이 작품은 캐나다 보건 연구소 (CIHR 365252), Krembil 재단 및 온타리오 연구 우수 라운드 8 (RE08-065)의 프로젝트 보조금에 의해 지원되었습니다. 삼패스 쿠마르 로가나단은 캐나다 암 학회 펠로우십(BC-F-16#31919)의 수혜자입니다.

<ol>
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E., Shalem, O., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+vectors+and+genome-wide+libraries+for+CRISPR+screening.">Improved vectors and genome-wide libraries for CRISPR screening.</a> Nature Methods. 11, 783-784 (2014).</li><li>Geraerts, M., Willems, S., Baekelandt, V., Debyser, Z., Gijsbers, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+lentiviral+vector+titration+methods.">Comparison of lentiviral vector titration methods.</a> BMC Biotechnology. 6, 34 (2006).</li><li>Schramek, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+in+vivo+RNAi+screen+unveils+myosin+IIa+as+a+tumor+suppressor+of+squamous+cell+carcinomas.">Direct in vivo RNAi screen unveils myosin IIa as a tumor suppressor of squamous cell carcinomas.</a> Science. 343, 309-313 (2014).</li><li>Platt, R. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+and+memory-efficient+alignment+of+short+DNA+sequences+to+the+human+genome.">Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome.</a> Genome Biology. 10, 25 (2009).</li><li>Li, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAGeCK+enables+robust+identification+of+essential+genes+from+genome-scale+CRISPR/Cas9+knockout+screens.">MAGeCK enables robust identification of essential genes from genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens.</a> Genome Biology. 15, 554 (2014).</li><li>Winters, I. P., Murray, C. W., Winslow, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+quantitative+and+multiplexed+in+vivo+functional+cancer+genomics.">Towards quantitative and multiplexed in vivo functional cancer genomics.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 19, 741-755 (2018).</li><li>Rogers, Z. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+in+vivo+fitness+landscape+of+lung+adenocarcinoma+tumor+suppression+in+mice.">Mapping the in vivo fitness landscape of lung adenocarcinoma tumor suppression in mice.</a> Nature Genetics. 50, 483-486 (2018).</li><li>Chow, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV-mediated+direct+in+vivo+CRISPR+screen+identifies+functional+suppressors+in+glioblastoma.">AAV-mediated direct in vivo CRISPR screen identifies functional suppressors in glioblastoma.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 20, 1329-1341 (2017).</li><li>Wang, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+a+functional+cancer+genome+atlas+of+tumor+suppressors+in+mouse+liver+using+AAV-CRISPR&#8211;mediated+direct+in+vivo+screening.">Mapping a functional cancer genome atlas of tumor suppressors in mouse liver using AAV-CRISPR&#8211;mediated direct in vivo screening.</a> Science Advances. 4, 5508 (2018).</li><li>Chan, K., Tong, A. H. Y., Brown, K. R., Mero, P., Moffat, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pooled+CRISPR-based+genetic+screens+in+mammalian+cells.">Pooled CRISPR-based genetic screens in mammalian cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (151), e59780 (2019).</li><li>Hart, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+CRISPR+screens+reveal+fitness+genes+and+genotype-specific+cancer+liabilities.">High-resolution CRISPR screens reveal fitness genes and genotype-specific cancer liabilities.</a> Cell. 163, 1515-1526 (2015).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

CRISPR/Cas9 게놈 편집은 유전자 기능 및 세포 과정을 조사하기 위하여 시험관 내 및 생체 내 연구 결과에서 널리 이용되었습니다. 대부분의 생체 내 연구는 CRISPR/Cas9 유전자 편집 세포를 동물 모델(동종 이식 또는 xenograft)으로 이식합니다. 이것은 암 유전학 및 세포 기능을 공부하는 강력한 도구이지만, 여전히 기본 조직 미세 환경이 부족하고 상처 및 / 또는 면역 반응을 유도 할 수 있습니다.
<p cla...

