Name: identifying cell surface markers of primary neural stem and progenitor cells by metabolic labeling of sialoglycan
Uploaded: 2019-09-07T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Identifying Cell Surface Markers of Primary Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Metabolic Labeling of Sialoglycan at JoVE.com

Figure 1B, 1C, 1E and 1F are reproduced from Bai&#160;et al.10&#160;with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. We thank Yi Hao in X. C.&#39;s lab for figure editing. This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 91753206 to Q. S. and X. C., No. 31371093 to Q. S., and Nos. 21425204 and 21672013 to X. C.).

&#8203;All animal protocols used in this study were approved by the IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) of Tsinghua University and performed in accordance with guidelines of the IACUC. The laboratory animal facility at Tsinghua University has been accredited by the AAALAC (Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International). For staging of embryos, mid-day of the vaginal plug identified was calculated as embryonic day 0.5 (E0.5).
NOTE: ...

<ol>
	<li>Weissman, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stem+Cells:+Units+of+Development,+Units+of+Regeneration,+and+Units+in+Evolution.">Stem Cells: Units of Development, Units of Regeneration, and Units in Evolution.</a> Cell. 100, 157-168 (2000).</li><li>Gage, F. H., Temple, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+Stem+Cells:+Generating+and+Regenerating+the+Brain.">Neural Stem Cells: Generating and Regenerating the Brain.</a> Neuron. 80, 588-601 (2013).</li><li>Gal, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+Morphological+Heterogeneity+of+Neural+Precursors+in+the+Mouse+Neocortical+Proliferative+Zones.">Molecular and Morphological Heterogeneity of Neural Precursors in the Mouse Neocortical Proliferative Zones.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 26, 1045-1056 (2006).</li><li>Kawaguchi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+gene+profiling+defines+differential+progenitor+subclasses+in+mammalian+neurogenesis.">Single-cell gene profiling defines differential progenitor subclasses in mammalian neurogenesis.</a> Development. 135, 3113-3124 (2008).</li><li>Temple, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+neural+stem+cells.">The development of neural stem cells.</a> Nature. 414, 112-117 (2001).</li><li>Kwan, K. Y., Sestan, N., Anton, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+co-regulation+of+neuronal+migration+and+laminar+identity+in+the+neocortex.">Transcriptional co-regulation of neuronal migration and laminar identity in the neocortex.</a> Development. 139, 1535-1546 (2012).</li><li>Kriegstein, A., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Glial+Nature+of+Embryonic+and+Adult+Neural+Stem+Cells.">The Glial Nature of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 32, 149-184 (2009).</li><li>Wang, X., Tsai, J. W., LaMonica, B., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+subtype+of+progenitor+cell+in+the+mouse+embryonic+neocortex.">A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 14, 555-561 (2011).</li><li>Taverna, E., G&#246;tz, M., Huttner, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Cell+Biology+of+Neurogenesis:+Toward+an+Understanding+of+the+Development+and+Evolution+of+the+Neocortex.">The Cell Biology of Neurogenesis: Toward an Understanding of the Development and Evolution of the Neocortex.</a> Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 30, 465-502 (2014).</li><li>Bai, Q. R., Dong, L., Hao, Y., Chen, X., Shen, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+glycan+labeling-assisted+discovery+of+cell-surface+markers+for+primary+neural+stem+and+progenitor+cells.">Metabolic glycan labeling-assisted discovery of cell-surface markers for primary neural stem and progenitor cells.</a> Chemical Communications. 54, 5486-5489 (2018).</li><li>Shen, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cells+stimulate+self-renewal+and+expand+neurogenesis+of+neural+stem+cells.">Endothelial cells stimulate self-renewal and expand neurogenesis of neural stem cells.</a> Science. 304, 1338-1340 (2004).</li><li>Qian, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timing+of+CNS+cell+generation:+a+programmed+sequence+of+neuron+and+glial+cell+production+from+isolated+murine+cortical+stem+cells.">Timing of CNS cell generation: a programmed sequence of neuron and glial cell production from isolated murine cortical stem cells.</a> Neuron. 28, 69-80 (2000).</li><li>Varki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycan-based+interactions+involving+vertebrate+sialic-acid-recognizing+proteins.">Glycan-based interactions involving vertebrate sialic-acid-recognizing proteins.</a> Nature. 446, 1023-1029 (2007).</li><li>Cheng, B., Xie, R., Dong, L., Chen, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+Remodeling+of+Cell-Surface+Sialic+Acids:+Principles,+Applications,+and+Recent+Advances.">Metabolic Remodeling of Cell-Surface Sialic Acids: Principles, Applications, and Recent Advances.</a> ChemBioChem. 17, 11-27 (2016).</li><li>Lin, S. H., Guidotti, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Membrane+Proteins.">Purification of Membrane Proteins.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 619-629 (2009).</li><li>Schmidt, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilot+Study+on+Mass+Spectrometry-Based+Analysis+of+the+Proteome+of+CD34+CD123++Progenitor+Cells+for+the+Identification+of+Potential+Targets+for+Immunotherapy+in+Acute+Myeloid+Leukemia.">Pilot Study on Mass Spectrometry-Based Analysis of the Proteome of CD34+CD123+ Progenitor Cells for the Identification of Potential Targets for Immunotherapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.</a> Proteomes. 6, (2018).</li><li>Crisan, M., Dzierzak, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+many+faces+of+hematopoietic+stem+cell+heterogeneity+Development.">The many faces of hematopoietic stem cell heterogeneity Development.</a> Development. 144, 4195-4195 (2017).</li><li>Uchida, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+isolation+of+human+central+nervous+system+stem+cells.">Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97, 14720-14725 (2000).</li><li>Qin, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+Cysteine+S-Glycosylation+Induced+by+Per-O-Acetylated+Unnatural+Monosaccharides+during+Metabolic+Glycan+Labeling.">Artificial Cysteine S-Glycosylation Induced by Per-O-Acetylated Unnatural Monosaccharides during Metabolic Glycan Labeling.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. , (2018).</li><li>Gry, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlations+between+RNA+and+protein+expression+profiles+in+23+human+cell+lines.">Correlations between RNA and protein expression profiles in 23 human cell lines.</a> BMC Genomics. 10, 365 (2009).</li><li>Hennen, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+LewisX+Glycoprotein+Screen+Identifies+the+Low+Density+Lipoprotein+Receptor-related+Protein+1+(LRP1)+as+a+Modulator+of+Oligodendrogenesis+in+Mice.">A LewisX Glycoprotein Screen Identifies the Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP1) as a Modulator of Oligodendrogenesis in Mice.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288, 16538-16545 (2013).</li><li>Seet, B. T., Dikic, I., Zhou, M. M., Pawson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reading+protein+modifications+with+interaction+domains.">Reading protein modifications with interaction domains.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 7, 473-483 (2006).</li><li>O&#8217;Brian, C. A., Chu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ReviewPost-translational+disulfide+modifications+in+cell+signaling&#8212;role+of+inter-protein,+intra-protein,+S-glutathionyl,+and+S-cysteaminyl+disulfide+modifications+in+signal+transmission.">ReviewPost-translational disulfide modifications in cell signaling&#8212;role of inter-protein, intra-protein, S-glutathionyl, and S-cysteaminyl disulfide modifications in signal transmission.</a> Free Radical Research. 39, 471-480 (2005).</li><li>Williamson, A. J. K., Whetton, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+requirement+for+proteomics+to+unravel+stem+cell+regulatory+mechanisms.">The requirement for proteomics to unravel stem cell regulatory mechanisms.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 226, 2478-2483 (2011).</li><li>Christensen, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+Type-specific+Post-translational+Modifications+of+Mouse+Osteopontin+Are+Associated+with+Different+Adhesive+Properties.">Cell Type-specific Post-translational Modifications of Mouse Osteopontin Are Associated with Different Adhesive Properties.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282, 19463-19472 (2007).</li><li>Yanagisawa, M., Yu, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+expression+and+functions+of+glycoconjugates+in+neural+stem+cells.">The expression and functions of glycoconjugates in neural stem cells.</a> Glycobiology. 17, 57R-74R (2007).</li><li>Best, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Click+Chemistry+and+Bioorthogonal+Reactions:+Unprecedented+Selectivity+in+the+Labeling+of+Biological+Molecules.">Click Chemistry and Bioorthogonal Reactions: Unprecedented Selectivity in the Labeling of Biological Molecules.</a> Biochemistry. 48, 6571-6584 (2009).</li></ol>

Surface markers are commonly used to label and purify specific cell types in vitro and in vivo17,18. Discovery of surface markers contributes greatly to regenerative medicine and stem cell researches by providing molecular tools to selectively enrich a stem cell population from normal or pathological tissues and culture dishes, offering a purified cell resource for clinical use or study of biological properties. However, progress in developing surface markers for...

Neural stem cells are defined as a multipotent cell population that can self-renew to maintain a stem cell pool and differentiate into neurons and glia. They are the major&#160;cell types in the nervous system and may offer great therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine through cell transplantation into diseased and injured brains1,2. As development proceeds, the neural stem cell population becomes heterogenous3,4, and the proportion of neural stem cells in the brain gradually decreases5. Generally speaking, embryonic neural stem cells and other neural progenitor cells, collectively called neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), are located in the germinal zones, the ventricular zone, and the subventricular zone in mice6. In the embryonic brain, neural stem cells generate neurons directly or indirectly through intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs), and in some species through the outer subventricular zone progenitors (oRGs)7,8. The specific molecular signature, morphology, location in the stem cell niche, and differentiation potential all determine the role of each subtype in brain organogenesis and clinical applications9. However, the currently available cell surface markers cannot unequivocally discriminate and purify different subtypes of NSPCs, limiting the understanding and utilization of these subtypes.
The identification of primary NSPCs surface markers is limited by three major hurdles. The first one is the limited cell number of NSPCs in the tissue, making it difficult&#160;to prepare cell surface protein samples for common mass spectrometry analysis. The second limitation is the difficulty in producing pure cell subtypes for generating subtype-specific membrane protein data. Finally, the third challenge is the low ratio of cell surface proteins in whole cell proteins, which hampers their detection sensitivities by mass spectrometry analysis.
To overcome these problems, we developed a chemoproteomic approach to selectively enrich and identify cell surface proteins in primary NSPCs by metabolically&#160;labeling the sialoglycoproteins10. To generate a sufficient number of NSPCs, we took advantage of an established protocol to expand and maintain primary embryonic NSPCs in undifferentiated states in vitro, by co-culturing NSPCs with mouse brain endothelial cell lines using a permeable support matrix insert (e.g., transwell) system11. In contrast, NPSCs cultured alone without endothelial cells generate differentiated progeny11,12. Thus, protein&#160;samples from these two culture systems can be comparatively analyzed to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in NSPCs and differentiated neurons. As most cell surface proteins are modified by sialic acid13, unnatural sialic acid precursor analog N-azidoacetylmannosamine-tetraacylated (Ac4ManNAz) was used to hijack the intrinsic metabolic pathway so that endogenous, newly synthesized sialoglycans are labeled with azido groups, generating a chemical handle14. Through azido-alkyne-mediated bioorthogonal reactions, which conjugate biotin to sialoglycans, cell surface proteins can be visualized and enriched for proteomic identification through a streptavidin-coupled fluorophore or matrix14.
Here, we perform staining of SDS-PAGE gel analysis of the surface sialoglycoproteome from NSPCs expanded in an endothelial co-culture and differentiating cells in a&#160;non-co-culture system. We also selectively purify surface sialoglycoproteome in the two culture systems for proteomic comparison. Our protocol, compared with&#160;the traditional centrifugation-based cell surface purification protocols15, increases extraction efficacy by reducing the surface protein extraction procedures through specific tag conjugation and affinity purification. Meanwhile, it increases the extraction purity of cell surface proteins based on the premise that sialylation happens mostly at the cell surface proteins. Although endothelial factors cannot completely block differentiation of expanded NSPCs, the comparative study between a co-culture and differentiated culture provides a convenient method to pinpoint stem cell-enriched surface proteins without the need to analyze proteins from NPCs purified by FACS16. We believe this approach can be applied to studies of surface proteins in other systems with the appropriate modifications.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:880px;" width="879">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">BEND3</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">CRL-229</td>
			<td style="width:172px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">11960044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">25030081</td>
			<td align="right">1%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P5280</td>
			<td align="right">1%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">N2 supplement</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">17502048</td>
			<td>1 to 100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">N-acetyl-L-cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A7250</td>
			<td>1 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">Papain</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Worthington</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">LS003726</td>
			<td>10 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">B27 supplement</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">17504044</td>
			<td>1 to 50</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P4707</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">basic Fibroblast growth factor</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">PHG0261</td>
			<td>10 ng/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">15140122</td>
			<td align="right">1%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10099141</td>
			<td align="right">10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">HBSS</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">14175095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tripsin-EDTA, 0.25%</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">14190094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Transwell</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">3450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">158127</td>
			<td align="right">4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sangon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A100335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Gibco</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">62248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">RIPA buffer</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">89900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">SDS-PAGE loading buffer 2X</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Solarbio</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P1018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">3335</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tris-Glycine protein gel</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">xp00100box</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">mouse monoclonal anti-Nestin</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Developmental Study Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">Rat-401</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">1 to 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">mouse monoclonal anti-beta-tubulin III</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T8860</td>
			<td>1 to 1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse IgG1</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A-21121</td>
			<td>1 to 1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">Alexa Fluor 546 goat anti-mouse IgG2b</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A-21143</td>
			<td>1 to 1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Albumin Bovine V</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">0332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">0694</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">BCA assay kit</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Brij97</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Aladdin</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">B129088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">CuSO4</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">209198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">alkyne-biotin</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Click Chemistry Tools</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">TA105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">BTTAA</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Click Chemistry Tools</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">1236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Ac4ManNAz</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Click Chemistry Tools</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">1084</td>
			<td>100 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">9AzSia</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">synthesized in lab</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">sodium ascorbate</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sangon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A100322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sangon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A100241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sangon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A100227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Alexa Flour 647-conjugated streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S21374</td>
			<td>1 to 1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Triethanolamine</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">V900257</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Dynabeads M-280 Streptavidin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">60210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">ammonium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:123px;">20278</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">RWD Life Science Co.</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">970-00026-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:303px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">DN25</td>
			<td>12 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">urea</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">U5378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

