anesthesia-head-holder/</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ophtalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Pharmamedica</td>
			<td>VITA-POS</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paladur (liquid)</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>2260215</td>
			<td>for dental cement</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Palavit (powder)</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>5410929</td>
			<td>for dental cement</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small Animal Stereotaxic Frame</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 930</td>
			<td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-930-small-animal-stereotaxic-frame-assembly/</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Soldering wire</td>
			<td>Stannol</td>
			<td>593072</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller - Mini rectal probe</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>4090502</td>
			<td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller- heating pad</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>4090205</td>
			<td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td>
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quantifying infra-slow dynamics of spectral power and heart rate in sleeping mice

포유 동물의 삶을 지배하는 세 가지 경계 상태 : 깨어 있음, 비 급속 안구 운동 (비 REM) 수면, 그리고 REM 수면. 자유롭게 움직이는 동물에서 행동의 신경 상관 관계가 더 많이 식별됨에 따라이 3 배 세분은 너무 단순 해집니다. 각성 (wakefulness) 동안, 전역 및 국소 피질 활동의 앙상블은 동공 직경 및 교감 신경 균형과 같은 주변 변수와 함께 다양한 정도의 각성을 정의합니다. 수면이 또한 뇌 상태의 연속체를 형성하는 정도는 불분명하며, 그 안에서 감각 자극 및 각성, 그리고 아마도 다른 수면 기능에 대한 복원력의 정도는 점진적으로 변하고 주변 생리 상태는 어떻게 변하는 지 불분명합니다. 수면 중 여러 매개 변수를 모니터링하는 방법을 발전시키고 이러한 기능적 특성의 별자리로 귀결시키는 연구는 여러 가지 유익한 효과가 있어야하는 다기능 프로세스로서 수면에 대한 이해를 개선하는 데 핵심적입니다적응. 수면 상태를 특징으로하는 새로운 매개 변수를 확인하면 수면 장애에서 새로운 진단 방법을 찾을 수 있습니다. 우리는 표준 polysomnographic 기록 기술을 사용하여 뇌파 (EEG) / electrocorticogram (ECoG), electromyogram (EMG) 및 심전도 (ECG) 신호의 결합 모니터링 및 분석을 통해 마우스 비 REM 수면 상태의 동적 변화를 설명하는 절차를 제시합니다. 이 접근법을 사용하여 우리는 마우스 비 REM 수면이 외부 자극에 대해 높고 낮은 취약성의 연속 25 초 간격을 생성하는 조정 된 신경 진동 및 심장 진동의 주기로 구성된다는 것을 발견했습니다. 따라서 중추 신경계와 자율 신경계는 통합 된 비 REM 수면 중에 행동 적으로 다른 수면 상태를 형성하도록 조정됩니다. 자유롭게 수면을 취하는 마우스에서 이러한주기를 추적하기 위해 polysomnographic ( 즉, EEG / EMG와 ECG) 모니터링을위한 수술 조작을 제시하고, quanti그들의 역 동성 및 음향 자극 프로토콜을 사용하여 깨어날 확률을 평가합니다. 우리의 접근법은 이미 인간의 수면으로 확장되었으며 포유류에서 비 REM 수면 상태의 일반적인 조직 원칙을 풀어 나갈 것을 약속합니다.

도 2 A (상부 패널)에 기술 된 바와 같이 전극을 통해 주입 수면 다원 기록 자발 슬립 웨이크 동작 100 분 뻗어을 나타낸다 (도 1 참조). 비 REM 수면 시작시 EEG 및 EMG 진폭의 증가 및 감소가 명확하게 표시됩니다. 간헐적 인 REM 수면은 EEG 진폭이 감소하고이 압축 된 시간 눈금에서 보이지 않는 EMG 톤이 더 감소 함으로 표?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice at JoVE.com

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

여기, 음향 자극에 수면 반응을 조절하는 생쥐의 비 REM 수면의 신경 및 심장 변수의 시간적 역학을 설명하기위한 실험 및 분석 절차를 제시합니다.

