Name: electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1
Uploaded: 2018-04-16T14:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 at JoVE.com

이 작품 과학 진흥 (JSP) KAKENHI 보조금 번호 24000010, 17 H 04969, 일본 사회에서 특별히 추진 연구 및 JP17J02602, 미국 사무실의 해군 연구 글로벌 (N62909-17-1-2038)는 선진적인 재정적으로 지원 했다. Y.T.는 JSP 연구원 이며 프로그램을 통해 JSP에 대 한 선도 대학원 학교 (공로) 지원.

1. ITO 전극 (그림 1)에 S. oneidensis 씨-1의 단층 Biofilm의 형성
참고: 다른 미생물과 전기 화학 반응 기의 오염을 방지 하기 위해, 모든 미디어, 구현 및 전기 화학 반응 기의 구성 한다 살 균 되어야 사전에. 때 깨끗 한 벤치에 모든 절차를 지휘 한다 S. oneidensis 씨-1 셀을 사용 하 고 전기 원자로 건설.
<ol><li>S. oneidensis 씨-1 셀의 재배 참고: S. oneidensis 씨-1의 단층 biofilm 형성 되었다는 이토에는 조건에 따라 전극 보고 이전4.<ol>
<li>S. oneidensis 씨-1 세포 성장, S. oneidensis 씨-1 파운드 매체 (20 g/L) 160 rpm에서 떨고 호 기성 조건에서 24 시간에 30 ° C에서의 15 mL에 Luria Bertani (파운드) (20 g/L) 및 bacto agar (15 g/L)로 구성 된 한 천 배지에서 성장 한 식민지를 추가 합니다.</li>
		<li>10 분 동안 6000 × g 에서 세포 현 탁 액을 원심 및 정의 된 매체 (pH 7.8)의 15 mL에 결과 셀 펠 릿 resuspend (DM: NaHCO3 [2.5 g/L], CaCl2·2H2O [0.08 g/L], NH4Cl [1.0 g/L] MgCl2· 6 H2O [0.2 g/L], NaCl [10 g/L], 그리고 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] [HEPES; 7.2 g/L] ethanesulfonic 산), 젖 산 10 m m와 0.5 g/L 효 모 추출 물, 탄소 소스로 보충 및 S. oneidensis 씨-1에 대 한 추적 요소 각각.</li>
		<li>또한 160 rpm에서 떨고와 12 h 30 ° C에서 aerobically 세포 현 탁 액을 배양 하 고 원심 다시 10 분 세척을 위한 6000 × g 에서 DM 매체와 두 번 결과 셀 펠 릿은 화학 전에 6000 × g에서 10 분 원심 분리 하 여 실험입니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>3-전극 전기 화학 반응 (그림 1)의 건설<ol>
<li>반응 기의 하단에 작업 전극으로 ITO 기판을 넣어.</li>
		<li>그 후, 삽입 유리 실린더 (2 cm의 직경) 및 소계 (PTFE) 커버. 그런 다음 삽입 Ag/AgCl (포화 KCl)와 백 금 철사는 원자로에 참조 및 카운터 전극으로 각각. 참고: 공기 및 솔루션의 누설을 방지 하기 위해 각 구성 요소 간의 부 틸 고무 시트를 삽입 합니다.</li>
		<li>DM의 4.0 mL 10mm 젖 산으로 보충 하 고 0.5 g/L 효 모 추출 화학 반응 기에 추가 합니다.</li>
		<li>전기 화학 반응 기에서 누설 확인, 전기 화학 반응 화학 반응 기 내부의 혐 기성 조건을 유지 하기 위해 20 분 이상으로 질소 가스 흐름. 참고: 다른 미생물 오염을 방지 하기 위해, 가스 한다 필터링 전에 그것은 전기 화학 반응으로 흐른다.</li>
		<li>전기 화학 반응 기는 potentiostat에 연결 하 고 적용 0.4 V (표준 수소 전극 대 그녀) ITO 전극에는 외부 물 순환 시스템을 사용 하 여 30 ° C에서 전기 화학 반응 기의 온도 유지. 참고: 외부 전기 분야의 영향을 방지 하기 위해, 전기 화학 반응 기는 패러데이 케이지에 배치 되어야 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>S. oneidensis 씨-1 세포 (그림 1 및 그림 2)의 전기 화학 경작<ol>
