혈액 채취에 대해 Giessen-Marburg 대학병원의 임상팀에 감사드립니다. 이 작업은 Justus Liebig 대학에서 자금을 지원했습니다.

미토콘드리아 생물 에너지 분석을 위한 PBMC 수집 및 냉동 보관

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M., Prabhakar, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+lymphocyte+activation+marker+expression+and+cytokine+secretion+profile+in+stimulated+human+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cell+cultures:+an+in+vitro+model+to+monitor+cellular+immune+function.">Comparative analysis of lymphocyte activation marker expression and cytokine secretion profile in stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures: an in vitro model to monitor cellular immune function.</a> J Immunol Methods. 293 (1), 127-142 (2004).</li><li>Otaegui, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+micro+RNA+expression+in+PBMC+from+multiple+sclerosis+patients.">Differential micro RNA expression in PBMC from multiple sclerosis patients.</a> PLoS One. 4 (7), e6309 (2009).</li><li>Geltink, R. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fuel+feeds+function:+energy+metabolism+and+the+T-cell+response.">Fuel feeds function: energy metabolism and the T-cell response.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 5 (11), 844-852 (2005).</li><li>Li, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+respiratory+dysfunctions+of+blood+mononuclear+cells+link+with+cardiac+disturbance+in+patients+with+early-stage+heart+failure.">Mitochondrial respiratory dysfunctions of blood mononuclear cells link with cardiac disturbance in patients with early-stage heart failure.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 10229 (2015).</li><li>Weiss, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+dysfunction+in+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cells+in+pediatric+septic+shock.">Mitochondrial dysfunction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in pediatric septic shock.</a> Pediatr Crit Care Med. 16 (1), e4-e12 (2015).</li><li>Higdon, L. E., Lee, K., Tang, Q., Maltzman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virtual+global+transplant+laboratory+standard+operating+procedures+for+blood+collection,+PBMC+isolation,+and+storage.">Virtual global transplant laboratory standard operating procedures for blood collection, PBMC isolation, and storage.</a> Transplant Direct. 2 (9), e101 (2016).</li><li>Betsou, F., Gaignaux, A., Ammerlaan, W., Norris, P. 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저자는 이해 상충이 없음을 선언합니다.

이 프로토콜은 생체 에너지 분석에 적합한 방식으로 인간 혈액에서 말초 혈액 단핵 세포(PBMC)를 분리하고 동결 보존하는 수단을 제공합니다. 설명된 방법은 PBMC를 부드럽게 대량으로 분리할 수 있는 가능성을 제공하며, 높은 생존율과 생체 에너지 측정을 위한 충분한 세포를 제공합니다. 최소한의 중단에도 긴 분리가 발생하지만 후속 동결 보존을 통해 생체 에너지학의 시간 독립적인 측정이 가능...