수면 마우스의 스펙트럼 파워 및 심박수의 저속 역학 정량화

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

quantifying-infra-slow-dynamics-spectral-power-heart-rate-sleeping

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.9K 조회수.  University of Lausanne.  여기, 음향 자극에 수면 반응을 조절하는 생쥐의 비 REM 수면의 신경 및 심장 변수의 시간적 역학을 설명하기위한 실험 및 분석 절차를 제시합니다. 

비디오: Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

Organotypic 문화에의 연결을 눈사태의 다중 전극 어레이 레코딩

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

연구

신경과학

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences. For instance, addiction to nicotine via tobacco smoking is a leading cause of premature death worldwide (World Health Organization) and is likely caused by an alteration of ion channel distribution in the brain1. Chronic nicotine exposure in both rodents and humans results in increased numbers of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in brain tissue1-3. Similarly, alterations in the glutamatergic GluN1 or GluA1 channels have been implicated in triggering sensitization to other addictive drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines and opiates4-6.

Consequently, the ability to map and quantify distribution and expression patterns of specific ion channels is critically important to understanding the mechanisms of addiction. The study of brain region-specific effects of individual drugs was advanced by the advent of techniques such as radioactive ligands. However, the low spatial resolution of radioactive ligand binding prevents the ability to quantify ligand-gated ion channels in specific subtypes of neurons. 

Genetically encoded fluorescent reporters, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its many color variants, have revolutionized the field of biology7.By genetically tagging a fluorescent reporter to an endogenous protein one can visualize proteins in vivo7-10. One advantage of fluorescently tagging proteins with a probe is the elimination of antibody use, which have issues of nonspecificity and accessibility to the target protein. We have used this strategy to fluorescently label nAChRs, which enabled the study of receptor assembly using F&ouml;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in transfected cultured cells11.More recently, we have used the knock-in approach to engineer mice with yellow fluorescent protein tagged &alpha;4 nAChR subunits (&alpha;4YFP), enabling precise quantification of the receptor ex vivo at submicrometer resolution in CNS neurons via spectral confocal microscopy12. The targeted fluorescent knock-in mutation is incorporated in the endogenous locus and under control of its native promoter, producing normal levels of expression and regulation of the receptor when compared to untagged receptors in wildtype mice. This knock-in approach can be extended to fluorescently tag other ion channels and offers a powerful approach of visualizing and quantifying receptors in the CNS.

In this paper we describe a methodology to quantify changes in nAChR expression in specific CNS neurons after exposure to chronic nicotine. Our methods include mini-osmotic pump implantation, intracardiac perfusion fixation, imaging and analysis of fluorescently tagged nicotinic receptor subunits from &alpha;4YFP knock-in mice (Fig. 1). We have optimized the fixation technique to minimize autofluorescence from fixed brain tissue.We describe in detail our imaging methodology using a spectral confocal microscope in conjunction with a linear spectral unmixing algorithm to subtract autofluoresent signal in order to accurately obtain &alpha;4YFP fluorescence signal. Finally, we show results of chronic nicotine-induced upregulation of &alpha;4YFP receptors in the medial perforant path of the hippocampus.

We have developed a novel technique of quantifying nicotinic acetylcholine receptor changes within subcellular regions of specific subtypes of CNS neurons to better understand the mechanisms of nicotine addiction by using a combination of approaches including fluorescent protein tagging of the receptor using the knock-in approach and spectral confocal imaging.

만성 니코틴 관리와 마우스 노크 인의 Fluorescently 태그를 Nicotinic 수용체의 분광 공촛점 이미징

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences.  For ...

