Bu eser Ulusal Doğa Bilimleri Vakfı Çin (21471037), Guangdong Doğa Bilimleri fon tarafından seçkin genç akademisyenler (15ZK0307), bilim ve teknoloji planlama projesi, Guangdong Eyaleti (2017A050506051), desteklenen ve HKSAR [GRF 11303414] araştırma hibe Kurumu.

Dikkat: Tüm ilgili malzeme güvenlik bilgi formları kullanmadan önce danışın. Metil disülfür ve sodyum thiomethoxide güçlü kötü kokulu ve duman mahallede ele alınmalıdır. Sodyum metal büyük ölçüde reaktif ve olası yangın ve patlama tehlikelere karşı özel güvenlik önlemleri gerektirir. Bir duman hood kullanılmasına ek olarak, kişisel koruyucu ekipman (koruyucu gözlük, eldiven, önlük, tam uzunlukta pantolon ve kapalı-toe ayakkabı) düzgün istihdam edilmelidir. Aşağıdaki yordamlar bölümlerini içeren standart, hava içermeyen teknikleri işleme.
1. sodyum Thiomethoxide (CH3SNa) hazırlanması
<ol><li>Bir 200 mL Schlenk şişesi bir vakum gaz manifold bağlayın. Şişeye tahliye şişeye biraz pozitif N2 basınç ile doludur öyle ki o zaman backfill N2 üç ile zaman ve. Not: CH3SNa hazırlama benzer bir yöntemi literatürde kısaca belirtilmiştir, ancak hiçbir ayrıntılı yordamlar27,28verilmiştir.</li>
	<li>Metalik sodyum bir blok gazyağı yağ haznesi alın. Yüzeyde kalan yağı yok etmek için kağıt havlu kullanın ve yüzeyinde oksit tabaka kapalı kazımak için bir bıçak kullanın. Hızla 6,7 g metalik sodyum (0,29 mol) küçük parçalar halinde kesilmiş (örn., soya boyutu hakkında) ve hemen küçük parçalar 200 mL Schlenk şişeye N2counter akışının altında transfer. Şişeye bir septum ile hemen kapatın. Not: Hava azaltmak için bir ile bazı varyasyon 6,7 g miktarda sodyum kesip ve THF ve dimetil disülfür kullanılan sodyum fiili miktarına göre miktarda ayarlayın.</li>
	<li>Susuz, havasız THF 80 mL kanül şişesi ile N2 koruma altında içine Schlenk satırından transfer. Dimetil disülfür 14,0 mL çekilme (0,158 benler; N2ile önceden tasfiye) içine bir şırınga ve N2 koruma altında dropwise balonun içine enjekte etmek. Dikkat: Dimetil disülfür kötü kokulu ve duman mahallede ele alınmalıdır.</li>
	<li>Septum bir yere cam stoper ile değiştirin. Reaksiyon karışımı ilave edin, oda sıcaklığında 24 h ve 3 h için 60 ° C'de sonra. Not: Tepki karışımı karıştırma oda sıcaklığında ise viskoz oldu; 60 ° C'ye kadar ısıtıldığında karışımı daha kolay ve böylece hız yukarıya tepki tamamlama doğru karıştırılır.</li>
	<li>Kuru bir katı görünene kadar yaklaşık 60 ° C'de muhafaza sıcaklığı ile THF solvent ve aşırı Dimetil disülfür çoğunluğu bir akış N2 (0,2 L/dak) uçurmak için kullanın. Soğuk bir tuzak kullanın (örn., aseton/kuru buz) çıkış THF ve dimetil disülfür toplamak için.</li>
	<li>Kalan tahliye katı karışımı ile bir petrol pompa çıkarın artık THF ve dimetil disülfür ve IS yaklaşık 2 h o açık sarı katı (19,8 g, %97) elde etmek için N2 ile. Sağlam ürün CH3SNa bir azot atmosferi karanlık saklayın. Not: vakum yağ pompası korumak için soğuk bir tuzak pompalama sırasında kullanılmalıdır.</li>
</ol>2. bir korumalı thiol bağlayıcı olarak 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexakis (pentanoylthio) triphenylene (HVaTT) hazırlanması
<ol><li>CH3SNa 0.664 g yük (9.0 mmol) N2 counter akışının altında 50 mL Schlenk şişesi içine (i.e., yukarıdaki gibi bir vakum gaz manifold N2 koruma altında bağlı). Not: CH3SNa hava için hassas ve kolayca su emer. Havaya maruz en aza indirmek için bir hızlı bir şekilde belirli bir miktar dışarı tartmak ve şişesi için eklemek ve diğer kontrollerimiz, 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexabromotriphenylene (HBT), miktar buna göre ayarlayın. Dikkat: Katı CH3SNa güçlü bir kokusu vardır ve bir duman mahallede ele alınmalıdır.</li>
	<li>HBT 0.216 g ekleyin (0.30 mmol) N2ve mühür şişeye bir septum ile sayaç akışının altında şişesi için.</li>
	<li>Susuz ve havasız 1,3-Dimetil-2-imidazolidinone (DMEU) 10 mL Schlenk satırından N2 koruma altında kanül ile balonun aktarın.</li>
	<li>Septum normal cam tıpa ile değiştirin ve reaksiyon karışımı ilave edin ve tuz banyo için 48 saat altında N2240 ° c ısı için kullanın.</li>
	<li>TLC tepki ilerlemesini izleme: N2altında reaksiyon karışımı (yaklaşık 0.1 mL) küçük bir aliquot geri çekilin ve hemen valeroyl klorür (yaklaşık 0.1 mL) bir plastik temiz sıvı örneği içine enjekte etmek için bir cam damlalık kullanın microcentrifuge şişe ve o zaman sallamak 1 dk. için; karışım hemen bir gri-beyaz renk ile bulanık açmanız gerekir. 0.4 mL deiyonize su ve Etil asetat 0.1 mL ekleyin, kapağı kapatın ve birkaç saniye için salla. Not: tepki zaten tamamlanmışsa, olacak su katmanları ve Etil asetat arasında görünen bir şey. Eğer değilse, bir beyaz çözünmeyen madde iki kat arasında görünür.</li>
	<li>Damlalıklı üst kısmı dışarı ve TLC plakaları lekelenme için kullanabilirsiniz. 1:4 Etil asetat/petrol eter TLC plaka geliştirmek için kullanın. Tam bir tepki için hedef molekül düzenli Rf spot göstermek yukarıya bir UV lamba altında 0,4 =.</li>
	<li>Isıtma kapalı açmak ve reaksiyon şişeye tuz banyosu oda sıcaklığına kadar soğutmak için dışarı almak ve sonra şişeye 0 ° c kadar soğutmak için bir buz banyosu kullanın</li>
	<li>Valeroyl klorür (12.6 mmol) 1,5 mL N2altında bir şırınga ile dropwise (bir dönemde yaklaşık 2 dk) flask içine enjekte et. 2 h. Not için 0 ° C'de karıştırmaya devam: yavaş yavaş ve düşük ısıda valeroyl klorür eklemek yardımcı olur yan ürünleri üretimi azaltmak için.</li>
	<li>Karışımı 50 mL Etil asetat (3 30 mL) kullanarak özü ve buzlu su dökün. O zaman su (6 60 mL), susuz MgSO4kuru ile kombine organik katman yıkama ve döner Buharlaştırıcı tarafından tenler kaldırın.</li>
	<li>Yağlı ham ürün 1:10 kullanarak sütun Kromatografi tarafından izole Etil asetat/petrol eter açık sarı yağlı ürün çözücüler döner buharlaşma sonra affords eluent olarak. 1:4 Etil asetat/petrol eter TLC plaka, Rf geliştirmek için kullanın = 0,4. Daha fazla toz adım aşağı kullanarak yağlı ürün arındırmak.</li>
	<li>5 mL methanolto yağlı ürün ekleyin ve 2 dk. toplamak için sonuç off-beyaz katı solüsyon içeren temizleyicide emiş filtresi kullanarak (verim: % 59).</li>
</ol>3. tek kristalleri HTT-Türkçe çerçeve malzemenin hazırlanması
<ol><li>PbOAc·3H2O 11,4 mg karışımı (0,030 mmol) 1.0 ml etilen diamin net bir çözüm sağlamak için bir şişe içinde.</li>
	<li>9.1 mg HVaTT yük (0,010 mmol), 2.0 mL önceden degassed metanol lik NaOH (70 mmol/L) ve boş bir 10mL şişe içine etilen diamin 1.0 mL ve 5 min için solüsyon içeren temizleyicide.</li>
	<li>PbOAc çözüm sonicated HVaTT karışıma ekleyin. Sonra N2 1 dk. için tepki karışımla kabarcık ve şişe imzalamaya vidalı kapak üzerinde koydu.</li>
	<li>Şişeyi 90 ° c 48 h, tek-kristal x-ışını kırınım çalışmalar kuruldu için doğal oda sıcaklığına, hangi sarı-turuncu sırasında orbitallerinin tek kristalleri uygun soğutma tarafından takip için bir fırın ısı (verim: % 45).</li>
	<li>Filtrasyon kristalleri kapalı emme ve hızlı bir şekilde MeOH ile yıkayın. Bir cam damlalık kristallerle havasız MeOH (5 mL) için depolama oda sıcaklığında içeren bir flakon içine aktarın.</li>
</ol>4. bozması Diiodide HTT-Türkçe kristalleri ile etkileşim
<ol><li>HTT-Türkçe tek kristal bir kaç taneler MeOH stoktan çekme ve Petri kabına bırak Pasteur damlalıklı bardak kullan (çapı 35 mm ve derinliği 10 mm). Doku veya filtre kağıdı kadar metanol sıvı emmek (ya da doğal olarak kuru MeOH izin) ve kristaller bozması diiodide (%0,1, w/w) sulu bir çözüm birkaç damla damla.</li>
	<li>Renk gözlemlemek değişiklik kristalleri göz veya bir mikroskop altında.</li>
</ol>

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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+Mercury+Sorption+by+Thiol-Laced+Metal-Organic+Frameworks:+in+Strong+Acid+and+the+Vapor+Phase.">Effective Mercury Sorption by Thiol-Laced Metal-Organic Frameworks: in Strong Acid and the Vapor Phase.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 135 (21), 7795-7798 (2013).</li><li>Yee, K. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Room-temperature+acetylene+hydration+by+a+Hg(II)-laced+metal-organic+framework.">Room-temperature acetylene hydration by a Hg(II)-laced metal-organic framework.</a> Chem Commun. 51 (54), 10941-10944 (2015).</li><li>Gui, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tackling+poison+and+leach:+catalysis+by+dangling+thiol-palladium+functions+within+a+porous+metal-organic+solid.">Tackling poison and leach: catalysis by dangling thiol-palladium functions within a porous metal-organic solid.</a> Chem Commun. 51 (32), 6917-6920 (2015).</li><li>He, J., Zeller, M., Hunter, A. D., Xu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+shakeup+of+metal-organic+frameworks:+the+rise+of+the+sidekick.">Functional shakeup of metal-organic frameworks: the rise of the sidekick.</a> CrystEngComm. 17 (48), 9254-9263 (2015).</li></ol>

Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Görünüşe göre bromo grup ve thiomethoxide anyon arasındaki reaksiyon sonra thiolate anyon ürün sağlamak için aşırı thiomethoxide tarafından demethylated metil thioether ilk üretilen. Isıtma (örneğin, 240 ° C üzerinde 48 h) sodyum thiomethoxide (örneğin, üç üzerinde büyük bir fazlalığı ile dinç koşulları için istenen thiolate anyon (özellikle için polybromide substrat HBT gibi) tam dönüşüm sağlamak için uzun süreli «defa bromo grupları mol) gereklidir. Azot ko...

Güçlü, polarizable metal-kükürt istihdam şu anda büyük ilgi olduğunu (örn., metal-thiolate) gelişmiş electrocatalytic ve iletken özellikleri1,2 ile çerçeve malzemeleri Açık Golf Sahası oluşturmak için , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10. elektronik etkileşim ve Genişletilmiş durum Ulaştırma teşvik ek olarak, yumuşak ve kovalent metal-kükürt bağlantıları da sulu ortamlarda uygulama için daha iyi kararlılık vermek. Kükürt donanımlı yapı taşları arasında simetrik, 2,3,6,7,10,11-triphenylene hexathiol (HTT)9,11,12,13 multidentate polisiklik aromatik yapı taşları tarihlerde , 14 son derece polarizable π-elektron kaynağı kalmayıp Ayrıca çerçeve tasarım ve sentez göre farklı avantajlar sunuyoruz. İlk olarak, katı ve simetrik triphenylene çekirdek HTT, şelat dithiolene grupları ile birlikte düzenli bağ motifleri, olası ağ7, 'in yapısal tahmin basitleştirilmesi metal iyonu kilitlemek için hizmet vermektedir 15. katı ve açık geometri kükürt bağlayıcı ile birlikte, çerçeve yapıları önemli porozite özellikleri ile kez sağlam durumda elde edilebilir.
Bir büyük sorun thiol donanımlı metal orangic çerçeve (MOF) malzeme montaj içinde organik bağlayıcı molekülleri sentezinde yatmaktadır. Klasik bir iletişim kuralında, thiol grup O- aril thiocarbamate habercisi16,17,18Newman-Kwart yeniden kullanarak fenol grubundan türetilmiş gerekiyordu. Bu yaklaşım, ancak, fenol habercisi molekülü yanı sıra yüksek sıcaklık katı faz dönüşümünün olası komplikasyonlar için ayrıntılı partiye hazırlık adımları içerir. Thiols yapmanın başka bir yolu thioethers sert koşullar altında Örneğin, sodyum metal Sıvı amonyak19,20,21,22, indirgeyici dealkylation kullanır ve değil birarada olabilir ile karboksil ve birçok diğer donör işlevi ağ inşaat için.
Buna karşılık, burada sunulan Protokolü birden çok avantajları vardır: güvenlik, rahatlık, maliyet-etkililik ve diğer fonksiyonel gruplar ile uyumluluk (örn., carbonitrile ve pyridinyl). Şiddetle genellikle ucuz aromatik halide Isıtma tarafından (örn., hexabromotriphenylene) ve thiomethoxide anyon, thiolate anyon (metil thioether ara üzerinden ürün) oluşturulur ve sonra acylated istikrarlı vermek ve kolay ele thioester ürün-tüm bir tencerede.
Ayrıca thioester molekülleri thiol halkalı maskeli biçimi olarak tek kristal yarıiletken ve gözenekli metal-dithiolene ağa erişmek için kullanmak için bir prosedür anlatacağım. Ayrıştırmak ve metal-thiolate açık altyapıları kristalleşme karmaşık hale eğilimi, büyük ölçüde reaktif müstakil thiols, thioester kolayca i ciddi (örn., NaOH veya ethylenediamine) sağlamak için situ thiol türler, merkaptan birimleri ve metal merkezleri arasındaki reaksiyon azaltmak ve dolayısıyla kristalizasyon geliştirmek için hizmet.
Nükleofilik dealkylations alkil aril thioethers thiolate anyon tarafından zaten de organik tarafından dokümante edilmiş olsa bile thiol/thioester hazırlama bu iletişim kuralı yaygın diğer gruplar tarafından metal-kükürt çerçeveler, ortaya çıkan alan için kullanılmamış olan kimyagerler23,24,25,26. Tiyoesterlere için verimli bu sentetik yöntem ve bunların kullanımı için metal-kükürt ağlar kristalizasyon kolaylaştırmak vitrine tarafından entelektüel ve pratik sentetik organik kimya arasındaki uçurumu için daha fazla çaba teşvik etmek istiyoruz ve katı hal kimya, gözenekli çerçeveler hızlı ve sağlıklı gelişimini yardım, bu yüzden.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Bromine</td>
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			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Nitrobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Diethyl ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">WM-NMS-54-25X-50G</td>
			<td>Air sensitive</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">99590</td>
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			<td>2334</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1588</td>
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			<td style="width:348px;">Riedel-de Ha&#235;n</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15070</td>
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synthesis of a thiol building block for the crystallization of a semiconducting gyroidal metal-sulfur framework