인간 말초 혈액 단핵 세포(PBMC)는 노화 과정이나 퇴행성 질환과 관련된 면역 및 생체 에너지 문제 연구를 포함하여 많은 과학 분야의 다양한 응용 분야에 사용됩니다 1,2. PBMC는 구성이 이질적이며 림프구(B 세포, T 세포 및 NK 세포), 단핵구 및 수지상 세포로 구성됩니다. 세포는 때때로 피험자 내에서 큰 개인차와 편차를 보이기 때문에 이러한 세포를 다루기 위한 표준화된 절차가 필요합니다. 분리물의 생존력 및 순도와 같은 중요한 매개변수는 취급을 위한 기본 요구 사항이며 수집 시간, 멜라토닌 수치, 피험자의 공복 여부 등과 같은 환경 요인의 영향을 추가로 받습니다 3,4.
PBMC의 생체 에너지학에 대한 연구를 바탕으로 여기서는 다른 방법에도 적합한 PBMC의 분리, 동결 보존 및 배양 방법을 설명합니다. 근육 생검은 미토콘드리아 에너지 대사의 황금 표준으로 간주되지만5 혈액 세포 검사는 빠르고 최소 침습적인 절차입니다. 이 외에도 점점 더 많은 연구에서 노화와 알츠하이머병(AD)의 미토콘드리아 기능 변화가 뇌뿐만 아니라 말초에서도 발생한다는 것을 시사합니다 6,7,8,9,10. 이 방법은 또한 당뇨병 및 비만을 포함한 다른 상태 및 질병에 대한 조사를 가능하게 한다 11,12,13. 다발성 경화증 환자의 유전자 발현 패턴은 일반적으로 면역 기능 및 영향을 분석할 수 있습니다 14,15,16.
PBMC는 일반적으로 산화적 인산화(OXPHOS)에 의존하여 아데노신 삼인산(ATP)17,18을 생성합니다. 따라서 PBMC는 대리자로서 광범위한 응용 분야를 포괄합니다. 이전 보고에서, PBMC의 에너지 대사는 미토콘드리아 기능의 초기 심부전19, 패혈성 쇼크20 또는 성별 관련 차이4와 같은 장기 기능 장애를 해결하는 데 사용되었다. PBMC의 동결 보존 분리 및 배양을 위한 일반화된 방법은 다른 기관에서 얻은 결과의 비교 가능성에 이점이 있습니다. 각 단계(21,22)에 대한 프로토콜에는 많은 변이가 있으며, 이 방법의 목표는 PBMC에서 생체 에너지 측정에 대한 지침을 제공하는 것이다.
이 기사에서는 PBMC에서 생체 에너지 파라미터를 측정하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 인간 혈액에서 PBMC의 생체 에너지를 분리, 동결 보존 및 측정하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 환자의 생체 에너지 매개변수를 결정하고 임상 맥락에서 평가하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 이러한 측정을 적용하기 위해 연구자들은 신선한 혈액 샘플을 얻을 수 있는 환자 집단에 접근할 수 있어야 합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1 M Triethanolamine-HCl-Buffer (pH = 8,0)</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M Triethanolamine-HCl-Buffer</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 M Tris-HCl-Buffer (pH = 8,1)</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.01 mM DTBB</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 % Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mM Oxalacetat</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14&#8211;20 G sterile blood draw needles Multi Adapter Sarstedt Safety-Multifly</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>156353_v</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% HCl</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol (EtOH)</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetyl-CoA</td>
			<td>Pancreac Applichem</td>
			<td>A3753</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ADP</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5285</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol wipes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#160;(70% isopropyl alcohol)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antimycin A</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A8674</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aqua (bidest.)</td>
			<td>With MilliQ Academic (self-made)</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATP-Standard</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>6016949</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biocoll Seperating Solution</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>6115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biological safty cabinet MSC Advantage</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbonylcyanid-p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazon (FCCP)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C2920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counter TC20 Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge Heraeus Megafuge 16 R</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Counting slides, dual chamber for cell counter</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1450016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryotube Cryo.S</td>
			<td>Grainer Bio-One</td>
			<td>126263-2DG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digitonin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>37008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylsulfoxid (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>102952</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfection spray</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable gloves latex, rubber, or vinyl.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distrips (12.5 ml) DistriTips</td>
			<td>Gilson</td>
			<td>F164150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS; 10x)</td>
			<td>Gibco (Thermo Scientific)</td>
			<td>15217168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol (EtOH 100%)</td>
			<td>Carl ROTH GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>9065.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F9665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frezer (-80&#176;C)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G1626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holder/adapter&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator Midi 40 CO2</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MIR05</td>
			<td>Self-prepared</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mr. Frosty Freezing Container</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td>10110051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multireader CLARIOstar</td>
			<td>BMG Labtech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrogen tank Locator 6 plus</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O4876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxalacetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygraph-2k</td>
			<td>Orobororus Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>PAA</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes Performance Pipettor 10 &#956;L, 100 &#956;L, 1000 &#956;L</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roswell-Park. Memorial-Institute-Medium (RPMI-1640)</td>
			<td>Gibco (Thermo Scientific)</td>
			<td>11530586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotenone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R8875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharose</td>
			<td>Carl ROTH GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td>9286.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Succinate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylphenylendiamin (TMPD)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tourniquet/ Blood pressure cuff</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>108382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>108643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypanblau</td>
			<td>Biochrom</td>
			<td>T6146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Vaccubrand GmbH &#38; Co.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ViewPlate-96</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>6005181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath WNB22</td>
			<td>Memmert GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cryopreservation and bioenergetic evaluation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