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural auditory prostheses, such as auditory brainstem implants1-3 and auditory midbrain implants4,5. While acute experiments can give initial insight to the effectiveness of the implant, testing the chronically implanted and awake animals provides the advantage of examining the psychophysical properties of the sensations induced using implanted devices6,7.
Several techniques such as reward-based operant conditioning6-8, conditioned avoidance9-11, or classical fear conditioning12 have been used to provide behavioral confirmation of detection of a relevant stimulus attribute. Selection of a technique involves balancing aspects including time efficiency (often poor in reward-based approaches), the ability to test a plurality of stimulus attributes simultaneously (limited in conditioned avoidance), and measure reliability of repeated stimuli (a potential constraint when physiological measures are employed).
Here, a classical fear conditioning behavioral method is presented which may be used to simultaneously test both detection of a stimulus, and discrimination between two stimuli. Heart-rate is used as a measure of fear response, which reduces or eliminates the requirement for time-consuming video coding for freeze behaviour or other such measures (although such measures could be included to provide convergent evidence). Animals were conditioned using these techniques in three 2-hour conditioning sessions, each providing 48 stimulus trials. Subsequent 48-trial testing sessions were then used to test for detection of each stimulus in presented pairs, and test discrimination between the member stimuli of each pair. 
This behavioral method is presented in the context of its utilisation in auditory prosthetic research. The implantation of electrocardiogram telemetry devices is shown. Subsequent implantation of brain electrodes into the Cochlear Nucleus, guided by the monitoring of neural responses to acoustic stimuli, and the fixation of the electrode into place for chronic use is likewise shown.

The application of a classical fear conditioning behavioral paradigm for auditory prosthetic research in rats is described. This paradigm provides a mechanism for identifying both detection of, and discrimination between, distinct acoustic and electrical stimuli using heart-rate as an outcome measure.

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain signal. Typically, researchers represent the brain's response as the mean across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal fluctuations over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that brain signal variability conveys meaningful functional information about neural network dynamics. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy (MSE) for quantifying brain signal variability. MSE may be particularly informative of neural network dynamics because it shows timescale dependence and sensitivity to linear and nonlinear dynamics in the data.

Neuroimaging researchers typically consider the brain's response as the mean activity across repeated experimental trials and disregard signal variability over time as "noise". However, it is becoming clear that there is signal in that noise. This article describes the novel method of multiscale entropy for quantifying brain signal variability in the time domain.

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

마우스에 콜드 민감도 및 적응을 결정하기위한 간단하고 저렴한 방법

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular recording has historically been a common technique used to study sensitivities of individual photoreceptor cells to different light stimuli that is still being used today. However, there remains a dearth of detailed methodology in the literature for researchers wishing to replicate intracellular recording experiments in the eye. Here we present the insect as a model for examining eye physiology more generally. Insect photoreceptor cells are located near the surface of the eye and are therefore easy to reach, and many of the mechanisms involved in vision are conserved across animal phyla. We describe the basic procedure for in vivo intracellular recording of photoreceptor cells in the eye of a butterfly, with the goal of making this technique more accessible to researchers with little prior experience in electrophysiology. We introduce the basic equipment needed, how to prepare a live butterfly for recording, how to insert a glass microelectrode into a single cell, and finally the recording procedure itself. We also explain the basic analysis of raw response data for determining spectral sensitivity of individual cell types. Although our protocol focuses on determining spectral sensitivity, other stimuli (e.g., polarized light) and variations of the method are applicable to this setup.

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

The electrophysiological technique of intracellular recording is demonstrated and used to determine spectral sensitivities of single photoreceptor cells in the compound eye of a butterfly.

에서 곤충 모델에서 시각 세포 스펙트럼 감도의 결정<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 세포 내 녹음

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular ...