게놈 이후 시대에 암 연구를 위한 도전의 한은 인과 유전자 돌연변이를 위한 게놈 데이터의 광대 한 양을 채굴하고 치료적으로 표적으로 할 수 있는 유전자 네트워크에 있는 노드를 확인하는 것입니다. 생물 정보 학적 분석은 이러한 목표를 향해 대단히 도움이되었지만, 시험관 및 생체 내 모델에서 효율적인 확립은 생물학적 시스템과 질병 상태의 복잡성을 해독하고 약물 개발을 가능하게하는 전제 조건입니다. 기존의 형질전환 마우스 모델은 생체 암 유전학 연구를 위해 광범위하게 사용되었지만, 그들의 비용, 시간 및 노동 집약적 인 성격은 현대 유전체학에 의해 해명 된 수백 개의 putative cancer 유전자의 체계적인 분석을 크게 금지했습니다. 이 병목 현상을 극복하기 위하여는, 우리는 한 마우스의 피부와 구강에 있는 유전자의 수백의 기능 손실 돌연변이를 동시에 유도하고 연구하기 위하여 CRISPR/Cas9 (정규로 간격짧은 Palindromic 반복군집실) 유전자 편집 기술3와 자궁 주입 방법론1,2에서 이전에 확립된 초음파 유도를 결합했습니다.
여기에서 기술된 방법론은 배아일 E9.5에서 살아있는 마우스 배아의 양수 구멍으로 설계한 렌즈바이러스의 초음파 유도 주입을 이용합니다. CRISPR/Cas9 성분이 함유된 렌티바이러스 화물은 단일 층 표면 엑토더름을 트랜스듀싱하여 나중에 피부와 구강의 상피를 초래합니다. 피부는 외부 표피로 구성되며 지하 막과 진피가 뒤따릅니다. 표피는 지하 막과의 접촉을 유지하고 증식 및 줄기 세포 용량을 가진 내부, 기저 층으로 구성된 계층화 된 상형입니다. 기저층은 가시, 세분화 및 층 각막 층2,4와같은 위의 차별화된 층을 야기한다. 리니지 추적 연구는 생체 내 CRISPR /Cas9 방법으로이 직접 성인기 전반에 걸쳐 지속되는 기저 층 내에서 조직 거주자 줄기 세포를 유전적으로 조작하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 렌티바이러스는 클론 밀도에서 E9.5 표면 ectoderm을 트랜스듀싱하기 위해 적정화될 수 있으므로, 이 방법은 수천 개의 이산 유전자 녹아웃 클론을 수용하는 모자이크 마우스를 생성하는 데 사용될 수 있다. 차세대 시퀀싱은 그 클론 내에서 CRISPR/Cas9 매개 유전자 절제의 효과를 복합화 된 방식으로5로분석하는 데 사용될 수 있다.
우리는 최근에 인간 머리와 목 편평상피세포암 (HNSCC)5에있는 재발하는 돌연변이를 보여주는 484개의 유전자의 기능을 평가하기 위하여 이 방법을 이용했습니다. HNSCC는 40-50%의 높은 사망률을 가진 파괴적인 암이고 세계6번째로 일반적인 암입니다. HNSCC는 상부 기도 또는 구강의 점막 안대기에서 발생하고 담배 와 알코올 소비 또는 인간 유두종 바이러스 (HPV) 감염과 관련이 있습니다. 피부 편평상피 세포 암 (SCC)은 피부 종양이며 인간7에서두 번째로 흔한 암을 나타낸다. 분리SCC 및 HNSCC는 조직학적 및 분자학적매우 유사하며, TP53, PIK3CA, NOTCH1 및 HRAS8에서변경을 나타내는 경우의 높은 비율을 가진다. 고주파에서 돌연변이된 유전자의 소수만이 있는 동안, 저주파에서 돌연변이된 유전자의 수백이 있습니다 (&5%), 일반적으로 긴 꼬리 분포로 불리는 현상. 긴 꼬리 유전자의 대다수가 생물학적 또는 임상 적 검증이 부족하기 때문에, 우리는 p53, Pik3ca 또는 Hras에서 민감하게 돌연변이를 가진 종양 경향이 마우스에서 이러한 유전자의 기능 상실을 모델링하기 위해 생체 내 CRISPR 스크리닝 기술을 사용하고 p53, Pik3ca 또는 Hras와 협력하는 몇 가지 새로운 종양 억제 유전자를 확인하여 종양발달을유발합니다 5.
여기서, 우리는 멀티플렉스 sgRNA 렌티바이러스 CRISPR sgRNA 라이브러리를 생성하고 마우스 표면 ectoderm에서 CRISPR/Cas9 유전자 녹아웃 스크린을 수행하는 상세한 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 참고로, 이러한 방법론은 CRISPR 활성화(CRISPRa) 및 CRISPR 불활성화(CRISPRi)와 같은 다른 유전자 조작 기술을 통합하거나 유전자 기능을 연구하기 위해 마우스의 다른 장기 시스템을 표적으로 변형하도록 조정할 수 있다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 micron filter</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S2HVU02RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12k or 92k oligo chip</td>
			<td>Customarray Inc. (Genscript)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 cm cell culture plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293FT</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>R70007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>293NT</td>
			<td>Systems Biosciences</td>
			<td>LV900A-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alkaline phosphatase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0290L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplicillin</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1760-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>9804S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BsmBI</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R0580L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromic gut suture</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deep sequencing (Next-Seq or Hi-Seq)</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA-cleanup kit</td>
			<td>Zymo Research</td>
			<td>D4008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNAesy Blood and Tissue DNA extraction kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endura electrocompetent cells</td>
			<td>Lucigen</td>
			<td>60242-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Capillaries</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>3-000-203-G/X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-3216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Speed Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>MLS-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB Agar</td>
			<td>Wisent Technologies</td>
			<td>800-011-LG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>P97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M5904</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-prep plasmid Kit</td>
			<td>Frogga Bio</td>
			<td>PDH300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse oxygen anaesthesia system</td>
			<td>Visual Sonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoject II micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBuffer 3.1 (Buffer for BsmBI)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>R0580L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle sharpener</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td>BV-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligo cleanup kit</td>
			<td>Zymo research</td>
			<td>D4060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAGE purified illumina sequencing primer</td>
			<td>IDT DNA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEI (polyethyleneimine)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>408727-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permoplast modeling clay</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petridish with central opening</td>
			<td>Visual Sonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMD2.G</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>psPAX2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Q5 Polymerase 2x Master mix</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0494L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit Fluorometric Quantification</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q33327</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semicircular Silicone plug</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone membrane</td>
			<td>Visual Sonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0202L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>344058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vevo2000 ultrasound system</td>
			<td>Visual Sonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo crispr/cas9 screening to simultaneously evaluate gene function in mouse skin and oral cavity