<li>1.1 600 1.43의 광학 밀도에 단계에서 얻은 서 스 펜 션의 셀 밀도 조정 10 m m 0.5 g/L 및 젖 산 효 모에 의해 보충 하는 dm nm (OD600) 추출. 참고: 올바른 세600를, 1.43 OD600 조정 전에 대 한 UV 분석기에 OD600 ≤ 0.8의 세포 현 탁 액을 적용 됩니다.</li>
		<li>세포 현 탁 액의 0.3 mL 주사기를 사용 하 여 주입 포트를 통해 전기 화학 반응 기에 추가: 원자로에서 OD600 0.1로 변경. 참고: OD600 와 0.3 mL 셀 서 스 펜 션의 추가 = 1.43 OD600 와 솔루션의 4.3 ml에서 4.0 mL 중간 결과 포함 하는 전기 원자로에 0.1 =. 다른 원자로 사용 하 여 다른 볼륨, 셀 밀도의 계산이 필요 합니다.</li>
		<li>0.4 V (그녀) 대 25 h ITO 전극에 잠재적인 응용 프로그램을 계속 합니다. 참고: ITO 전극에 단층 biofilm의 형성에 대 한 생산된 전류 전시 그림 2에서 50% 미만의 편차 확인 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. 젖 산 10 m m (그림 3)와 신선한 DM 매체와 상쾌한의 교체
<ol><li>잠재적인 응용 프로그램을 중지 하 고 전기 화학 반응 기는 potentiostat와 물 순환 시스템에서 분리 합니다.</li>
	<li>10 m m와 신선한 DM 매체와 상쾌한의 대체 젖이 나올<ol>
<li>DM를 포함 하는 매체에서 산소를 제거 하 10mm 젖 산 20 분 이상으로 병에 질소 가스 흐름.</li>
		<li>천천히 흐르는에서 주사기를 사용 하 여 전기 화학 반응 기 내부의 모든 상쾌한 제거 질소 가스 (그림 3a, b). 참고: 질소 가스에 의해 ITO 전극에는 biofilm를 위반을 피하기 위해, 가스 액체 표면 위의 흐름 해야 합니다.</li>
		<li>(그림 3c) 주사기를 사용 하 여 10mm 젖 산을 포함 하는 신선한 DM의 4.0 mL를 추가 합니다. 참고: ITO 전극에는 biofilm를 위반을 피하기 위해, 전기 화학 반응 기의 벽을 따라 중간을 주사 천천히. 유지 하기 위해 젖은 biofilm, 매체 상쾌한의 제거 후 즉시 추가 되어야 합니다. 상쾌한의 제거 후 중간까지 1 분의 주입 S. oneidensis 씨-1는 biofilm에서 현재 생산을 영향을 주지 않습니다.</li>
		<li>전기 화학 반응 기의 벽에 부착 된 상쾌한의 모두 제거를 전기 화학 반응 기 경사</li>
		<li>총에 세 번 단계 2.2.2-2.2.4를 반복 합니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>가스 흐름을 중지 하 고 potentiostat 다시, 303 공화국에서 ITO 전극 (그녀) 대 0.4 V 적용에 전기 화학 반응 기를 연결</li>
</ol>3. 동유럽 표준시 과정 (그림 4)에 인기를 측정 하는 중수소 물 추가
<ol><li>S. oneidensis 씨-1의 단층 biofilm에서 현재 생산 안정적 이며 빠른 속도로 증가 하지 않습니다 확인 합니다. 현재 가파르게 증가 하는 경우 현재 5% 증가 10 분 이상에서 안정화 될 때까지 기다립니다. 참고: 다른 미생물 긴장의 오염 없이 ITO 전극에 단층 biofilm의 형성 확인 되었다 rDNA 시퀀스와 ITO 전극에 biofilm의 스캐닝 전자 현미경 이미지를 보고 이전4. 동유럽 표준시 프로세스 속도 제한의 확인에 대 한 추가 왕복 전자 중재자 100 µ M 안트라퀴논-1-된 α-AQS () 등의 효과 모니터링 합니다. 15 대 한 자세한 내용은 참조 및 대표적인 결과 섹션을 참조 하십시오.</li>
	<li>농도 0.5% (v/v) D2O 원자로에 주사기를 사용 하 여 전기 화학 반응으로 무산 소 50% (v/v) D2O의 40 µ L를 추가 합니다. 참고: D2O 추가 의해는 biofilm 손상을 방지, 주사 D2O drop-wise.</li>
	<li>전류 안정화를 기다립니다 하 고 이후 추가 D2O 4.0% (v/v). 참고: KIE 값 (D2O 및 H2O의 현재 생산의 비율)를, 현재 생산에 H2O 추가의 동일한 볼륨의 효과 확인 하십시오.</li>
</ol>

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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+Cr(VI)+by+Escherichia+coli+BL21+in+the+presence+of+redox+mediators.">Reduction of Cr(VI) by Escherichia coli BL21 in the presence of redox mediators.</a> Bioresource Technol. 123, 713-716 (2012).</li><li>Nealson, K., Saffarini, D., Moser, D., Smith, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Spectrophotometric+Method+for+Monitoring+Tactic+Responses+of+Bacteria+under+Anaerobic+Conditions.">A Spectrophotometric Method for Monitoring Tactic Responses of Bacteria under Anaerobic Conditions.</a> J Microbiol. Meth. 20 (3), 211-218 (1994).</li><li>Myers, C. R., Myers, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+surface+exposure+of+the+outer+membrane+cytochromes+of+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Cell surface exposure of the outer membrane cytochromes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 37 (3), 254-258 (2003).</li><li>Lower, B. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibody+Recognition+Force+Microscopy+Shows+that+Outer+Membrane+Cytochromes+OmcA+and+MtrC+Are+Expressed+on+the+Exterior+Surface+of+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Antibody Recognition Force Microscopy Shows that Outer Membrane Cytochromes OmcA and MtrC Are Expressed on the Exterior Surface of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75 (9), 2931-2935 (2009).</li><li>Chen, X. X., Ferrigno, R., Yang, J., Whitesides, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+properties+of+cytochrome+c+adsorbed+on+self-assembled+monolayers:+A+probe+for+protein+conformation+and+orientation.">Redox properties of cytochrome c adsorbed on self-assembled monolayers: A probe for protein conformation and orientation.</a> Langmuir. 18 (18), 7009-7015 (2002).</li><li>McMillan, D. G. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+enzyme+orientation+and+electrode+topology+on+the+catalytic+activity+of+adsorbed+redox+enzymes.">The impact of enzyme orientation and electrode topology on the catalytic activity of adsorbed redox enzymes.</a> Electrochim. Acta. 110, 79-85 (2013).</li><li>Dinh, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+corrosion+by+novel+anaerobic+microorganisms.">Iron corrosion by novel anaerobic microorganisms.</a> Nature. 427 (6977), 829-832 (2004).</li><li>McGlynn, S. E., Chadwick, G. L., Kempes, C. P., Orphan, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cell+activity+reveals+direct+electron+transfer+in+methanotrophic+consortia.">Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia.</a> Nature. 526 (7574), 531-535 (2015).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Nakamura, R., Nealson, K. H., Hashimoto, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bound+Flavin+Model+Suggests+Similar+Electron-Transfer+Mechanisms+in+Shewanella+and+Geobacter.">Bound Flavin Model Suggests Similar Electron-Transfer Mechanisms in Shewanella and Geobacter.</a> Chemelectrochem. 1 (11), 1808-1812 (2014).</li><li>Okamoto, A., Hashimoto, K., Nealson, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flavin+Redox+Bifurcation+as+a+Mechanism+for+Controlling+the+Direction+of+Electron+Flow+during+Extracellular+Electron+Transfer.">Flavin Redox Bifurcation as a Mechanism for Controlling the Direction of Electron Flow during Extracellular Electron Transfer.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53 (41), 10988-10991 (2014).</li><li>Tokunou, Y., Hashimoto, K., Okamoto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acceleration+of+Extracellular+Electron+Transfer+by+Alternative+Redox-Active+Molecules+to+Riboflavin+for+Outer-Membrane+Cytochrome+c+of+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1.">Acceleration of Extracellular Electron Transfer by Alternative Redox-Active Molecules to Riboflavin for Outer-Membrane Cytochrome c of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1.</a> J Phys. Chem. C. 120 (29), 16168-16173 (2016).</li><li>Rowe, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+electron+uptake+from+a+cathode+into+Shewanella+cells:+implications+for+generating+maintenance+energy+from+solid+substrates.">Tracking electron uptake from a cathode into Shewanella cells: implications for generating maintenance energy from solid substrates.</a> bioRxiv. , 116475 (2017).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

우리의 전체 셀 전기 화학 분석 결과 단백질 전기에 비해 몇 가지 기술적인 이점이 있다. 단백질 정화 다단계 시간이 걸리는 절차 필요, 우리의 전체 셀 메서드 자체 조직된 biofilm 형성 세포 배양 후의 어느 날 걸립니다. 톰 c간의 안정적인 상호 작용을 달성 하기 위해-대련 청 려 고 전극, 우리 필요만 살 균과 청소의 전극 표면; 톰 c를 향하는 동안, 전극에 부착 단백질4</su...

직접 하는 그대로 세균 세포에서 산화 환 원 단백질 전기 기술을 최근 금속 감소 미생물 긴장, S. oneidensis 씨-1 등 Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA의 발견 이후 등장 외부 막 시 토 크롬 c 형 단지 (OM c-대련 청 려) 셀 외부1,2,3,,45에 노출 되어 있다. 톰 c-대련 청 려 호흡기 체인에서 extracellularly 있는 고체 기판에 전자 수송 중재. 이 전송 extracellular 전자 전송 (동유럽 표준시)1,6 이라고 하 고 미생물 연료 전지6등 신흥 바이오에 대 한 중요 한 과정 이다. 따라서, 기본 동유럽 표준시 속도 론 및 메커니즘 및 미생물 생리학에 그것의 연결을 이해 하 옴 c-대련 청 려 되었습니다 조사 전체 셀 전기 화학4,7, 현미경과 결합을 사용 하 여 8 , 9, 분광학10,11, 그리고 분자 생물학2,4. 반면, 동유럽 표준시 관련 된 양이온 수송, 예를 들어, 양성자, 살아있는 세포에서 동유럽 표준시 활동에 미치는 영향을 조사 하는 방법 부족 하 게 설립 되어, 세균 막 중요 한 역할을가지고 걸쳐 양성자 수송에도 불구 하 고 신호, 항상성, 및 에너지 생산12,,1314. 현재의에서 연구, 우리는 양성자 수송 필요의 속도 제한 단계 식별 전체 셀 전기 화학 측정을 사용 하 여 S. oneidensis 씨-1 셀에 동유럽 표준시 활동에의 영향을 검사 하는 기법을 설명 미생물 현재 생산15.
1 직접 연결 된 동유럽 표준시에 양성자 수송의 기여를 평가 방법은 중수소 활동적인 동위 원소 효과 (KIE)입니다. 인기의 전자 전송 속도 론16양성자 교통 영향을 나타내는 중수소 이온, 양성자의 교체 시 전자 전송 속도에서 변화 관찰입니다. KIE 자체의 이론은 잘 설립 되었습니다 정제 효소17전기 화학 측정을 사용 하 여. 그러나, S. oneidensis 씨-1에 현재 생산, 여러 다양 한, 그리고 변동 과정18에서 결과, 이후 하나 확인할 수 없습니다 단순히 동유럽 표준시 속도 제한 과정으로. 관찰 하기 위해 동유럽 표준시 함께 양성자 전송 프로세스에 인기, 우리는 미생물 현재 생산 옴 c통해 전자 전송에 의해 제한 됩니다 확인 해야-대련 청 려 전극에. 이 목적을 위해 우리 신선한 매체에서 최적 pH 및 온도 조건 KIE 측정; 전에 전자 기증자로 젖 산의 높은 농도 포함 하는 표면에 뜨는 솔루션 대체 이 교체 봉사 두 역할: (1) 동유럽 표준시에 비해 업스트림 신진 대사 과정의 속도 향상 하 고 (2) 작업 전극 (에 S. oneidensis 씨-1의 단층 biofilm에서 발표 하는 상쾌한 수영 셀 생략 인듐 주석 첨가 산화물 (ITO) 전극). 새로운 실무자 유지 하 고 동유럽 표준시 프로세스 속도 결정 단계는 확인을 있도록 제시 상세한 프로토콜 것입니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Glass cylinder</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Custom-made, used as the electrochemical reactor</td></tr><tr><td>PTFE cover and base</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Custom-made, used as a cover and a foundation of the electrochemical reactor</td></tr><tr><td>Buthyl rubber</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Custom-made, inserted between each component of electrochemical reactor</td></tr><tr><td>Septa</td><td>GL Science</td><td>3007-16101</td><td>Used as an injection port of electrochemical reactor</td></tr><tr><td>Indium tin-doped oxide (ITO) electrode</td><td>GEOMATEC</td><td>No.0001</td><td>Used as a working electrode, 5&amp;Omega;/sq</td></tr><tr><td>Ag/AgCl KCl saturated electrode</td><td>HOKUTO DENKO</td><td>HX-R5</td><td>Used as a reference electrode, &amp;Phi;0.30mm</td></tr><tr><td>Platinum wire</td><td>The Nilaco Cooporation</td><td>PT-351325</td><td>Used as a counter electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Luria-Bertani (LB) Broth, Miller</td><td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td><td>244620</td><td>Medium for precultivation of &lt;em&gt;S. oneidensis&lt;/em&gt; MR-1</td></tr><tr><td>Bacto agar</td><td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td><td>214010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anthraquinone-1-sulfonate (&amp;alpha;-AQS)</td><td>TCI</td><td>A1428</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)</td><td>Wako</td><td>184-00831</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Wako</td><td>191-01305</td><td>Used for defined medium (DM)</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2 &amp;middot; 2H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Wako</td><td>031-00435</td><td>Used for DM</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Wako</td><td>011-03015</td><td>Used for DM</td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; &amp;middot; 6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Wako</td><td>135-00165</td><td>Used for DM</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Wako</td><td>191-01665</td><td>Used for DM</td></tr><tr><td>2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)</td><td>DOJINDO</td><td>346-08235</td><td>Used for DM</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Lactate Solution</td><td>Wako</td><td>195-02305</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacto Yeast Extract</td><td>Becton, Dichkinson and Company</td><td>212750</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Deuterium oxide (D, 99.9%)</td><td>Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.</td><td>DLM-4-PK</td><td>Additive for kinetic isotope effect experiments</td></tr><tr><td>Incubator</td><td>TOKYO RIKAKIKAI CO. LTD.</td><td>LTI-601SD</td><td>Used for precultivation</td></tr><tr><td>Shaker</td><td>TAITEC</td><td>NR-3</td><td>Used for precultivation</td></tr><tr><td>Autoclave machine</td><td>TOMY SEIKO CO. LTD.</td><td>LSX-500</td><td>Used for sterilization of the electrochemical reactor and the medium</td></tr><tr><td>Clean bench</td><td>SANYO</td><td>MCV-91BNF</td><td>Used to prevent the contamination of the electrochemical reactor and the medium with other microbes</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge separator</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5430R</td><td>Rotational speed upto 6000&amp;times;g is required</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrogen gas generator</td><td>Puequ CO. LTD.</td><td>PNTN-2</td><td>Nitrogen gas cylinder can also be used instead of gas generator</td></tr><tr><td>UV-vis spectrometer</td><td>SHIMADZU</td><td>UV-1800</td><td>Used for optimization of cell density</td></tr><tr><td>Potentiostat</td><td>BioLogic</td><td>VMP3</td><td>Used for biofilm formation and kinetic isotope effect experiments</td></tr><tr><td>Thermal water circulator</td><td>AS ONE</td><td>TR-1A</td><td>Used for maintanance of temperature of electrochemcial reactor</td></tr><tr><td>Faraday cage</td><td>HOKUTO DENKO</td><td>HS-201S</td><td>Used for electrochemical experiments</td></tr></tbody></table>

electrochemical detection of deuterium kinetic isotope effect on extracellular electron transport in shewanella oneidensis mr-1

직접 c의 전기 화학 검출-시 토 크롬 단지 세균 외부 막에 포함 된 입력 (외부 막 c-입력 시 토 크롬 복합물; 톰 c-대련 청 려)는 최근 소설 전체 셀 셀 외관 호흡기 체인에서 세균성 전자 수송 특성 분석 방법으로, 세포 외 전자 전송 (동유럽 표준시)로. 통로 동유럽 표준시 반응 동안 전자 흐름의 속도, 조사 하는 동안 전체 셀 전기 메서드 동유럽 표준시와 관련 된 양이온 수송의 영향 검토를 하지 아직 설립 되었습니다. 현재 연구에서 중수소 활동적인 동위 원소 효과 (KIE) 동유럽 표준시에 옴 c를 검사 하는 생 화 확 적인 기술의 예-대련 청 려 모델 미생물, Shewanella oneidensis 미스터-1을 사용 하 여 설명 되어 있습니다. 동유럽 표준시 프로세스에 KIE 옴 c통해 동유럽 표준시-대련 청 려 미생물 현재 생산에서 속도 제한 단계 역할을 하는 경우에 얻어질 수 있다. 끝으로, D2O의 추가 하기 전에 표면에 뜨는 솔루션 업스트림 신진 대사 반응의 속도 지원 하 고 유니폼에서 planktonic 세포를 제거 하는 전자 기증자의 충분 한 금액을 포함 하는 신선한 미디어로 대체 되었습니다. 작업 전극에 단층 biofilm입니다. 속도 제한 확인 대체 방법을 미생물 현재 생산에서 단계 옴 c통해 동유럽 표준시-대련 청 려도 설명 됩니다. 양성자 전송 속도 론 조사를 위한 전기 화학 분석 결과 전체 셀의 우리의 기술은 다른 electroactive 미생물 계통에 적용할 수 있습니다.

0.4 V (그녀) 대에서 잠재적인 응용 프로그램의 25 h, 후 단층 biofilm 이전 스캐닝 전자 현미경 검사 법 또는4confocal 현미경 검사 법 의해 확인 되었다 이토 유리의 작업 전극에 형성 되었다. 단층 biofilm의 형성 중 S. oneidensis 씨-1에서 현재 생산의 대표적인 시간 과정은 그림 2에 표시 됩니다. 비록 현재는 모든 측정에 변경, 단층 biofi...

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Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

전기 화학 탐지의 중수소 활동적인 동위 원소 효과 Shewanella oneidensis 미스터-1에서 세포 외 전자 전송에

여기 선물이 전체 셀 전기 화학 실험 Shewanella oneidensis 미스터-1에서 복잡 한 외부 막 한다 통해 extracellular 전자 전송의 속도를 양성자 수송의 기여를 공부 하는 프로토콜.

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

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Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

9.9K 조회수.  University of Tokyo. 여기 선물이 전체 셀 전기 화학 실험 Shewanella oneidensis 미스터-1에서 복잡 한 외부 막 한다 통해 extracellular 전자 전송의 속도를 양성자 수송의 기여를 공부 하는 프로토콜.