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

The evaluation of advertising, products, and packaging is traditionally performed through methods based on self-reports and focus groups, but these approaches often appear poorly accurate in scientific terms. Neuroscience is increasingly applied to the investigation of the neurophysiological bases of the perception of and reaction to commercial stimuli to support traditional marketing methods. In this context, a particular sector or marketing is represented by public service announcements (PSAs). The objective of this protocol is to apply electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic signal analysis to study responses to selected antismoking PSAs. Two EEG indices were employed: the frontal alpha band EEG asymmetry (the Approach Withdrawal (AW) index) and the frontal theta (effort index). Furthermore, the autonomic Emotional Index (EI) was calculated, as derived from the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) and Heart Rate (HR) signals. The present protocol describes a series of operational and computational steps required to properly estimate, through the aforementioned indices, the emotional and cerebral reaction of a group of subjects towards a selected number of antismoking PSAs. In particular, a campaign characterized by a symbolic communication style (classified as "awarded" on the basis of the prizes received by specialized committees) obtained the highest approach values, as estimated by the AW index. A spot and an image belonging to the same PSA campaign based on the "fear arousing appeal" and with a narrative/experiential communication style (classified as "effective" on the basis of the economical/health-related improvements promoted) reported the lowest and highest effort values, respectively. This is probably due to the complexity of the storytelling (spot) and to the immediateness of the image (a lady who underwent a tracheotomy). Finally, the same "effective" campaign showed the highest EI values, possibly because of the empathy induced by the testimonial and the explicitness of the message.

The following protocol describes a series of operational and computational steps required to properly estimate the emotional and cerebral reaction of a group of subjects towards a selected number of Public Service Announcements (PSAs) against smoking, aired in the USA and Europe during the period between 1998 and 2015.

Electroencephalographic, 심장 박동, 그리고 동전기 피부 반응 평가 광고 인식에 대 한 연구: 금연 공공 서비스 공지 사항 응용 프로그램

The evaluation of advertising, products, and packaging is traditionally performed through methods based on self-reports and focus groups, but these ...

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

In a mammalian nervous system, myelin provides an electrical insulation by enwrapping the axon fibers in a multilayered spiral. Inspired by its highly-organized subcellular architecture, we recently developed a new imaging modality, named spectral reflectometry (SpeRe), which enables unprecedented label-free nanoscale imaging of the live myelinated axons in situ. The underlying principle is to obtain nanostructural information by analyzing the reflectance spectrum of the multilayered subcellular structure. In this article, we describe a detailed step-by-step protocol for performing a basic SpeRe imaging of the nervous tissues using a commercial confocal microscopic system, equipped with a white-light laser and a tunable filter. We cover the procedures of sample preparation, acquisition of spectral data, and image processing for obtaining nanostructural information.

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for imaging myelinated axons in a fixed brain slice using a label-free nanoscale imaging technique based on spectral reflectometry.

제자리에 Myelinated 축 삭에 스펙트럼 Reflectometric 현미경

In a mammalian nervous system, myelin provides an electrical insulation by enwrapping the axon fibers in a multilayered spiral. Inspired by its ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

설치류에서 시간적 처리의 평가 대 한 Interstimulus 간격의 힘

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Quantifying Subcellular Ubiquitin-proteasome Activity in the Rodent Brain

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases in ubiquitin-proteasome activity are critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation and aberrant changes in this system are associated with a variety of neurological, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. One of the issues in studying ubiquitin-proteasome functioning in the brain is that it is present in all cellular compartments, in which the protein targets, functional role and mechanisms of regulation can vary widely. As a result, the ability to directly compare brain ubiquitin protein targeting and proteasome catalytic activity in different subcellular compartments within the same animal is critical for fully understanding how the UPS contributes to synaptic plasticity, memory and disease. The method described here allows collection of nuclear, cytoplasmic and crude synaptic fractions from the same rodent (rat) brain, followed by simultaneous quantification of proteasome catalytic activity (indirectly, providing activity of the proteasome core only) and linkage-specific ubiquitin protein tagging. Thus, the method can be used to directly compare subcellular changes in ubiquitin-proteasome activity in different brain regions in the same animal during synaptic plasticity, memory formation and different disease states. This method can also be used to assess the subcellular distribution and function of other proteins within the same animal.

This protocol is designed to efficiently quantify ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) activity in different cellular compartments of the rodent brain. Users are able to examine UPS functioning in nuclear, cytoplasmic and synaptic fractions in the same animal, reducing the amount of time and number of animals needed to perform these complex analyses.

설치류 뇌의 세포외 유비퀴틴-프로테아솜 활동 정량화

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases ...