Name: laser doppler perfusion imaging in the mouse hindlimb
Uploaded: 2021-04-18T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in the Mouse Hindlimb at JoVE.com

This work was carried out with the use of facilities and resources at the VA Puget Sound Health Care Center. The work is that of the author and does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States government. Dr Tang is currently funded via the VA (Merit 5 I01 BX004975-02).

Animal experiments were performed according to a protocol approved by the University of Washington Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Scanner preparation
<ol>
	<li>Adjust the scanner height so that the distance to the scanned subject is approximately 30 cm.</li>
	<li>Turn on the imager and launch the associated software.</li>
	<li>Open the Measurement program. If the software is correctly communicating with the scanner, the infrared laser turn on warning will ap...

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+Acute+and+Subacute+Murine+Hindlimb+Ischemia.">Methods for Acute and Subacute Murine Hindlimb Ischemia.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (112), e54166 (2016).</li><li>Niiyama, H., Huang, N. F., Rollins, M. D., Cooke, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+model+of+hindlimb+ischemia.">Murine model of hindlimb ischemia.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (23), e1035 (2009).</li><li>Chalothorn, D., Faber, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain-dependent+variation+in+collateral+circulatory+function+in+mouse+hindlimb.">Strain-dependent variation in collateral circulatory function in mouse hindlimb.</a> Physiological Genomics. 42 (3), 469-479 (2010).</li><li>Helisch, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+mouse+strain+differences+in+innate+hindlimb+collateral+vasculature.">Impact of mouse strain differences in innate hindlimb collateral vasculature.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 26 (3), 520-526 (2006).</li><li>Faber, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+causes+collateral+rarefaction+and+increased+severity+of+ischemic+injury+in+multiple+tissues.">Aging causes collateral rarefaction and increased severity of ischemic injury in multiple tissues.</a> Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 31 (8), 1748-1756 (2011).</li><li>Forrester, K. R., Stewart, C., Tulip, J., Leonard, C., Bray, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+laser+speckle+and+laser+Doppler+perfusion+imaging:+measurement+in+human+skin+and+rabbit+articular+tissue.">Comparison of laser speckle and laser Doppler perfusion imaging: measurement in human skin and rabbit articular tissue.</a> Medical &amp; Biological Engineering &amp; Computing. 40 (6), 687-697 (2002).</li><li>Briers, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+Doppler,+speckle+and+related+techniques+for+blood+perfusion+mapping+and+imaging.">Laser Doppler, speckle and related techniques for blood perfusion mapping and imaging.</a> Physiological Measurement. 22 (4), 35-66 (2001).</li><li>Heeman, W., Steenbergen, W., van Dam, G., Boerma, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+applications+of+laser+speckle+contrast+imaging:+a+review.">Clinical applications of laser speckle contrast imaging: a review.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 24 (8), 1-11 (2019).</li><li>Nguyen, T., Davidson, B. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+Intravital+Microscopy+and+Contrast-enhanced+Ultrasonography+of+the+Mouse+Hindlimb+to+Study+Insulin-induced+Vasodilation+and+Muscle+Perfusion.">Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (121), e54912 (2017).</li><li>Liu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+autophagy+alleviates+injury+during+hindlimb+ischemia/reperfusion+in+mice.">Enhanced autophagy alleviates injury during hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion in mice.</a> Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 18 (3), 1669-1676 (2019).</li><li>Liu, D. 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(135), e56243 (2018).</li><li>Zhang, D., Li, S., Wang, S., Ma, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+the+effect+of+a+gastric+ischemia-reperfusion+model+with+laser+Doppler+blood+perfusion+imaging.">An evaluation of the effect of a gastric ischemia-reperfusion model with laser Doppler blood perfusion imaging.</a> Lasers in Medical Science. 21 (4), 224-228 (2006).</li><li>Fitzal, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulatory+changes+after+prolonged+ischemia+in+the+epigastric+flap.">Circulatory changes after prolonged ischemia in the epigastric flap.</a> Journal of Reconstructive Microsurgery. 17 (7), 535-543 (2001).</li></ol>

Consistent technique is critical for obtaining reliable results with LDPI. The same anesthetic, temperature settings, mouse position, and region of interest should be used throughout the entire time course. Different anesthetic agents will result in higher or lower perfusion values9. Isoflurane anesthesia is convenient because of its rapid onset and emergence as well as overall safety. A consistent percentage of isoflurane should be used as depth of anesthesia with this vasodilatory agent may alte...

