Name: transient expression in red beet of a biopharmaceutical candidate vaccine for type-1 diabetes
Uploaded: 2019-03-19T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression in Red Beet of a Biopharmaceutical Candidate Vaccine for Type-1 Diabetes at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Joint Project &#8220;The use of plants for the production of an autoimmune diabetes edible vaccine (eDIVA)&#8221; (Project ID: 891854) funded by the University of Verona in the framework of the call 2014.

1. Red beet and spinach cultivation
<ol>
	<li>Grow red beet (B. vulgaris cv Moulin Rouge) and spinach (S. oleracea cv Industria) plants in a growth chamber, using 150 &#181;E of light intensity, 65% relative humidity, 12 h light/dark cycle at 23/21 &#176;C, respectively.</li>
	<li>After seed germination, fertilize the plants twice a week with a 1 g/L solution of a commercially available fertilizer (Table of Materials). For agroinfiltration use five-week-old spinach and six-week-old re...

<ol>
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D., Patel, A., Boddu, S. H. S., Mitra, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Approaches+for+enhancing+oral+bioavailability+of+peptides+and+proteins.">Approaches for enhancing oral bioavailability of peptides and proteins.</a> International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 447, 75-93 (2013).</li><li>. Encapsulation importance in pharmaceutical area, how it is done and issues about herbal extraction Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271702091_Encapsulation_importance_in_pharmaceutical_area_how_it_is_done_and_issues_about_herbal_extraction">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271702091_Encapsulation_importance_in_pharmaceutical_area_how_it_is_done_and_issues_about_herbal_extraction</a> (2015)</li><li>Kamei, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complexation+hydrogels+for+intestinal+delivery+of+interferon+beta+and+calcitonin.">Complexation hydrogels for intestinal delivery of interferon beta and calcitonin.</a> Journal of Controlled Release. 134, 98-102 (2009).</li><li>Tuesca, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complexation+hydrogels+for+oral+insulin+delivery:+effects+of+polymer+dosing+on+in+vivo+efficacy.">Complexation hydrogels for oral insulin delivery: effects of polymer dosing on in vivo efficacy.</a> Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 97, 2607-2618 (2008).</li><li>Twyman, R. M., Schillberg, S., Fischer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimizing+the+yield+of+recombinant+pharmaceutical+proteins+in+plants.">Optimizing the yield of recombinant pharmaceutical proteins in plants.</a> Current Pharmaceutical Design. 19, 5486-5494 (2013).</li><li>Dhama, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant-based+oral+vaccines+for+human+and+animal+pathogens+&#8211;+a+new+era+of+prophylaxis:+current+and+future+perspectives.">Plant-based oral vaccines for human and animal pathogens &#8211; a new era of prophylaxis: current and future perspectives.</a> Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences. 447, 75-93 (2013).</li><li>Hefferon, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconceptualizing+cancer+immunotherapy+based+on+plant+production+systems.">Reconceptualizing cancer immunotherapy based on plant production systems.</a> Future science. O3, (2017).</li></ol>

In this study we showed preliminary analysis for the design of a candidate oral vaccine for autoimmune diabetes. The target protein for this experiment was a mutated form of the human 65 kDa Glutamate Decarboxylase, which production and functionality are easily detectable and measurable12. Its expression in different edible plant tissues was mediated by the vectors5, which mediate a high level of recombinant protein production in a very short time frame. The selection of th...