진핵 세포의 생리적 기능은 주로 미토콘드리아가 제공하는 에너지에 의존합니다. 미토콘드리아 기능 장애는 대사 질환 및 노화와 관련이 있습니다. 산화적 인산화는 에너지 항상성 유지에 중요하기 때문에 결정적인 역할을 합니다. PBMC는 미토콘드리아 기능을 측정하기 위한 최소 침습 샘플로 확인되었으며 질병 상태를 반영하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 그러나 미토콘드리아 생체 에너지 기능의 측정은 인간 샘플의 여러 요인에 의해 제한될 수 있습니다. 제한 사항은 채취한 샘플의 양, 종종 며칠에 걸쳐 분산되는 샘플링 시간 및 위치입니다. 수집된 샘플의 냉동 보존은 샘플의 일관된 수집 및 측정을 보장할 수 있습니다. 측정된 매개변수가 냉동 보존된 세포와 새로 준비된 세포 간에 비교할 수 있도록 주의해야 합니다. 여기에서는 이러한 세포에서 미토콘드리아의 생체 에너지 기능을 분석하기 위해 인간 혈액 샘플에서 PBMC를 분리하고 냉동 보존하는 방법을 설명합니다. 여기에 설명된 프로토콜에 따라 동결 보존된 PBMC는 갓 수확한 세포와 비교하여 세포 수 및 생존력, 아데노신 삼인산 수치 및 측정된 호흡 사슬 활성에서 약간의 차이만 보여줍니다. 설명된 제제에는 8-24mL의 인간 혈액만 필요하므로 임상 연구 중에 다중앙에서 샘플을 수집하고 현장에서 생체 에너지를 측정할 수 있습니다.

세포 생존율 및 수 성공적인 분리 및 동결 보존을 달성하려면 세포 수와 생존율이 최대한 높아야 합니다. 냉동 보존 전후에 세포를 계수하고 세포의 건강과 품질을 보장하기 위해 생존율을 결정합니다. 그림 3 은 냉동 보존 전과 후의 PBMC를 대표적으로 나타낸 것으로, 세포 수와 생존율은 거의 차이가 없습니다. 이는 PBMC의 성공적인 격리 및 보존을 나타냅니다....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preservation of Bioenergetic Parameters in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells After Cryopreservation at JoVE.com

저자 스포트라이트: Preservation of Bioenergetic Parameters in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells After Cryopreservation (냉동 보존 후 말초 혈액 단핵 세포의 생체 에너지 매개변수 보존) 

분리된 말초 혈액 단핵 세포는 면역 기능 및 장애, 대사 질환 또는 미토콘드리아 기능의 분석에 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 연구에서는 전혈에서 PBMC를 준비하고 후속 냉동 보존을 위한 표준화된 방법을 설명합니다. 냉동 보존은 이 시간과 장소를 독립적으로 만듭니다.

인간 말초 혈액 단핵 세포의 냉동 보존 및 생체 에너지 평가

The physiological functions of eukaryotic cells rely on energy mainly provided by mitochondria. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to metabolic diseases ...

이 방법의 도움으로 해동 후 생체 에너지 매개변수가 변경되지 않는 방식으로 PBMC를 동결 보존하는 데 적합한 절차를 설명하고자 합니다. 냉동 보존의 주요 실험 과제 중 하나는 냉동 및 해동 과정이 PBMC를 손상시킬 수 있으며, 이는 다음과 같은 생체 에너지 측정에 영향을 미친다는 것입니다. 당사의 프로토콜을 통해 측정된 생체 에너지 매개변수가 영향을 받지 않도록 세포에 손상을 주지 않고 PBMC를 안정적으로 보존하는 방법을 보여주려고 합니다.PBMC를 보존할 수 있기 때문에 여러 센터에서 샘플을 수집하고 한 위치에서 측정할 수 있습니다. 또한 측정 시간을 더 독립적으로 만듭니다. PBMC의 냉동 보존을 통해 세포를 수집하고 보존하는 여러 부위에서 동시에 연구를 수행할 수 있습니다.수집된 샘플은 중앙에서 측정할 수 있습니다. 이를 통해 연구 프로세스와 계획을 간소화할 수 있습니다.

