Name: synthesis of a thiol building block for the crystallization of a semiconducting gyroidal metal-sulfur framework
Uploaded: 2018-04-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21471037), Guangdong Natural Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars (15ZK0307), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province (2017A050506051), and the Research Grants Council of HKSAR [GRF 11303414].

Caution: Please consult all relevant material safety data sheets before use. Methyl disulfide and sodium thiomethoxide are strongly malodorous and should be handled in a fume hood. Sodium metal is highly reactive and requires special safety precautions against potential fire and explosion hazards. In addition to the use of a fume hood, personal protective equipment (safety glasses, gloves, lab coat, full length pants, and closed-toe shoes) should be properly employed. Portions of the following procedures involve standard...

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The reaction between the bromo group and the thiomethoxide anion apparently first produced the methyl thioether, which was then demethylated by the excess thiomethoxide to provide the thiolate anion product. To ensure complete conversion to the desired thiolate anion (especially for a polybromide substrate like HBT), the vigorous conditions of prolonged heating (e.g., 240 &#176;C over 48 h) with a large excess of sodium thiomethoxide (e.g., over three times the moles of the bromo groups) are essential. ...

There is currently great interest in employing strong, polarizable metal-sulfur (e.g., metal-thiolate) links for constructing open framework materials with enhanced electrocatalytic and conductive properties1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. In addition to promoting electronic interaction and transport in the extended state, the soft and covalent metal-sulfur links also impart better stability for applications in aqueous environments. Among the sulfur-equipped building blocks, symmetrical, multidentate polycyclic aromatic building blocks like 2,3,6,7,10,11-triphenylene hexathiol (HTT)9,11,12,13,14 not only supply highly polarizable &#960;-electrons, but also offer distinct advantages with respect to framework design and synthesis. First, the rigid and symmetrical triphenylene core, in conjunction with the chelating dithiolene groups of HTT, serves to lock in metal ions in regular bonding motifs, simplifying the structural prediction of the prospective network7,15. Together with the rigid and open geometry of the sulfur linker, framework structures with substantial porosity features can often be achieved in the solid state.
One major challenge in assembling thiol-equipped metal orangic framework (MOF) materials is rooted in the synthesis of the organic linker molecules. In a classical protocol, the thiol group had to be derived from the phenol group using the Newman-Kwart rearrangement of the O-aryl thiocarbamate precursor16,17,18. This approach, however, involves elaborate preparative steps for the phenol precursor molecule as well as potential complications of a high-temperature solid phase transformation. Another way of making thiols utilizes reductive dealkylation of thioethers under the harsh conditions of, for example, sodium metal in liquid ammonia19,20,21,22, and is not compatible with the carboxyl and many other donor functions for network construction.
By comparison, the protocol presented here has multiple advantages: safety, convenience, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility with other functional groups (e.g., carbonitrile and pyridinyl). By vigorously heating the generally inexpensive aromatic halide (e.g., hexabromotriphenylene) and thiomethoxide anion, the thiolate anion was generated (via the methyl thioether intermediate product) and then acylated to give the stable and easy-to-handle thioester product-all in one pot.
We will also describe a procedure for utilizing the thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers for accessing a single-crystalline semiconducting and porous metal-dithiolene network. Unlike the highly reactive free-standing thiols, which tend to decompose and complicate the crystallization of metal-thiolate open frameworks, the thioester can be readily cleaved (e.g., by NaOH or ethylenediamine) in situ to provide the thiol species, serving to mitigate the reaction between the mercaptan units and the metal centers, and to consequently improve the crystallization.
This protocol of preparing thiol/thioester has not been widely used by other groups for the emerging field of metal-sulfur frameworks, even though nucleophilic dealkylations of alkyl aryl thioethers by thiolate anions have already been well documented by organic chemists23,24,25,26. By showcasing this efficient synthetic method for thioesters and their use for facilitating the crystallization of metal-sulfur networks, we wish to promote further efforts to bridge the intellectual and practical divide between synthetic organic chemistry and solid state chemistry, so as to help the speedy and healthy development of porous frameworks.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="850">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Bromine</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7726-95-6</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triphenylene&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">HWRK Chem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HWG45510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iron powder</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Nitrobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2934</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Diethyl ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td>3067</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sodium metal</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WM-NMS-54-25X-50G</td>
			<td>Air sensitive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">315353</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl disulfide</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">INTERNATIONAL LABORATORY USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">726415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,3-Dimethyl-2-imadazolidinone</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50483</td>
			<td>Dried over 4&#197; sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Valeryl&#160; chloride</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">99590</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory</td>
			<td>2334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1588</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylene diamine</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Riedel-de Ha&#235;n</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lead acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td>PEKING CHEMICAL WORKE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">861218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of a thiol building block for the crystallization of a semiconducting gyroidal metal-sulfur framework

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and porous metal-dithiolene network in the highly ordered single crystalline state. Unlike the highly reactive free-standing thiols, which tend to decompose and complicate the crystallization of metal-thiolate open frameworks, the thioester reacts in situ to provide the thiol species, serving to mitigate the reaction between the mercaptan units and the metal centers, and to improve crystallization consequently. Specifically, the thioester was synthesized in a one-pot procedure: an aromatic bromide (hexabromotriphenylene) reacted with excess sodium thiomethoxide under vigorous conditions to first form the thioether intermediate product. The thioether was then demethylated by the excess thiomethoxide to provide the thiolate anion that was acylated to form the thioester product. The thioester was conveniently purified by standard column chromatography, and then used directly in the framework synthesis, wherein NaOH and ethylenediamine serve to revert in situ the thioester to the thiol linker for assembling the single-crystalline Pb(II)-dithiolene network. Compared with other methods for thiol synthesis (e.g., by cleaving alkyl thioether using sodium metal and liquid ammonia), the thioester synthesis here uses simple conditions and economical reagents. Moreover, the thioester product is stable and can be conveniently handled and stored. More importantly, in contrast to the generic difficulty in accessing crystalline metal-thiolate open frameworks, we demonstrate that using the thioester for in situ formation of the thiol linker greatly improves the crystallinity of the solid-state product. We intend to encourage broader research efforts on the technologically important metal-sulfur frameworks by disclosing the synthetic protocol for the thioester as well as the crystalline framework solid.

The IR spectrum of the HVaTT molecule (collected by the KBr pellet method) features its strongest absorption at 1,700 cm-1, in accordance with the carbonyl stretching of the thioester functional group. The 1H-NMR spectrum of HVaTT (400 MHz, CDCl3) reveals a singlet at &#948; 8.47 from the aromatic hydrogens, together with 4 multiplets from the aliphatic protons: &#948; 8.47 (s, 6H, CHAr), 2.75 -2.72 (t, J = 7.4, 12H, CH2), 1.81-1.77 (m,...

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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Here, we present a one-pot, transition-metal-free synthesis of thiols and thioesters from aromatic halides and sodium thiomethoxide, followed by the preparation of single crystals of a metal-dithiolene network using thiol species generated in situ from the more stable and tractable thioester.

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and ...

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