비디오: Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization

The growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms from waste water inocula in a fed-batch reactor is demonstrated using a three-electrode setup controlled by a potentiostat. Thereby the use of potentiostats allows an exact adjustment of the electrode potential and ensures reproducible microbial culturing conditions. During growth the current production is monitored using chronoamperometry (CA). Based on these data the maximum current density (jmax) and the coulombic efficiency (CE) are discussed as measures for characterization of the bioelectrocatalytic performance. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), a nondestructive, i.e. noninvasive, method, is used to study the extracellular electron transfer (EET) of electroactive bacteria. CV measurements are performed on anodic biofilm electrodes in the presence of the microbial substrate, i.e. turnover conditions, and in the absence of the substrate, i.e. nonturnover conditions, using different scan rates. Subsequently, data analysis is exemplified and fundamental thermodynamic parameters of the microbial EET are derived and explained: peak potential (Ep), peak current density (jp), formal potential (Ef) and peak separation (&#916;Ep). Additionally the limits of the method and the state-of the art data analysis are addressed. Thereby this video-article shall provide a guide for the basic experimental steps and the fundamental data analysis.

Chronoamperometric growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms in a fed-batch reactor using a three-electrode setup, controlled by a potentiostat, is demonstrated. The extracellular electron transfer is characterized using cyclic voltammetry in the presence of the electron donor and in the absence of the electron donor. Fundamental data analysis is demonstrated.

The growth of anodic electroactive microbial biofilms from waste water inocula in a fed-batch reactor is demonstrated using a three-electrode setup ...

연구

환경과학

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange (HDX) measured at rapid time scales is uniquely suited to detect structures and hydrogen bonding networks that are briefly populated, allowing for the characterization of transient conformers in native ensembles. Coupling of HDX to mass spectrometry offers several key advantages, including high sensitivity, low sample consumption and no restriction on protein size. This technique has advanced greatly in the last several decades, including the ability to monitor HDX labeling times on the millisecond time scale. In addition, by incorporating the HDX workflow onto a microfluidic platform housing an acidic protease microreactor, we are able to localize dynamic properties at the peptide level. In this study, Time-Resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TRESI-MS) coupled to HDX was used to provide a detailed picture of residual structure in the tau protein, as well as the conformational shifts induced upon hyperphosphorylation.

Conformational flexibility plays a critical role in protein function. Herein, we describe the use of time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to hydrogen-deuterium exchange for probing the rapid structural changes that drive function in ordered and disordered proteins.

시간 해결 전기 분무 이온화 수소 - 중수소 교환 질량 분석 단백질 구조와 역학 연구를위한

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. ...

생화학

Bacterial Detection &amp; Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Electrochemical sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of analytes. Electrochemical sensors operate by transducing a biological recognition event into a useful electrical signal. Signal transduction occurs by coupling the activity of a redox enzyme to an amperometric electrode. Sensor specificity is either an inherent characteristic of the enzyme, glucose oxidase in the case of a glucose sensor, or a product of linkage between the enzyme and an antibody or probe.
Here, we describe an electrochemical sensor assay method to directly detect and identify bacteria. In every case, the probes described here are DNA oligonucleotides. This method is based on sandwich hybridization of capture and detector probes with target ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The capture probe is anchored to the sensor surface, while the detector probe is linked to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). When a substrate such as 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) is added to an electrode with capture-target-detector complexes bound to its surface, the substrate is oxidized by HRP and reduced by the working electrode. This redox cycle results in shuttling of electrons by the substrate from the electrode to HRP, producing current flow in the electrode.

Bacterial Detection & Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

We describe an electrochemical sensor assay method for rapid bacterial detection and identification. The assay involves a sensor array functionalized with DNA oligonucleotide capture probes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) species-specific sequences. Sandwich hybridization of target rRNA with the capture probe and a horseradish peroxidase-linked DNA oligonucleotide detector probe produces a measurable amperometric current.

전기 화학 센서를 사용하여 세균의 검출 및 식별

Electrochemical  sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and  can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of ...

생체공학

Measuring Trans-Plasma Membrane Electron Transport by C2C12 Myotubes

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage by extracellular oxidants. This process of transporting electrons from intracellular reductants to extracellular oxidants is not well defined. Here we present spectrophotometric assays by C2C12 myotubes to monitor tPMET utilizing the extracellular electron acceptors: water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP or DCIP). Through reduction of these electron acceptors, we are able to monitor this process in a real-time analysis. With the addition of enzymes such as ascorbate oxidase (AO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to the assays, we can determine which portion of tPMET is due to ascorbate export or superoxide production, respectively. While WST-1 was shown to produce stable results with low background, DPIP was able to be re-oxidized after the addition of AO and SOD, which was demonstrated with spectrophotometric analysis. This method demonstrates a real-time, multi-well, quick spectrophotometric assay with advantages over other methods used to monitor tPMET, such as ferricyanide (FeCN) and ferricytochrome c reduction.

