Name: experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia
Uploaded: 2017-07-31T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81573406, 81373393, 81273506, 81221003, 81473186 and 81402907), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LR15H310001) and the Program for Zhejiang Leading Team of S&amp;T Innovation Team (2011R50014).

All experiments were approved by and conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Zhejiang University Animal Experimentation Committee and were in complete compliance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Efforts were made to minimize any pain or discomfort, and the minimum number of animals was used.
1. OGD of Corticostriatal Slices
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	<li>Solution preparation:
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		<li>Prepare 1,000 mL r-ACSF (124 mmol/...

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Here we present two experimental models to study the neuroprotection of APC against cerebral ischemia. In brain slices, APC is achieved by incubating mice corticostriatal slices in acidic buffer bubbled with 20% CO2 after reperfusion onset, while in the MCAO model, APC is achieved by inhaling 20% CO2 to mice after reperfusion. Both models reflect the neuroprotection of APC against cerebral ischemia. The protection was comparable with that achieved by ischemic postconditioning but with a wider time w...

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Great efforts have been made to find effective treatments for stroke in the last decades, however, the achievement is quite unsatisfactory. Postconditioning is a process manipulated by subtoxic stresses following an ischemic episode. Postconditioning, including ischemic, hypoxic, low-glucose and remote ischemic postconditioning, trigger endogenous adaptive mechanisms, and have been proven to be promising therapies against cerebral ischemia1,2,3,4. However, ischemic postconditioning may introduce additional injury. Limb remote ischemic postconditioning usually needs several cycles of 5 - 20 min occlusion and reperfusion on the ipsilateral or bilateral hind limbs5,6,7. Therefore, these postconditioning manipulations are dangerous or impractical in clinical practice. To overcome these disadvantages, we have developed APC as a therapy for focal cerebral ischemia in mice8. Induced simply by inhaling 20% CO2, APC significantly reduces ischemic brain injury in a more feasible and safer way. Recently we have proved that APC extends the reperfusion window, highlighting the significance of APC for stroke therapy9.
Here we present two experimental models to study the neuroprotection of APC against cerebral ischemia. The first one is the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model in mice corticostriatal slices. Rapid preparation and transfer of the brain slices into an artificial environment, usually artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ASCF), can maintain cell viability and neuronal circuitry, which makes it possible to study brain function in vitro10,11. OGD in ASCF mimics cerebral ischemia and induces ischemic injury12,13,14. After OGD, the brain slices are refreshed in regular ASCF (r-ASCF) to provide reperfusion and then treated with APC using acidic ASCF bubbled with 20% CO2. The corticostriatal slice maintains the intact histological characterization compared with primary cultured cells.
To study brain function in vivo, the mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model is employed. The middle cerebral artery is blocked by inserting a flame-blunted monofilament via the common carotid artery. As one of the most widely used stroke models, the MCAO model shows clinical relevance and the application of a monofilament makes it easier to achieve reperfusion. Simply by inhaling normoxic mixed gas containing 20% CO2 after the onset of reperfusion, APC showed significant protective effects against cerebral ischemia indicated by reduced brain infarct volumes.

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experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for neuroprotection, postconditioning treatments have proven to be promising therapies against cerebral ischemia. However, complicated procedures and potential safety issues limit their clinical application. To overcome these disadvantages, we have developed acidic postconditioning (APC) as a therapy for experimental focal cerebral ischemia. APC refers to the mild acidosis treatment by inhaling CO2 during reperfusion following ischemia. Here we present two models to execute APC in vitro and in vivo, respectively. The oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment of mice and the corticostriatal occlusion and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) of mice were employed to mimic cerebral ischemia. APC can be simply achieved by transferring brain slices to acidic buffer bubbled with 20% CO2, or by mice inhaling 20% CO2. APC showed significant protective effects against cerebral ischemia, as reflected by tissue viability and brain infarct volume.

In the corticostriatal slice model described above, corticostriatal slice viability was quantified by TTC assay at 1 h after reperfusion. TTC conversion was calculated by normalizing the absorption at 490 nm to the control slice. According to TTC conversion, APC protected against OGD-induced reperfusion injury in an onset time and duration-dependent manner. In detail, both 1 and 3 min of acidosis treatment significantly improved viability at 5 min after 15 min OGD, whereas 5 min did not (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia

Acidic postconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia. Here we present two models to execute APC. They are achieved respectively by transferring corticostriatal slices to acidic buffer after oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro and by inhaling 20% CO2 after middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo.

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for ...