Biz thioester molekülleri maskeli şeklinde thiol halkalı ve yarıiletken ve gözenekli metal-dithiolene ağ yüksek sıralı tek kristal durumda erişmek için onların kullanımı olarak hazırlanması için bir yöntem mevcut. Ayrıştırmak ve metal-thiolate açık altyapıları kristalleşme karmaşık hale eğilimi, büyük ölçüde reaktif müstakil thiols, thioester arasındaki reaksiyon azaltmak için hizmet veren thiol tür sağlamak için in situ tepki verir merkaptan birimleri ve metal merkezleri ve kristalizasyon sonuç olarak geliştirmek için. Özellikle, thioester bir pot yordamda sentez: bir aromatik bromür (hexabromotriphenylene) ilk thioether ara ürün oluşturmak için güçlü koşullar altında aşırı sodyum thiomethoxide ile tepki gösterdi. Thioether sonra thioester ürün oluşturmak için acylated oldu thiolate anyon sağlamak için aşırı thiomethoxide tarafından demethylated. Thioester uygun standart sütun Kromatografi tarafından saflaştırıldı ve montajı için çerçeve sentezi ise doğrudan neyin NaOH ve ethylenediamine hizmet in situ dönmek için thioester thiol bağlayıcı için kullanılan Tek-kristal Pb (II)-dithiolene ağ. Thiol sentezi için diğer yöntemleri ile karşılaştırıldığında (örn., sodyum kullanarak alkil thioether bulandı tarafından metal ve Sıvı amonyak), basit koşullar ve ekonomik Kimyasalları thioester sentez burada kullanır. Ayrıca, thioester ürün stabil ve uygun ele depolanan ve. Daha da önemlisi, kristal metal-thiolate açık altyapıları erişme genel zorluk aksine, biz thioester in situ için kullanarak thiol bağlayıcı oluşumu büyük crystallinity, katı hal geliştirir göstermek ürün. Teknolojik olarak önemli metal-kükürt çerçeveler daha geniş araştırma çalışmalarına thioester yanı sıra kristal çatı katı için sentetik Protokolü açıklamadan tarafından teşvik etmek niyetinde.

IR spektrum (KBr Pelet yöntemi tarafından toplanan) HVaTT molekülünün 1,700 cm-1karbonil thioester fonksiyonel grup germe uygun olarak, onun en güçlü emme özellikleri. HVaTT (400 MHz, CDCl3) 1H-NMR spektrumu singlet δ 8,47 aromatik hidrojen üzerinden Alifatik proton üzerinden 4 multiplets ile birlikte de ortaya koymaktadır: δ 8,47 (s, 6 H, CHAr), 2.75-2.72 (t, J 7.4, 12 H = CH2), 1.81-1.77 (m, 12 H, CH2), 1,50-1...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework at JoVE.com

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Burada, biz thiols bir pot, geçiş metal ücretsiz sentezi mevcut ve aromatik halojenürlerden ve sodyum thiomethoxide, thiol türler kullanarak bir metal-dithiolene ağının tek kristalleri hazırlık tarafından takip tiyoesterlere içinde in situ oluşturulan daha istikrarlı ve uysal thioester.

Bir yarıiletken Gyroidal Metal-kükürt çerçeve kristalleşme için Thiol yapı taşı sentezi

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and ...

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8.9K Görüntüleme.  Guangdong University of Technology. Burada, biz thiols bir pot, geçiş metal ücretsiz sentezi mevcut ve aromatik halojenürlerden ve sodyum thiomethoxide, thiol türler kullanarak bir metal-dithiolene ağının tek kristalleri hazırlık tarafından takip tiyoesterlere içinde in situ oluşturulan daha istikrarlı ve uysal thioester.