유전자 변형 마우스 모델 (GEMM)은 유전자 기능을 평가하고, 인간 질병을 모델링하고, 치료 방법을 평가하기 위한 전임상 모델로 봉사하는 데 중요한 역할을해 왔습니다. 그러나, 그들의 시간, 노동 및 비용 집약적인 성격은 유전자 기능의 체계적인 분석을 위한 그들의 유틸리티를 제한합니다. 최근 게놈 편집 기술의 발전은 이러한 한계를 극복하고 멀티플렉스및 신속한 방식으로 특정 마우스 기관 내에서 직접 특정 유전자 변류의 빠른 생성을 허용합니다. 여기서, 우리는 CRISPR/Cas9 기반 방법(정기적으로 간격이 있는 짧은 Palindromic 반복군)을 기술하여 마우스의 피부와 구강의 상피 내에서 수천 개의 유전자 녹아웃 클론을 생성하고 종양 억제기 유전자에 대한 생체 내 CRISPR 화면에서 직접 수행하는 데 필요한 단계를 자세히 설명하는   프로토콜을 제공합니다. 이러한 접근법은 조직 항상성 동안 또는 다양한 질병 환경에서 유전자의 생물학적 기능을 연구하기 위해 CRISPR 활성화 또는 CRISPR 불활성화와 같은 다른 기관 또는 기타 CRISPR/Cas9 기술에 적용될 수 있다.