cryopreservation-bioenergetic-evaluation-human-peripheral-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Cryopreservation and Bioenergetic Evaluation of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

905 조회수.  Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen. 이 방법의 도움으로 해동 후 생체 에너지 매개변수가 변경되지 않는 방식으로 PBMC를 동결 보존하는 데 적합한 절차를 설명하고자 합니다. 냉동 보존의 주요 실험 과제 중 하나는 냉동 및 해동 과정이 PBMC를 손상시킬 수 있으며, 이는 다음과 같은 생체 에너지 측정에 영향을 미친다는 것입니다. 당사의 프로토콜을 통해 측정된 생체 에너지 매개변수가 영향을 받지 않도록 세포?...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: Preservation of Bioenergetic Parameters in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells After Cryopreservation (냉동 보존 후 말초 혈액 단핵 세포의 생체 에너지 매개변수 보존) 

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of NK cells and ability to expand in vitro has restricted development of NK cell immunotherapy. Here we describe a method to efficiently expand vast quantities of functional NK cells ex vivo using K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL21, as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC).
NK cell adoptive therapies to date have utilized a cell product obtained by steady-state leukapheresis of the donor followed by depletion of T cells or positive selection of NK cells. The product is usually activated in IL-2 overnight and then administered the following day 1. Because of the low frequency of NK cells in peripheral blood, relatively small numbers of NK cells have been delivered in clinical trials.
The inability to propagate NK cells in vitro has been the limiting factor for generating sufficient cell numbers for optimal clinical outcome. Some expansion of NK cells (5-10 fold over 1-2 weeks) has be achieved through high-dose IL-2 alone 2. Activation of autologous T cells can mediate NK cell expansion, presumably also through release of local cytokine 3. Support with mesenchymal stroma or artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can support the expansion of NK cells from both peripheral blood and cord blood 4. Combined NKp46 and CD2 activation by antibody-coated beads is currently marketed for NK cell expansion (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA), resulting in approximately 100-fold expansion in 21 days.
Clinical trials using aAPC-expanded or -activated NK cells are underway, one using leukemic cell line CTV-1 to prime and activate NK cells5 without significant expansion. A second trial utilizes EBV-LCL for NK cell expansion, achieving a mean 490-fold expansion in 21 days6. The third utilizes a K562-based aAPC transduced with 4-1BBL (CD137L) and membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15)7, which achieved a mean NK expansion 277-fold in 21 days. Although, the NK cells expanded using K562-41BBL-mIL15 aAPC are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo compared to unexpanded NK cells, and participate in ADCC, their proliferation is limited by senescence attributed to telomere shortening8. More recently a 350-fold expansion of NK cells was reported using K562 expressing MICA, 4-1BBL and IL159.
Our method of NK cell expansion described herein produces rapid proliferation of NK cells without senescence achieving a median 21,000-fold expansion in 21 days.

Here we describe a method to efficiently expand and purify large numbers of human NK cells and assess their function.