Video: Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of molecular iodine to samarium metal in THF.1,2-3 It is a mild and selective single electron reductant and its versatility is a result of its ability to initiate a wide range of reductions including C-C bond-forming and cascade or sequential reactions. SmI2 can reduce a variety of functional groups including sulfoxides and sulfones, phosphine oxides, epoxides, alkyl and aryl halides, carbonyls, and conjugated double bonds.2-12 One of the fascinating features of SmI-2-mediated reactions is the ability to manipulate the outcome of reactions through the selective use of cosolvents or additives. In most instances, additives are essential in controlling the rate of reduction and the chemo- or stereoselectivity of reactions.13-14 Additives commonly utilized to fine tune the reactivity of SmI2 can be classified into three major groups: (1) Lewis bases (HMPA, other electron-donor ligands, chelating ethers, etc.), (2) proton sources (alcohols, water etc.), and (3) inorganic additives (Ni(acac)2, FeCl3, etc).3
Understanding the mechanism of SmI2 reactions and the role of the additives enables utilization of the full potential of the reagent in organic synthesis. The Sm-Barbier reaction is chosen to illustrate the synthetic importance and mechanistic role of two common additives: HMPA and Ni(II) in this reaction. The Sm-Barbier reaction is similar to the traditional Grignard reaction with the only difference being that the alkyl halide, carbonyl, and Sm reductant are mixed simultaneously in one pot.1,15 Examples of Sm-mediated Barbier reactions with a range of coupling partners have been reported,1,3,7,10,12 and have been utilized in key steps of the synthesis of large natural products.16,17 Previous studies on the effect of additives on SmI2 reactions have shown that HMPA enhances the reduction potential of SmI2 by coordinating to the samarium metal center, producing a more powerful,13-14,18 sterically encumbered reductant19-21 and in some cases playing an integral role in post electron-transfer steps facilitating subsequent bond-forming events.22 In the Sm-Barbier reaction, HMPA has been shown to additionally activate the alkyl halide by forming a complex in a pre-equilibrium step.23
Ni(II) salts are a catalytic additive used frequently in Sm-mediated transformations.24-27 Though critical for success, the mechanistic role of Ni(II) was not known in these reactions. Recently it has been shown that SmI2 reduces Ni(II) to Ni(0), and the reaction is then carried out through organometallic Ni(0) chemistry.28
These mechanistic studies highlight that although the same Barbier product is obtained, the use of different additives in the SmI2 reaction drastically alters the mechanistic pathway of the reaction. The protocol for running these SmI2-initiated reactions is described.

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

A straightforward procedure for the preparation of samarium diiodide (SmI2) in THF is described. The role of two main additives namely hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and Ni(acac)2 in Sm mediated reactions is demonstrated in the Sm-Barbier reaction.

Hazırlanması ve Samaryum Diiodide Kullanımı (SMI<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;) In Organic Synthesis: Samaryum Barbier Reaksiyonu HMPA ve Ni (II) tuzlarının Mekanistik Rolü

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

Kimya

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

The highly diastereoselective preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines through reaction of diiodomethyllithium with N-Ts aldimines is described. Diiodomethyllithium is prepared by the deprotonation of diiodomethane with LiHMDS, in a THF/diethyl ether mixture, at -78 &#176;C in the dark. These conditions are essential for the stability of the LiCHI2 reagent generated. The subsequent dropwise addition of N-Ts aldimines to the preformed diiodomethyllithium solution affords an amino-diiodide intermediate, which is not isolated. Rapid warming of the reaction mixture to 0 &#176;C promotes cyclization to afford iodoaziridines with exclusive cis-diastereoselectivity. The addition and cyclization stages of the reaction are mediated in one reaction flask by careful temperature control.
Due to the sensitivity of the iodoaziridines to purification, assessment of suitable methods of purification is required. A protocol to assess the stability of sensitive compounds to stationary phases for column chromatography is described. This method is suitable to apply to new iodoaziridines, or other potentially sensitive novel compounds. Consequently this method may find application in range of synthetic projects. The procedure involves firstly the assessment of the reaction yield, prior to purification, by 1H NMR spectroscopy with comparison to an internal standard. Portions of impure product mixture are then exposed to slurries of various stationary phases appropriate for chromatography, in a solvent system suitable as the eluent in flash chromatography. After stirring for 30 min to mimic chromatography, followed by filtering, the samples are analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Calculated yields for each stationary phase are then compared to that initially obtained from the crude reaction mixture. The results obtained provide a quantitative assessment of the stability of the compound to the different stationary phases; hence the optimal can be selected. The choice of basic alumina, modified to activity IV, as a suitable stationary phase has allowed isolation of certain iodoaziridines in excellent yield and purity.

A protocol for the diastereoselective one-pot preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines is described. The generation of diiodomethyllithium, addition to N-Ts aldimines and cyclization of the amino gem-diiodide intermediate to iodoaziridines is demonstrated. Also included is a protocol to rapidly and quantitatively assess the most appropriate stationary phase for purification by chromatography.