도 1A는 단일 12k 또는 92k 올리고 칩에서 비용 효율적인 방식으로 여러 사용자 정의 CRISPR 라이브러리를 멀티플렉싱하기 위한 올리고뉴클레오티드의 설계를 나타낸다. sgRNA(파란색 코드)를 선택하면 올리고뉴클레오티드는 제한 부위(주황색 BsmBI) 및 라이브러리 특정 PCR 프라이머 쌍(녹색 색 코딩)으로 설계되었습니다. 여러 라이브러리는 단일 올리고 칩에서 멀티플렉스를 위한 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo CRISPR/Cas9 Screening to Simultaneously Evaluate Gene Function in Mouse Skin and Oral Cavity at JoVE.com

In Vivo CRISPR/Cas9 Screening to Simultaneously Evaluate Gene Function in Mouse Skin and Oral Cavity

여기서 우리는 면역 능력 마우스의 피부와 구강에 있는 몇몇 유전자의 기능을 동시에 평가하기 위하여 자궁 배아 렌즈바이러스 주사에서 초음파 유도를 사용하여 생체 내 CRISPR/Cas9 검열 방법론을 기술합니다.

마우스 피부와 구강의 유전자 기능을 동시에 평가하기 위한 Vivo CRISPR/Cas9 스크리닝

Genetically modified mouse models (GEMM) have been instrumental in assessing gene function, modeling human diseases, and serving as preclinical model to ...

in-vivo-crisprcas9-screening-to-simultaneously-evaluate-gene-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

6.3K 조회수.  Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital. 여기서 우리는 면역 능력 마우스의 피부와 구강에 있는 몇몇 유전자의 기능을 동시에 평가하기 위하여 자궁 배아 렌즈바이러스 주사에서 초음파 유도를 사용하여 생체 내 CRISPR/Cas9 검열 방법론을 기술합니다.

비디오: In Vivo CRISPR/Cas9 Screening to Simultaneously Evaluate Gene Function in Mouse Skin and Oral Cavity

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Scientific knowledge is intrinsically linked to available technologies and methods. This article will present two methods that allowed for the identification and verification of a drug resistance gene in the Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the method of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping using a Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) -based genetic map and the method of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 -based gene editing. The approach of QTL mapping allows one to test if there is a correlation between a genomic region(s) and a phenotype. Two datasets are required to run a QTL scan, a genetic map based on the progeny of a recombinant cross and a quantifiable phenotype assessed in each of the progeny of that cross. These datasets are then formatted to be compatible with R/qtl software that generates a QTL scan to identify significant loci correlated with the phenotype. Although this can greatly narrow the search window of possible candidates, QTLs span regions containing a number of genes from which the causal gene needs to be identified. Having WGS of the progeny was critical to identify the causal drug resistance mutation at the gene level. Once identified, the candidate mutation can be verified by genetic manipulation of drug sensitive parasites. The most facile and efficient method to genetically modify T. gondii is the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This system comprised of just 2 components both encoded on a single plasmid, a single guide RNA (gRNA) containing a 20 bp sequence complementary to the genomic target and the Cas9 endonuclease that generates a double-strand DNA break (DSB) at the target, repair of which allows for insertion or deletion of sequences around the break site. This article provides detailed protocols to use CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing tools to verify the gene responsible for sinefungin resistance and to construct transgenic parasites.

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Details are presented on how QTL mapping with a whole genome sequence based genetic map can be used to identify a drug resistance gene in Toxoplasma gondii and how this can be verified with the CRISPR/Cas9 system that efficiently edits a genomic target, in this case the drug resistance gene.

약물 저항 유전자를 확인하기위한 QTL 매핑 및 CRISPR / Cas9 편집<em&gt; Toxoplasma gondii</em

Scientific knowledge is intrinsically linked to available technologies and methods. This article will present two methods that allowed for the ...

연구

유전학

Selection-dependent and Independent Generation of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockouts in Mammalian Cells

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide RNA (sgRNA) that confers specificity, the Cas9 protein cleaves both DNA strands at the targeted locus. The DNA break can trigger either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology directed repair (HDR). NHEJ can introduce small deletions or insertions which lead to frame-shift mutations, while HDR allows for larger and more precise perturbations. Here, we present protocols for generating knockout cell lines by coupling established CRISPR/Cas9 methods with two options for downstream selection/screening. The NHEJ approach uses a single sgRNA cut site and selection-independent screening, where protein production is assessed by dot immunoblot in a high-throughput manner. The HDR approach uses two sgRNA cut sites that span the gene of interest. Together with a provided HDR template, this method can achieve deletion of tens of kb, aided by the inserted selectable resistance marker. The appropriate applications and advantages of each method are discussed.