확장, 정화, 그리고 사람 말초혈 NK 세포 기능 평가

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers the best chance of cure for many patients with congenital and acquired hematologic diseases. Unfortunately, transplantation of alloreactive donor T cells which recognize and damage healthy patient tissues can result in Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD)1. One challenge to successful AHSCT is the prevention of GvHD without associated impairment of the beneficial effects of donor T cells, particularly immune reconstitution and prevention of relapse. GvHD can be prevented by non-specific depletion of donor T cells from stem cell grafts or by administration of pharmacological immunosuppression. Unfortunately these approaches increase infection and disease relapse2-4. An alternative strategy is to selectively deplete alloreactive donor T cells after allostimulation by recipient antigen presenting cells (APC) before transplant. Early clinical trials of these allodepletion strategies improved immune reconstitution after HLA-mismatched HSCT without excess GvHD5, 6. However, some allodepletion techniques require specialized recipient APC production6, 7and some approaches may have off-target effects including depletion of donor pathogen-specific T cells8and CD4 T regulatory cells9.One alternative approach is the inactivation of alloreactive donor T cells via induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness. This is achieved by stimulating donor cells with recipient APC while providing blockade of CD28-mediated co-stimulation signals10.This "alloanergization" approach reduces alloreactivity by 1-2 logs while preserving pathogen- and tumor-associated antigen T cell responses in vitro11. The strategy has been successfully employed in 2 completed and 1 ongoing clinical pilot studies in which alloanergized donor T cells were infused during or after HLA-mismatched HSCT resulting in rapid immune reconstitution, few infections and less severe acute and chronic GvHD than historical control recipients of unmanipulated HLA-mismatched transplantation12. Here we describe our current protocol for the generation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which have been alloanergized to HLA-mismatched unrelated stimulator PBMC. Alloanergization is achieved by allostimulation in the presence of monoclonal antibodies to the ligands B7.1 and B7.1 to block CD28-mediated costimulation. This technique does not require the production of specialized stimulator APC and is simple to perform, requiring only a single and relatively brief ex vivo incubation step. As such, the approach can be easily standardized for clinical use to generate donor T cells with reduced alloreactivity but retaining pathogen-specific immunity for adoptive transfer in the setting of AHSCT to improve immune reconstitution without excessive GvHD.

This paper describes a simple technique to induce alloantigen-specific anergy in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The technique can be applied clinically to generate non-alloreactive donor cells. Infusion of these cells could improve immune reconstitution and reduce toxicity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

공동 stimulatory 신호 봉쇄와 Alloantigen 자극에 의​​해 사람 말초혈 Mononuclear 세포 Alloantigen 특정 Anergy의 유도

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers the best chance of cure for many patients with congenital and acquired hematologic ...

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

Zoledronate를 사용하는 사람 말초혈의 확장 γδ T 세포

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Detecting Glycogen in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with Periodic Acid Schiff Staining

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. Polysaccharides such as glycogen, glycoproteins, and glycolipids stain bright magenta making it easy to enumerate positive and negative cells within the tissue. In muscle cells PAS staining is used to determine the glycogen content in different types of muscle cells, while in blood cell samples PAS staining has been explored as a diagnostic tool for a variety of conditions. Blood contains a proportion of white blood cells that belong to the immune system. The notion that cells of the immune system possess glycogen and use it as an energy source has not been widely explored. Here, we describe an adapted version of the PAS staining protocol that can be applied on peripheral blood mononuclear immune cells from human venous blood. Small cells with PAS-positive granules and larger cells with diffuse PAS staining were observed. Treatment of samples with amylase abrogates these patterns confirming the specificity of the stain. An alternate technique based on enzymatic digestion confirmed the presence and amount of glycogen in the samples. This protocol is useful for hematologists or immunologists studying polysaccharide content in blood-derived lymphocytes.

Periodic acid Schiff staining is a technique that visualizes the polysaccharide content of tissues. This article demonstrates periodic acid Schiff staining protocol adapted for use on peripheral blood mononuclear cells purified from human venous blood. Such samples are enriched for lymphocytes and other white blood cells of the immune system.

요오드 산 쉬프 염색 말초 혈액 단핵 세포에서 글리코겐을 감지

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining is an immunohistochemical technique used on muscle biopsies and as a diagnostic tool for blood samples. ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