Sentez ve Kromatografi için optimal sabit faz kantitatif seçimi dahil edilmesi Iodoaziridines saflaştırılması

The highly diastereoselective preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines through reaction of diiodomethyllithium with N-Ts aldimines is described. ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and engineers. Growth of such anisotropic nanocrystals through a simple chemical method is a challenging task. In this study, we fabricate discotic nanodisks of zirconium phosphate [Zr(HPO4)2&#183;H2O] as a model material using hydrothermal, reflux and microwave-assisted methods. Growth of crystals is controlled by duration time, temperature, and concentration of reacting species. The novelty of the adopted methods is that discotic crystals of size ranging from hundred nanometers to few micrometers can be obtained while keeping the polydispersity well within control. The layered discotic crystals are converted to monolayers by exfoliation with tetra-(n)-butyl ammonium hydroxide [(C4H9)4NOH, TBAOH]. Exfoliated disks show isotropic and nematic liquid crystal phases. Size and polydispersity of disk suspensions is highly important in deciding their phase behavior.

A two dimensional model material of discotic zirconium phosphate was developed. The inorganic crystal with lamellar structure was synthesized by hydrothermal, reflux, and microwave-assisted methods. On exfoliation with organic molecules, layered crystals can be converted to monolayers, and nematic liquid crystal phase was formed at sufficient concentration of monolayers.

Sentezi ve diskotik Zirkonyum Fosfatların Eksfoliasyon Kolloidal Sıvı Kristaller Edinme

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with facile control over network structure and programming of an aligned monodomain. Tailored LCE networks were synthesized using routine mixing of commercially available starting materials and pouring monomer solutions into molds to cure. An initial polydomain LCE network is formed via a self-limiting thiol-acrylate Michael-addition reaction. Strain-to-failure and glass transition behavior were investigated as a function of crosslinking monomer, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). An example non-stoichiometric system of 15 mol% PETMP thiol groups and an excess of 15 mol% acrylate groups was used to demonstrate the robust nature of the material. The LCE formed an aligned and transparent monodomain when stretched, with a maximum failure strain over 600%. Stretched LCE samples were able to demonstrate both stress-driven thermal actuation when held under a constant bias stress or the shape-memory effect when stretched and unloaded. A permanently programmed monodomain was achieved via a second-stage photopolymerization reaction of the excess acrylate groups when the sample was in the stretched state. LCE samples were photo-cured and programmed at 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400% strain, with all samples demonstrating over 90% shape fixity when unloaded. The magnitude of total stress-free actuation increased from 35% to 115% with increased programming strain. Overall, the two-stage TAMAP methodology is presented as a powerful tool to prepare main-chain LCE systems and explore structure-property-performance relationships in these fascinating stimuli-sensitive materials.

A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.

Bir iki-aşamalı Tiol akrilat reaksiyonu kullanılarak programlanabilir ana zincirli Sıvı kristal Elastomerler sentezi

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline ...

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

Biyomedikal Uygulamalar için uygundur InP / ZnS Kuantum Noktaları Cd-serbest sentezi

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately 200 different odorant compounds in addition to vanillin. The natural extraction of vanillin (from the orchid Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitiensis and Vanilla pompon) represents only 1% of the worldwide production and since this process is expensive and very long, the rest of the production of vanillin is synthesized. Many biotechnological approaches can be used for the synthesis of vanillin from lignin, phenolic stilbenes, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., with the disadvantage of harming the environment since these processes use strong oxidizing agents and toxic solvents. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives on the production of vanillin are very desirable and thus, under current investigation. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a new class of highly crystalline materials that recently have been used for catalysis. HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, BTC = 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate) is a very well known PCP which has been extensively studied as a heterogeneous catalyst. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for the production of vanillin by the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid using HKUST-1 as a catalyst.