Recent advances in the ability to genetically manipulate somatic cell lines hold great potential for basic and applied research. Here, we present two approaches for CRISPR/Cas9 generated knockout production and screening in mammalian cell lines, with and without the use of selectable markers.

포유류 세포에서 CRISPR / Cas9 매개 유전자 knockouts의 선택 의존 및 독립적 생성

The CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system has revolutionized biology by allowing for precise genome editing with little effort. Guided by a single guide ...

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the African clawed frog, Xenopus, a longstanding model organism for biomedical research. Traditional breeding schemes for creating homozygous mutant lines with CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis have several time-consuming and laborious steps. To facilitate the creation of mutant embryos, particularly to overcome the obstacles associated with knocking out genes that are essential for embryogenesis, a new method called leapfrogging was developed. This technique leverages the robustness of Xenopus embryos to &#34;cut and paste&#34; embryological methods. Leapfrogging utilizes the transfer of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from efficiently-mutagenized donor embryos into PGC-ablated wildtype siblings. This method allows for the efficient mutation of essential genes by creating chimeric animals with wildtype somatic cells that carry a mutant germline. When two F0 animals carrying &#34;leapfrog transplants&#34; (i.e., mutant germ cells) are intercrossed, they produce homozygous, or compound heterozygous, null F1 embryos, thus saving a full generation time to obtain phenotypic data. Leapfrogging also provides a new approach for analyzing maternal effect genes, which are refractory to F0 phenotypic analysis following CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. This manuscript details the method of leapfrogging, with special emphasis on how to successfully perform PGC transplantation.

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

Genes essential for survival pose technical hurdles for creating mutant lines. Leapfrogging circumvents lethality by combining genome editing with primordial germ cell transplantation to create wild-type animals carrying germline mutations. Leapfrogging also permits the efficient generation of homozygous null mutants in the F1 generation. Here, the transplantation step is demonstrated.

Xenopus 에 Leapfrogging CRISPR/Cas9-기반에 대 한 원시 생식 세포 이식

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the ...

A Standard Methodology to Examine On-site Mutagenicity As a Function of Point Mutation Repair Catalyzed by CRISPR/Cas9 and SsODN in Human Cells

Combinatorial gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and single-stranded oligonucleotides is an effective strategy for the correction of single-base point mutations, which often are responsible for a variety of human inherited disorders. Using a well-established cell-based model system, the point mutation of a single-copy mutant eGFP gene integrated into HCT116 cells has been repaired using this combinatorial approach. The analysis of corrected and uncorrected cells reveals both the precision of gene editing and the development of genetic lesions, when indels are created in uncorrected cells in the DNA sequence surrounding the target site. Here, the specific methodology used to analyze this combinatorial approach to the gene editing of a point mutation, coupled with a detailed experimental strategy to measuring indel formation at the target site, is outlined. This protocol outlines a foundational approach and workflow for investigations aimed at developing CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing for human therapy. The conclusion of this work is that on-site mutagenesis takes place as a result of CRISPR/Cas9 activity during the process of point mutation repair. This work puts in place a standardized methodology to identify the degree of mutagenesis, which should be an important and critical aspect of any approach destined for clinical implementation.

This protocol outlines the workflow of a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing system for the repair of point mutations in mammalian cells. Here, we use a combinatorial approach to gene editing with a detailed follow-on experimental strategy for measuring indel formation at the target site&#8212;in essence, analyzing onsite mutagenesis.

점 돌연변이 수리 CRISPR/Cas9 및 SsODN 인간 세포에 의해 촉매의 기능으로 현지 변이 검사 하는 표준 방법론

Combinatorial gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and single-stranded oligonucleotides is an effective strategy for the correction of single-base point ...