The goal of this protocol is to spectrophotometrically monitor trans-plasma membrane electron transport utilizing extracellular electron acceptors and to analyze enzymatic interactions that may occur with these extracellular electron acceptors.

C2C12 Myotubes에 의해 트랜스-플라즈마 막 전자 전송 측정

Trans-plasma membrane electron transport (tPMET) plays a role in protection of cells from intracellular reductive stress as well as protection from damage ...

Self-standing Electrochemical Set-up to Enrich Anode-respiring Bacteria On-site

Anaerobic respiration coupled with electron transport to insoluble minerals (referred to as extracellular electron transport [EET]) is thought to be critical for microbial energy production and persistence in many subsurface environments, especially those lacking soluble terminal electron acceptors. While EET-capable microbes have been successfully isolated from various environments, the diversity of bacteria capable of EET is still poorly understood, especially in difficult-to-sample, low energy or extreme environments, such as many subsurface ecosystems. Here, we describe an on-site electrochemical system to enrich EET-capable bacteria using an anode as a respiratory terminal electron acceptor. This anode is connected&#160;to a cathode capable of&#160;catalyzing abiotic oxygen reduction. Comparing this approach with electrocultivation methods that use a potentiostat for poising the electrode potential, the two-electrode system does not require an external power source. We present an example of our on-site enrichment utilized in an alkaline pond at the Cedars, a terrestrial serpentinization site in Northern California. Prior attempts to cultivate mineral reducing bacteria were unsuccessful, which is likely due to the low-biomass nature of this site and/or the low relative abundance of metal reducing microbes. Prior to implementing our two-electrode enrichment, we measured the vertical profile of dissolved oxygen concentration. This allowed us to place the carbon felt anode and platinum-electroplated carbon felt cathode at depths that would support anaerobic and aerobic processes, respectively. Following on-site incubation, we further enriched the anodic electrode in the laboratory and confirmed&#160;a distinct microbial community compared to the surface-attached or biofilm communities normally observed at the Cedars. This enrichment subsequently led to the isolation of the first electrogenic microbe from the Cedars. This method of on-site microbial enrichment has the potential to greatly enhance the isolation of EET-capable bacteria from low biomass or difficult to sample habitats.

On-site microbial enrichment or in situ cultivation techniques can facilitate the isolation of difficult-to-culture microbial taxa, especially from low-biomass or geochemically extreme environments. Here, we describe an electrochemical set-up without using an external power source to enrich microbial strains that are capable of extracellular electron transport (EET).

현장 양극 다 박테리아를 풍부 하 게 각자 서 있는 전기 설정

Anaerobic respiration coupled with electron transport to insoluble minerals (referred to as extracellular electron transport [EET]) is thought to be ...

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions.1 These measurements are performed on living biofilms in aqueous medium using source and drain electrodes patterned on a glass surface in a specialized configuration referred to as an interdigitated electrode (IDA) array. A biofilm is grown that extends across the gap connecting the source and drain. Potentials are applied to the electrodes (ES and ED) generating a source-drain current (ISD) through the biofilm between the electrodes. The dependency of electrical conductivity on gate potential (the average of the source and drain potentials, EG = [ED + ES]/2) is determined by systematically changing the gate potential and measuring the resulting source-drain current. The dependency of conductivity on gate potential provides mechanistic information about the extracellular electron transport process underlying the electrical conductivity of the specific biofilm under investigation. The electrochemical gating measurement method described here is based directly on that used by M. S. Wrighton2,3 and colleagues and R. W. Murray4,5,6 and colleagues in the 1980&#39;s to investigate thin film conductive polymers.

A protocol for measuring electrical conductivity of living microbial biofilms under physiologically relevant conditions is presented.

특성화 생활 Biofilms 통해 전자 전송

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

화학

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Bacterial biofilms are surface-associated communities that are vastly studied to understand their self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and their roles in environmental microbiology. This study outlines a method to cultivate biofilm attachment to the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI) and achieve in situ chemical mapping of a living biofilm by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). This is done through the culturing of bacteria both outside and within the SALVI channel with our specialized setup, as well as through optical imaging techniques to detect the biofilm presence and thickness before ToF-SIMS analysis. Our results show the characteristic peaks of the Shewanella biofilm in its natural hydrated state, highlighting upon its localized water cluster environment, as well as EPS fragments, which are drastically different from the same biofilm's dehydrated state. These results demonstrate the breakthrough capability of SALVI that allows for in situ biofilm imaging with a vacuum-based chemical imaging instrument.

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

This article presents a method for growing a biofilm for in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry for chemical mapping in its hydrated state, enabled by a microfluidic reactor, System for Analysis at the liquid Vacuum Interface. The Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with green fluorescence protein was used as a model.