The overall goal of acidosis treatment in a cortico striatal slice model in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model is to study the neuroprotective effect of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia. This method can help answer key questions of how acidosis postconditioning may protect ischemic brain injury, and to develop new strategy for stroke therapy. The main advantage of this technique is being able to use widely available experiment models to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning.Demonstrating the procedure will be Yarong Zheng a graduate student from my lab. Begin by removing the brain from the skull of a decapitated mouse with a thin spatula and dropping it carefully into a beaker containing ice cold regular ACSF equilibrated with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. Apply cryoprecipitate glue to the vibratone plate in two strips.Put a piece of three percent agarose on the glue strip furthest from the blade to support the brain. Then use forceps to transfer the brain to filter paper. Cut off the frontal pole and the cerebellum with a blade.Place the brain tissue vertically on the free strip of glue with the brain leaning against the agarose. Add ice cold ACSF to the cutting reservoir to submerge the brain and add ice to the ice holder area. Keep the ACSF in the reservoir bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen.After setting the vibratone to cut 400 micron sections, and correctly positioning the brain relative to the cutting blade, press the start-stop button to start automatic cutting. Use a Pasteur pipette with a cut tip to transfer five brain slices one by one and place them into the tissue holder in ice cold regular ACSF bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. After 30 minutes at room temperature place the brain slices in a water bath at 37 degrees Celsius for ten minutes to recover synaptic function.Place glucose free ACSF and acidic ACSF into the 37 degree Celsius water bath and bubble the solutions with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%nitrogen and 20 percent carbon dioxide and 80%oxygen respectively for 30 minutes. Carefully transfer four of the five brain slices into a preheated 37 degree Celsius, glucose free ACSF and incubate for 15 minutes. To study the time window for acidic preconditioning transfer one slice directly from glucose free ACSF to acidic ACSF and transfer the other three slices to regular ACSF for reperfusion.After three minutes transfer the slice in acidic ACSF to regular ACSF. Then after five minutes in regular ACSF transfer one of the slices from regular ACSF to the tissue holder in acidic ACSF for three minutes. Transfer another slice in the same manner 15 minutes after reperfusion.The remaining slice that was placed in glucose free ACSF but not acidic ACSF is set as the oxygen glucose deprivation group. Transfer the slices from the ACSF into the wells of a 24 well plate containing TTC solution. Stretch out the slice in the solution.And then incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a shallow water bath for 30 minutes. Next transfer the slices into clean, weighed, 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes covered in foil and measure the dry weight of the slices. After weighing, extract Formazan by adding a one to one solution of ethanol and dimethyl sulphoxide to the tubes at a volume to weight ratio of 10 to one.Incubate away from light for 24 hours. The next day transfer the ethanol dimethyl sulphoxide solution from the tubes to a 96 well plate and measure the absorbance at 490 nanometers using a plate reader. First confirm proper anesthesia by the absence of a toe pinch reflex.Then place the anesthetized mouse with LDF probe attached to its skull in a supine position and fix using sterile cotton threads. Disinfect the shaved skin of the neck with 75%ethyl alcohol. Then after making a peri median skin incision in the neck blunt dissect the soft tissues with forceps to expose the blood vessels.Add one drop of saline to the exposed tissues to keep them hydrated. Next, use ophthalmic forceps to dissect the common carotid artery from surrounding tissue and the vagus nerve. Be careful not to damage the vagus nerve.Place a micro vessel clamp at the distal end of the common carotid artery. And tie a dead knot with 6-0 silk sutures at the proximal end. Then tie a loose knot proximal to the clamp as a temporary suture.Next, use micro ophthalmic scissors to make a small longitudinal incision between the two knots as close to the dead knot as possible. Now insert a 12 millimeter, tip blunted monofilament through the incision into the artery lumen and advance it a few millimeters. Tighten the loose knot around the tip of the monofilament and then remove the clamp.Then use ophthalmic forceps to advance the filament into the internal carotid artery until the LDF software shows a sharp decline in blood flow. Record the start time of occlusion. Then cut off the LDF probe, and put the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius incubator for the one hour duration of occlusion.55 minutes after the start of occlusion reanesthetize the animal with isoflurane and position the animal as before. Then open the neck incision, and reexpose the common carotid artery. After the occlusion period, use ophthalmic forceps to gently pull out the filament to achieve reperfusion.Then turn the temporary suture into a permanent one by tightening the knot. For acidosis treatment change the gas inhaled by the nose cone to 20%carbon dioxide 20%oxygen, and 60%nitrogen for five minutes. After closing the incision with an interrupted surgical suture place the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius heated cage until the mouse regains consciousness.This histogram shows the results from the TTC assay performed on cortical slices after oxygen glucose deprivation and acidic postconditioning as demonstrated in this video. Three minutes of acidosis treatment was neuroprotective if treatment was initiated immediately or five minutes after oxygen glucose deprivation, but not if the slices were reperfused for 15 minutes. Mice were subjected to 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated by inhaling 20%carbon dioxide for five minutes at five, 50, or 100 minutes after reperfusion.Infarct volume was quantified by two, three, five triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride staining 24 hours after reperfusion as indicated by the black dotted lines. This histogram shows the percent infarct volume for each condition. The neuroprotection from acidic postconditioning was robust even when the onset time was delayed to 50 minutes after reperfusion.However, acidosis treatment initiated at 100 minutes did not block the ischemic injury. After watching the video you should have a good understanding of how to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning on OGD model of brain slices, and on MSO model of mice. While attempting the procedures it is important to remember that the extension and the duration of acidosis is very important to reproduce the protective effects.

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