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene function. Gene knockout has been used to study these gene functions in vivo. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a powerful tool used to edit genomic DNA sequences to alter gene function. While the traditional approach has been to introduce CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA into the single cell embryos through microinjection, this can be a slow and inefficient process in catfish. Here, a detailed protocol for microinjection of channel catfish embryos with CRISPR/Cas9 protein is described. Briefly, eggs and sperm were collected and then artificial fertilization performed. Fertilized eggs were transferred to a Petri dish containing Holtfreter's solution. Injection volume was calibrated and then guide RNAs/Cas9 targeting the toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule (TICAM 1) gene and rhamnose binding lectin (RBL) gene were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. The gene knockout was successful as indels were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The predicted protein sequence alterations due to these mutations included frameshift and truncated protein due to premature stop codons.

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

A simple and efficient microinjection protocol for gene editing in channel catfish embryos using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is presented. In this protocol, guide RNAs and Cas9 protein were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. This protocol has been validated by knocking out two channel catfish immune-related genes.

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene ...

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Targeted Integration In Vivo Using a Homology-mediated End Joining-based Strategy

As a promising genome editing platform, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has great potential for efficient genetic manipulation, especially for targeted integration of transgenes. However, due to the low efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) and various indel mutations of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-based strategies in non-dividing cells, in vivo genome editing remains a great challenge. Here, we describe a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ)-based CRISPR/Cas9 system for efficient in vivo precise targeted integration. In this system, the targeted genome and the donor vector containing homology arms (~800 bp) flanked by single guide RNA (sgRNA) target sequences are cleaved by CRISPR/Cas9. This HMEJ-based strategy achieves efficient transgene integration in mouse zygotes, as well as in hepatocytes in vivo. Moreover, a HMEJ-based strategy offers an efficient approach for correction of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) mutation in the hepatocytes and rescues Fah-deficiency induced liver failure mice. Taken together, focusing on targeted integration, this HMEJ-based strategy provides a promising tool for a variety of applications, including generation of genetically modified animal models and targeted gene therapies.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Targeted Integration In Vivo Using a Homology-mediated End Joining-based Strategy

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system provides a promising tool for genetic engineering, and opens up the possibility of targeted integration of transgenes. We describe a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ)-based strategy for efficient DNA targeted integration in vivo and targeted gene therapies using CRISPR/Cas9.

CRISPR/Cas9-중재 대상된 통합에서 Vivo에서 Homology 중재 끝에 합류 기반 전략을 사용 하 여

As a promising genome editing platform, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has great potential for efficient genetic manipulation, especially for targeted integration ...

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development of a customizable platform to rapidly generate gene modifications in a wide variety of organisms, including zebrafish. CRISPR-based genome editing uses a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to a genomic DNA (gDNA) target of interest, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs by error-prone mechanisms lead to insertions and/or deletions (indels). This can cause frameshift mutations that often introduce a premature stop codon within the coding sequence, thus creating a protein-null allele. CRISPR-based genome engineering requires only a few molecular components and is easily introduced into zebrafish embryos by microinjection. This protocol describes the methods used to generate CRISPR reagents for zebrafish microinjection and to identify fish exhibiting germline transmission of CRISPR-modified genes. These methods include in vitro transcription of sgRNAs, microinjection of CRISPR reagents, identification of indels induced at the target site using a PCR-based method called a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), and characterization of the indels using both a low throughput and a powerful next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approach that can analyze multiple PCR products collected from heterozygous fish. This protocol is streamlined to minimize both the number of fish required and the types of equipment needed to perform the analyses. Furthermore, this protocol is designed to be amenable for use by laboratory personal of all levels of experience including undergraduates, enabling this powerful tool to be economically employed by any research group interested in performing CRISPR-based genomic modification in zebrafish.

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Targeted genome editing in the model system Danio rerio (zebrafish) has been greatly facilitated by the emergence of CRISPR-based approaches. Herein, we describe a streamlined, robust protocol for generation and identification of CRISPR-derived nonsense alleles that incorporates the heteroduplex mobility assay and identification of mutations using next-generation sequencing.

효율적인 생산 및 모델 시스템 Danio rerio 에 유전자 녹아웃 식별의 CRISPR/Cas9 생성

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development ...