제자리에서 Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms SALVI 및 ToF 심즈의 특성

Bacterial biofilms are surface-associated communities that are vastly studied to understand their self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) ...

A Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry (HDX-MS) Platform for Investigating Peptide Biosynthetic Enzymes

Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a powerful method for the biophysical characterization of enzyme conformational changes and enzyme-substrate interactions. Among its many benefits, HDX-MS consumes only small amounts of material, can be performed under near native conditions without the need for enzyme/substrate labeling, and can provide spatially resolved information on enzyme conformational dynamics&#8722;even for large enzymes and multiprotein complexes. The method is initiated by the dilution of the enzyme of interest into buffer prepared in D2O. This triggers the exchange of protium in peptide bond amides (N-H) with deuterium (N-D). At the desired exchange time points, reaction aliquots are quenched, the enzyme is proteolyzed into peptides, the peptides are separated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and the change in mass of each peptide (due to the exchange of hydrogen for deuterium) is recorded by MS. The amount of deuterium uptake by each peptide is strongly dependent on the local hydrogen bonding environment of that peptide. Peptides present in very dynamic regions of the enzyme exchange deuterium very rapidly, whereas peptides derived from well-ordered regions undergo exchange much more slowly. In this manner, the HDX rate reports on local enzyme conformational dynamics. Perturbations to deuterium uptake levels in the presence of different ligands can then be used to map ligand binding sites, identify allosteric networks, and to understand the role of conformational dynamics in enzyme function. Here, we illustrate how we have used HDX-MS to better understand the biosynthesis of a type of peptide natural products called lanthipeptides. Lanthipeptides are genetically encoded peptides that are post-translationally modified by large, multifunctional, conformationally dynamic enzymes that are difficult to study with traditional structural biology approaches. HDX-MS provides an ideal and adaptable platform for investigating the mechanistic properties of these types of enzymes.

A Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry HDX-MS Platform for Investigating Peptide Biosynthetic Enzymes

Lanthipeptide synthetases catalyze multistep reactions during the biosynthesis of peptide natural products. Here, we describe a continuous, bottom-up, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) workflow that can be employed to study the conformational dynamics of lanthipeptide synthetases, as well as other similar enzymes involved in peptide natural product biosynthesis.

펩타이드 생합성 효소를 조사하기 위한 수소-신투륨 교환 질량 분광법(HDX-MS) 플랫폼

Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) is a powerful method for the biophysical characterization of enzyme conformational changes and ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>DHNA를 사용한 Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 의 EET 크로노암페로메트리 분석

Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System

Many bacteria perform extracellular electron transfer (EET), whereby electrons are transferred from the cell to an extracellular terminal electron acceptor. This electron acceptor can be an electrode and electrons can be delivered indirectly via a redox-active mediator molecule. Here, we present a protocol to study mediated EET in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a probiotic lactic acid bacterium widely used in the food industry, using a bioelectrochemical system. We detail how to assemble a three-electrode, two-chambered bioelectrochemical system and provide guidance on characterizing EET in the presence of a soluble mediator using chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry techniques. We use representative data from 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA)-mediated EET experiments with L. plantarum to demonstrate data analysis and interpretation. The techniques described in this protocol can open new opportunities for electro-fermentation and bioelectrocatalysis. Recent applications of this electrochemical technique with L. plantarum demonstrated an acceleration of metabolic flux towards producing fermentation end-products, which are critical flavor components in food fermentation. As such, this system has the potential to be further developed to alter flavors in food production or produce valuable chemicals.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System

Here we present a protocol for characterizing mediated extracellular electron transfer (EET) in lactic acid bacteria using a three-electrode, two-chamber bioelectrochemical system. We illustrate this method with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and the redox mediator 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and provide a thorough description of the electrochemical techniques used to evaluate mediated EET.

전기 화학 탐지의 중수소 활동적인 동위 원소 효과 Shewanella oneidensis 미스터-1에서 세포 외 전자 전송에

요약

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이 비디오의 챕터

Waste Water Derived Electroactive Microbial Biofilms: Growth, Maintenance, and Basic Characterization

시간 해결 전기 분무 이온화 수소 - 중수소 교환 질량 분석 단백질 구조와 역학 연구를위한

전기 화학 센서를 사용하여 세균의 검출 및 식별

C2C12 Myotubes에 의해 트랜스-플라즈마 막 전자 전송 측정

현장 양극 다 박테리아를 풍부 하 게 각자 서 있는 전기 설정

특성화 생활 Biofilms 통해 전자 전송

제자리에서 Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms SALVI 및 ToF 심즈의 특성

펩타이드 생합성 효소를 조사하기 위한 수소-신투륨 교환 질량 분광법(HDX-MS) 플랫폼

Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System

Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System