Since the plant molecular biology revolution in 1980s, plant-based systems for the production of biopharmaceuticals can be considered as an alternative to traditional systems based on microbial and mammalian cells1. Plants display several advantages over traditional platforms, with scalability, cost-effectiveness and safety being the most relevant2. The recombinant product can be purified from transformed plant tissue and then administered, either parenterally or orally and, moreover, transformed edible plant can be used directly for oral delivery. The oral route simultaneously promotes mucosal and systemic immunity, and it eliminates the need for needles and specialized medical personnel. Furthermore, oral delivery eliminates the complex downstream processing, which normally accounts for 80% of the total manufacturing cost of a recombinant protein3. All those advantages can be translated into savings in production, supplies and labor reducing the costs of each dose, making the drug affordable to most of the global population.
Several strategies, both for stable transformation and transient expression, were developed for the production of recombinant proteins in plants. Among them, a high-yield deconstructed plant virus-based expression system (e.g., magnICON) provides superior performance leading high yields of recombinant proteins over relatively short timescales4. Many examples of transient expression using the plant virus-based expression&#160;system in Nicotiana benthamiana plants are reported, being the gold standard production host. However, this model plant is not regarded as an edible species due to the alkaloids and other toxic metabolites that are accumulated in its leaves.
In this work, we describe the comparison between two edible plant systems, red beet (Beta vulgaris cv Moulin Rouge) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea cv Industria), for the expression of two candidate forms of the 65 kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), carried out by the plant virus-based vectors5. GAD65 is a major autoantigen associated to Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and it is currently under investigation in human clinical trials to prevent or delay T1D by inducing tolerance6. The production of GAD65 in plants has been extensively studied in model plant species as Nicotiana tabacum and N. benthamiana4,5,6,7. Here, we describe the use of edible plant species for the production of the molecule in tissues that can be meant for a direct oral delivery. From a technical point of view, we studied and selected the system for plant agroinfiltration and the edible plant platform for GAD65 production by evaluating different parameters: the recombinant protein expression levels, the residual microbial charge in plant tissue meant for oral delivery, the resistance of GAD65 to the gastric digestion, and the bioequivalence of the transformed plants with the wild type.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2-&#956;m Minisart RC4 membrane filters</td>
			<td>Sartorius-Stedim</td>
			<td>17764</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2&#8211;mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td>Toxic; 4 % to make loading buffer with glycerol, SDS and Tris-HCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8250</td>
			<td>pH 5.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>833924</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>27221</td>
			<td>Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile LC-MS grade</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>34967</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetosyringone</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D134406</td>
			<td>Toxic &#8211; 0.1 M stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar Bacteriological Grade</td>
			<td>Applichem</td>
			<td>A0949</td>
			<td>15 g/L to make LB medium (pH 7.5 with NaOH) with Yeast extract, NaCl and Tryptone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium formate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>70221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-eGFP antibody</td>
			<td>ABCam</td>
			<td>ab290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAD 65/67 antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-LHCB2 antibody</td>
			<td>Agrisera</td>
			<td>AS01 003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brilliant Blue R-250</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B7920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 Column</td>
			<td>Grace</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td>Alltima HP C18 (150 mm x 2.1 mm; 3 &#956;m) Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 Guard Column</td>
			<td>Grace</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td>Alltima HP C18 (7.5 mm x 2.1 mm; 5 &#956;m) Guard&#160; Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CalMag Grower</td>
			<td>Peter Excel</td>
			<td>15-5-15</td>
			<td>Fertilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbenicillin disodium</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>C0109</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemiluminescence imaging system</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1708370</td>
			<td>ChemiDoc Touch Imaging System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C2432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detergent</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5927</td>
			<td>Polysorbate 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence reader</td>
			<td>Perkin-Elmer</td>
			<td>&#160;1420-011</td>
			<td>VICTOR Multilabel Counter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid LC-MS grade</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>94318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td>15 % to make loading buffer with Tris-HCl, SDS and 2&#8211;mercaptoethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq G2 polymerase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M7841</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H1758</td>
			<td>Corrosive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HILIC Column</td>
			<td>Grace</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td>Ascentis Express HILIC (150 mm x 2.1 mm; particles size 2.7 &#956;m) Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HILIC Guard Column</td>
			<td>Grace</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td>Vision HT HILIC (7.5 mm x 2.1 mm; 3 &#956;m) Guard&#160; Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugate anti-rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6154</td>
			<td>Do not freeze/thaw too many times</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC Autosampler</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td>System Gold 508 Autosampler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC System</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td>System Gold 128 Solvent Module HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>24137</td>
			<td>Flamable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>K4000</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>2 g/L with NaCl , Na2HPO4 and KH2PO4 to make PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9791</td>
			<td>2.4 g/L with NaCl , Na2HPO4 and KCl to make PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loading Buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luminol solution</td>
			<td>Ge Healthcare</td>
			<td>RPN2232</td>
			<td>Prepare the solution using the ECL Prime Western Blotting System commercial kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lyophilizator</td>
			<td>5Pascal</td>
			<td>LIO5P0000DGT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mass Spectometer</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td>&#160; -</td>
			<td>Bruker Esquire 6000; the mass spectrometer was equipped with an ESI source and the analyzer was an ion trap</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>32213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milk-blocking solution</td>
			<td>Ristora</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td>3 % in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7907</td>
			<td>Use with NaH2PO4 to make Sodium Phospate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td>80 g/L with KCl, Na2HPO4 and KH2PO4 to make PBS; 10 g/L to make LB medium (pH 7.5 with NaOH) with Yeast extract, Tryptone and Agar Bacteriological Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8282</td>
			<td>&#160;Use with Na2HPO4 to make Sodium Phospate buffer; 14.4 g/L to make PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulase membrane</td>
			<td>Ge Healthcare</td>
			<td>10600002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase substrate ECL</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>RPN2235</td>
			<td>Light sensitive material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump Vacuum Press</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>111400000098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B9643</td>
			<td>Use 50 parts of this reagent with 1 part of reagent B to prepare BCA working solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagent B</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B9643</td>
			<td>Use 1 part of this reagent with 50 parts of reagent A to prepare BCA working solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rifampicin</td>
			<td>Duchefa Biochemie</td>
			<td>R0146</td>
			<td>Toxic &#8211; 25 mg/mL stock in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulphate)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L3771</td>
			<td>Flamable, toxic, corrosive-10 % stock; 3 % to make loading buffer with Tris-HCl, Glycerol and 2&#8211;mercaptoethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium metabisulphite</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>7681-57-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator system</td>
			<td>Soltec</td>
			<td>090.003.0003</td>
			<td>Sonica&#174; 2200 MH; frequency 40 khz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160; -</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transparent fixed 300-&#181;L insert glass tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>11573680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td>Adjust pH with 1N HCl to make Tris-HCl buffer, use 1,5M Tris-HCl (pH 6.8) to make loading buffer with SDS, Glycerol and 2&#8211;mercaptoethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>TRP03</td>
			<td>10 g/L to make LB medium (pH 7.5 with NaOH) with Yeast extract, NaCl and Agar Bacteriological Grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum concentrator</td>
			<td>Heto</td>
			<td>3878 F1-3</td>
			<td>Speed-vac System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water LC-MS grade</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>39253</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Y1333</td>
			<td>5 g/L to make LB medium (pH 7.5 with NaOH) with Tryptone, NaCl and Agar Bacteriological Grade</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transient expression in red beet of a biopharmaceutical candidate vaccine for type-1 diabetes

Plant molecular farming is the use of plants to produce molecules of interest. In this perspective, plants may be used both as bioreactors for the production and subsequent purification of the final product and for the direct oral delivery of heterologous proteins when using edible plant species. In this work, we present the development of a candidate oral vaccine against Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in edible plant systems using deconstructed plant virus-based recombinant DNA technology, delivered with vacuum infiltration. Our results show that a red beet is a suitable host for the transient expression of a human derived autoantigen associated to T1D, considered to be a promising candidate as a T1D vaccine. Leaves producing the autoantigen were thoroughly characterized for their resistance to gastric digestion, for the presence of residual bacterial charge and for their secondary metabolic profile, giving an overview of the process production for the potential use of plants for direct oral delivery of a heterologous protein. Our analysis showed almost complete degradation of the freeze-dried candidate oral vaccine following a simulated gastric digestion, suggesting that an encapsulation strategy in the manufacture of the plant-derived GAD vaccine is required.

In this work, the workflow for the development of an oral vaccine in edible plant tissues is presented. The focus of this work is the expression of a target protein in an edible host plant species and the characterization of the potential oral vaccine.
The first step involved the evaluation of the suitability of the plant virus-based expression technology to produce recombinant proteins in edible plant systems. For this aim, we ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transient Expression in Red Beet of a Biopharmaceutical Candidate Vaccine for Type-1 Diabetes at JoVE.com

Transient Expression in Red Beet of a Biopharmaceutical Candidate Vaccine for Type-1 Diabetes

Here, we present a protocol to produce an oral vaccine candidate against Type 1 diabetes in an edible plant.

Plant molecular farming is the use of plants to produce molecules of interest. In this perspective, plants may be used both as bioreactors for the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

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