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

HKUST-1 vanilin Sentezi için bir heterojen katalizör halinde

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

Protein Bioconjugatlar sentezi<em&gt; yoluyla</em&gt; Sistein-maleimid Kimya

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, 1,4-benzene-bis(iminoguanidinium) (BBIG), is demonstrated. The ligand is synthesized as the chloride salt (BBIG-Cl) by in situ imine condensation of terephthalaldehyde with aminoguanidinium chloride in water, followed by crystallization as the sulfate salt (BBIG-SO4). Alternatively, BBIG-Cl is synthesized ex situ in larger scale from ethanol. The sulfate separation ability of the BBIG ligand is demonstrated by selective and quantitative crystallization of sulfate from seawater. The ligand can be recycled by neutralization of BBIG-SO4 with aqueous NaOH and crystallization of the neutral bis-iminoguanidine, which can be converted back into BBIG-Cl with aqueous HCl and reused in another separation cycle. Finally, 35S-labeled sulfate and &#946; liquid scintillation counting are employed for monitoring the sulfate concentration in solution. Overall, this protocol will instruct the user in the necessary skills to synthesize a ligand, employ it in the selective crystallization of sulfate from aqueous solutions, and quantify the separation efficiency.

A protocol for in situ aqueous synthesis of a bis(iminoguanidinium) ligand and its utilization in selective separation of sulfate is presented.

bir bis-iminoguanidinium ligand ile seçici kristalleştirme ile Sülfat Ayırma

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports (polymer, ceramic, metal, carbon, and graphene). We developed a novel crystallization technique, which is termed the ENACT approach: the electrophoretic nuclei assembly for the crystallization of highly intergrown thin films (ENACT). This approach allows for a high density of heterogeneous nucleation of MOFs on a chosen substrate via the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) directly from the precursor sol. The growth of well-packed MOF nuclei leads to a highly intergrown polycrystalline MOF film. We show that this simple approach can be used for the synthesis of thin, intergrown zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF)-7 and ZIF-8 films. The resulting 500 nm-thick ZIF-8 membranes show a considerably high H2 permeance (8.3 x 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1) and ideal gas selectivities (7.3 for H2/CO2, 15.5 for H2/N2, 16.2 for H2/CH4, and 2655 for H2/C3H8). An attractive performance for C3H6/C3H8 separation is also achieved (a C3H6 permeance of 9.9 x 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and a C3H6/C3H8 ideal selectivity of 31.6 at 25 &#176;C). Overall, the ENACT process, owing to its simplicity, can be extended to synthesize intergrown thin films of a wide range of nanoporous crystalline materials.

A simple, reproducible, and versatile approach for the synthesis of intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports is presented.

Elektroforetik kristalizasyon Ultrathin yüksek performanslı Metal organik Framework membranlar

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and ...

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

A convenient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles is well sought after due to the molecule&#39;s potential use in biological systems. By means of solid-phase synthesis, regenerating Michael (REM) linker strategies, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, a library of structurally similar heterocycles, both with and without a spirocyclic center, can be constructed. The main advantages of the solid-support synthesis are as follows: first, each reaction step can be driven to completion using a large excess of reagents resulting in high yields; next, the use of commercially available starting materials and reagents keep the costs low; finally, the reaction steps are easy to purify via simple filtration. The REM linker strategy is attractive because of its recyclability and traceless nature. Once a reaction scheme is completed, the linker can be reused multiple times. In a typical solid-phase synthesis, the product contains either a part of or the whole linker, which can prove undesirable. The REM linker is &#34;traceless&#34; and the point of attachment between the product and the polymer is indistinguishable. The high diastereoselectivity of the intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is well documented. Limited by the insolubility of the solid support, the reaction progression can only be monitored by a change in the functional groups (if any) via infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Thus, the structural identification of intermediates cannot be characterized by conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Other limitations to this method stem from the compatibilities of the polymer/linker to the desired chemical reaction scheme. Herein we report a protocol that allows for the convenient production of spirocyclic heterocycles that, with simple modifications, can be automated with high-throughput techniques.

Here we present a protocol to demonstrate an efficient method for the synthesis of spirocyclic heterocycles. The five-step process utilizes solid-phase synthesis and regenerating Michael linker strategies. Generally difficult to synthesize, we present a customizable method for the synthesis of spirocyclic molecules otherwise inaccessible to other modern approaches.

Katı faz [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes sentezi

A convenient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles is well sought after due to the molecule&#39;s potential use in biological systems. By means of ...