Skin ulceration with inadequate wound healing is a leading cause of amputations in human patients1. Adequate wound healing requires higher levels of arterial perfusion than are needed to maintain intact skin, which is compromised in patients with peripheral arterial disease2,3,4. Several other rheumatologic conditions and diabetes can also lead to disturbed and inadequate skin microcirculation to heal wounds5,6. Many diabetic patients have concomitant peripheral arterial disease, placing them at especially high risk for amputation. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is used in clinical situations to evaluate the skin microcirculation, as well as in research situations to evaluate blood flow and blood flow recovery after experimental hindlimb ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion, and microsurgical flaps7.
The LDPI system projects a low power laser beam that is deflected by a scanning mirror to move over a region of interest. This differs from Laser Doppler flowmetry, which provides a perfusion measurement for the small area of tissue in direct contact with the flowmetry probe8. When the laser beam interacts with moving blood in the microvasculature, it undergoes a Doppler frequency shift, which is photodetected by the scanner and converted to arbitrary perfusion units. Because LDPI is a light-based technique, it is limited in terms of depth of penetration to 0.3-1 mm, meaning that for the most part dermal perfusion is assessed7. Dermal flow can be altered by skin temperature and the sympathetic nervous system, which may be affected by various anesthetic agents9. Measurements from the optical laser are also affected by ambient lighting conditions, skin pigmentation, and can be blocked by overlying fur or hair7.
LDPI is the most commonly used research technique to monitor perfusion recovery after ischemia because it is noninvasive, does not require contrast administration, and has quick scan times allowing data collection on multiple animals. This makes it ideal to help determine whether treatments aimed at therapeutic arteriogenesis or angiogenesis are effective in small animal models. Blood flow recovery after hindlimb ischemia as measured by LDPI correlates well with collateral artery development when assessed by other means such as Microfil casting or micro-CT10,11. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the assessment of hindlimb perfusion using LDPI.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Black nonreflective material</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fabric store, black neoprene recommended by company</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F/air cannister</td>
			<td>A.M. Bickford Inc</td>
			<td>80120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homeothermic blanket with rigid metal probe</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Also comes with flexible probe, but this is less durable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Anesthesia machine</td>
			<td>Drager</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple manufacturers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane induction chamber</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>941444</td>
			<td>2 L chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moor laser Doppler perfusion imager</td>
			<td>Moor Instruments</td>
			<td>MoorLDI2-IR</td>
			<td>Higher resolution imager (MoorLDI2-HIR)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Anesthesia nose cone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple manufacturers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen tank</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multiple manufacturers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgilube</td>
			<td>Multiple distributors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laser doppler perfusion imaging in the mouse hindlimb

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is a common, noninvasive, repeatable method for assessing blood flow recovery. The technique calculates overall blood flow in the sampled tissue from the Doppler shift in frequency caused when a laser hits moving red blood cells. Measurements are expressed in arbitrary perfusion units, so the contralateral non-intervened upon leg is usually used to help control measurements. Measurement depth is in the range of 0.3-1 mm; for hindlimb ischemia, this means that dermal perfusion is assessed. Dermal perfusion is dependent on several factors&#8212;most importantly skin temperature and anesthetic agent, which must be carefully controlled to result in reliable readings. Furthermore, hair and skin pigmentation can alter the ability of the laser to either reach or penetrate to the dermis. This article demonstrates the technique of LDPI in the mouse hindlimb.

Successful LDPI should result in consistent repeated measures scans, with no more than 100-150 perfusion unit variation (corresponding to about 10% of the usual mean perfusion for the mouse footpad) between the three scans (Figure 2). As demonstrated in Figure 2, repeat scans help determine that the mouse has been appropriately equilibrated so that the ischemic/control ratio best reflects the underlying blood flow as opposed to variation in dermal perfusion caus...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in the Mouse Hindlimb at JoVE.com

Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in the Mouse Hindlimb

Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates the technique and necessary controls for Laser Doppler perfusion imaging to measure blood flow in the mouse hindlimb.

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is ...

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