Highly Efficient Gene Disruption of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. Complete gene ablation in HSCs required the generation of knockout mice from which HSCs could be isolated, and gene ablation in primary human HSCs was not possible. Viral transduction could be used for knock-down approaches, but these suffered from variable efficacy. In general, genetic manipulation of human and mouse hematopoietic cells was hampered by low efficiencies and extensive time and cost commitments. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has dramatically expanded the ability to engineer the DNA of mammalian cells. However, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to hematopoietic cells has been challenging, mainly due to their low transfection efficiencies, the toxicity of plasmid-based approaches and the slow turnaround time of virus-based protocols.
A rapid method to perform CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with knockout efficiencies of up to 90% is provided in this article. This approach utilizes a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery strategy with a streamlined three-day workflow. The use of Cas9-sgRNA RNP allows for a hit-and-run approach, introducing no exogenous DNA sequences in the genome of edited cells and reducing off-target effects. The RNP-based method is fast and straightforward: it does not require cloning of sgRNAs, virus preparation or specific sgRNA chemical modification. With this protocol, scientists should be able to successfully generate knockouts of a gene of interest in primary hematopoietic cells within a week, including downtimes for oligonucleotide synthesis. This approach will allow a much broader group of users to adapt this protocol for their needs.

A protocol for fast CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in mouse and human primary hematopoietic cells is described in this article. Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins are introduced via electroporation with sgRNAs generated through in vitro transcription and commercial Cas9. High editing efficiencies are achieved with limited time and financial cost.

CRISPR/Cas9에 의해 Murine 인간과 조 혈 조상 세포의 고효율 유전자 장애

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing to Make Conditional Mutants of Human Malaria Parasite P. falciparum

Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease, which primarily affects those living in tropical and subtropical regions, is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. The development of more effective drugs to combat malaria can be accelerated by improving our understanding of the biology of this complex parasite. Genetic manipulation of these parasites is key to understanding their biology; however, historically the genome of P. falciparum has been difficult to manipulate. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been utilized in malaria parasites, allowing for easier protein tagging, generation of conditional protein knockdowns, and deletion of genes. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has proven to be a powerful tool for advancing the field of malaria research. Here, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9 method for generating glmS-based conditional knockdown mutants in P. falciparum. This method is highly adaptable to other types of genetic manipulations, including protein tagging and gene knockouts.

CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing to Make Conditional Mutants of Human Malaria Parasite P. falciparum

We describe a method for generating glmS-based conditional knockdown mutants in Plasmodium falciparum using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

CRISPR/Cas9 유전자 인간 말라리아 기생충의 조건부 돌연변이 게 P. falciparum 에 편집

Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease, which primarily affects those living in tropical and subtropical ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein-mediated Precise Gene Editing by Tube Electroporation

Gene editing nucleases, represented by CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), are becoming mainstream tools in biomedical research. Successful delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 elements into the target cells by transfection is a prerequisite for efficient gene editing. This protocol demonstrates that tube electroporation (TE) machine-mediated delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), along with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide (ssODN) donor templates to different types of mammalian cells, leads to robust precise gene editing events. First, TE was applied to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 RNP and ssODNs to induce disease-causing mutations in the interleukin 2 receptor subunit gamma (IL2RG) gene and sepiapterin reductase (SPR) gene in rabbit fibroblast cells. Precise mutation rates of 3.57%-20% were achieved as determined by bacterial TA cloning sequencing. The same strategy was then used in human iPSCs on several clinically relevant genes including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), myosin binding protein C, cardiac (Mybpc3), and hemoglobin subunit beta (HBB). Consistently, highly precise mutation rates were achieved (11.65%-37.92%) as determined by deep sequencing (DeepSeq). The present work demonstrates that tube electroporation of CRISPR/Cas9 RNP represents an efficient transfection protocol for gene editing in mammalian cells.

Presented here is a protocol for efficient CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein-mediated gene editing in mammalian cells using tube electroporation.

CRISPR/Cas9 리보뉴클레오단백질-튜브 전기포공에 의한 정밀 유전자 편집

Gene editing nucleases, represented by CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9), are becoming mainstream tools in biomedical research. Successful delivery of ...