identifying cell surface markers of primary neural stem and progenitor cells by metabolic labeling of sialoglycan

Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are the cellular basis for the complex structures and functions of the brain. They are located in specialized niches in vivo and can be isolated and expanded in vitro, serving as an important resource for cell transplantation to repair brain damage. However, NSPCs are heterogeneous and not clearly defined at the molecular level or purified due to a lack of specific cell surface markers. The protocol presented, which has been previously reported, combines a neural-endothelial co-culture system with a metabolic glycan labeling method to identify the surface sialoglycoproteome of primary NSPCs. The NSPC-endothelial co-culture system allows self-renewal and expansion of primary NSPCs in vitro, generating a sufficient number of NSPCs. Sialoglycans in cultured NSPCs are labeled using an unnatural sialic acid metabolic reporter with bioorthogonal functional groups. By comparing the sialoglycoproteome from self-renewing NSPCs expanded in an endothelial co-culture with differentiating neural culture, we identify a list of membrane proteins that are enriched in NSPCs. In detail, the protocol involves: 1) set-up of an NSPC-endothelial co-culture and NSPC differentiating culture; 2) labeling with azidosugar per-O-acetylated N-azidoacetylmannosamine (Ac4ManNAz); and 3) biotin conjugation to modified sialoglycan for imaging after fixation of neural culture or protein extraction from neural culture for mass spectrometry analysis. Then, the NSPC-enriched surface marker candidates are selected by comparative analysis of mass spectrometry data from both the expanded NSPC and differentiated neural cultures. This protocol is highly sensitive for identifying membrane proteins of low abundance in the starting materials, and it can be applied to marker discovery in other systems with appropriate modifications

The whole procedure for in vitro expansion and metabolic labeling of primary embryonic NSPCs takes 6 days (Figure 1A). Quality of the BEND3 cell line and freshly isolated primary NSPCs are key to a successful experiment. BEND3 cells are the source of soluble factors that stimulate self-renewal and proliferation of NSPCs. It should be ensured that the BEND3 cells are free of any contamination and divide actively with minimal cell death before co-culturing with...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Identifying Cell Surface Markers of Primary Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Metabolic Labeling of Sialoglycan at JoVE.com

Identifying Cell Surface Markers of Primary Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells by Metabolic Labeling of Sialoglycan

Presented here is a protocol that combines an in vitro neural-endothelial co-culture system and metabolic incorporation of sialoglycan with bioorthogonal functional groups to expand primary neural stem and progenitor cells and label their surface sialoglycoproteins for imaging or mass-spectrometry analysis of cell surface markers.

Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are the cellular basis for the complex structures and functions of the brain. They are located in specialized ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Neural-Colony Forming Cell Assay: An Assay To Discriminate Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells from Neural Progenitor Cells

The neurosphere assay (NSA) is one of the most frequently used methods to isolate, expand and also calculate the frequency of neural stem cells (NSCs). ...

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Live-cell Imaging of Sensory Organ Precursor Cells in Intact Drosophila Pupae

Since the discovery of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), there has been a revolutionary change in the use of live-cell imaging as a tool for understanding ...

The Neuroblast Assay: An Assay for the Generation and Enrichment of Neuronal Progenitor Cells from Differentiating Neural Stem Cell Progeny Using Flow Cytometry

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can be isolated and expanded in large-scale, using the neurosphere assay and differentiated into the three major cell types of ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Assessing Cell Cycle Progression of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Mouse Developing Brain after Genotoxic Stress

Neurons of the cerebral cortex are generated during brain development from different types of neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPC), which form a ...

Feeder-free Derivation of Neural Crest Progenitor Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have great potential for studying human embryonic development, for modeling human diseases in the dish and as a ...

Flow Cytometry Protocols for Surface and Intracellular Antigen Analyses of Neural Cell Types

Flow cytometry has been extensively used to define cell populations in immunology, hematology and oncology. Here, we provide a detailed description of ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Enumeration of Neural Stem Cells Using Clonal Assays

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and generate the three major neural lineages &#8212; astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes. ...