말초 혈액에서 인간 Alloantigen 특정 T 세포의 생성

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 malignant gliomas soon after intracranial engraftment if the cancer cells are rendered deficient in their expression of the &#946;-galactoside-binding lectin galectin-1 (gal-1). More recent work now shows that a population of Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid cells is critical to this effect. To better understand the mechanisms by which NK and myeloid cells cooperate to confer gal-1-deficient tumor rejection we have developed a comprehensive protocol for the isolation and analysis of glioma-infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The method is demonstrated here by comparing PBMC infiltration into the tumor microenvironment of gal-1-expressing GL26 gliomas with those rendered gal-1-deficient via shRNA knockdown. The protocol begins with a description of&#160;how to culture and prepare GL26 cells for inoculation into the syngeneic C57BL/6J mouse brain. It then explains the steps involved in the isolation and flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs from the early brain tumor microenvironment. The method is adaptable to a number of in vivo experimental designs in which temporal data on immune infiltration into the brain is required. The method is sensitive and highly reproducible, as glioma-infiltrating PBMCs can be isolated from intracranial tumors as soon as 24 hr post-tumor engraftment with similar cell counts observed from time point matched tumors throughout independent experiments. A single experimentalist can perform the method from brain harvesting to flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating PBMCs in roughly 4-6 hr depending on the number of samples to be analyzed. Alternative glioma models and/or cell-specific detection antibodies may also be used at the experimentalists&#8217; discretion to assess the infiltration of several other immune cell types of interest without the need for alterations to the overall procedure.

Presented here is a straightforward method for the isolation and flow cytometric analysis of glioma-infiltrating peripheral blood mononuclear cells that yields time-dependent quantitative data on the number and activation status of immune cells entering the early brain tumor microenvironment.

분리 및 신경 교종-침투 말초 혈액 단핵 세포의 유세포 분석

Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cells are capable of eradicating orthotopically implanted mouse GL26 and rat CNS-1 ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Dextran Murine 및 인간의 기본 NK 세포의 Lentiviral 변환 효율 향상

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Flotation-Based T Cell Isolation, Activation, and Expansion from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Samples Using Microbubbles

The process of isolating T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear&#160;cells (PBMCs) to establish ex vivo cultures is crucial for research, clinical testing, and cell-based therapies. In this study, a simple, novel protocol to isolate, activate, and expand T cells from PBMCs ex vivo is presented. This study utilizes functionalized buoyancy-activated cell sorting (BACS) technology to isolate and activate T cells. Briefly, the protocol involves the positive selection of CD3+ cells from leukopak-derived PBMCs, followed by a 48 h co-stimulation with pre-conjugated anti-CD28-bound streptavidin microbubbles (SAMBs) prior to transduction in 24-well plates. Functionalized microbubbles offer a unique opportunity to buoyantly activate cells, leading to proliferative phenotypes that allow for expansion with minimal exhaustion. This technique offers reduced exhaustion because the co-stimulatory microbubbles remain buoyant and return to the top of the culture medium, thus reducing the amount of time that the expanding cells are in contact with the co-stimulatory factors. The results indicate that the isolated and cultured T cells receive enough stimulation to activate and proliferate but not to an extent that leads to overactivation, which then leads to exhaustion, as demonstrated by the presence of excessive PD-1.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of flotation-based separation to isolate, activate, and expand primary human T cells.

부유 기반 T 세포 분리, 활성화 및 마이크로버블을 사용한 인간 말초 혈액 단핵 세포 샘플로부터의 확장

The process of isolating T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear&#160;cells (PBMCs) to establish ex vivo cultures is crucial for research, clinical ...

대식세포의 곰팡이 제거 효율

Viability Assay of Trichoderma stromaticum Conidia Inside Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear-Derived Macrophages

Macrophages represent a crucial line of defense and are responsible for preventing the growth and colonization of pathogens in different tissues. Conidial phagocytosis is a key process that allows for the investigation of the cytoplasmic and molecular events involved in macrophage-pathogen interactions, as well as for the determination of the time of death of internalized conidia. The technique involving the phagocytosis of fungal conidia by macrophages is widely used for studies evaluating the modulation of the immune responses against fungi. The evasion of phagocytosis and escape of phagosomes are mechanisms of fungal virulence. Here, we report the methods that can be used for the analysis of the phagocytosis, clearance, and viability of T. stromaticum conidia, a fungus which is used as a biocontrol and biofertilizer agent and is capable of inducing human infections. The protocol consists of 1) Trichoderma culture, 2) washing to obtain conidia, 3) the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using the polysucrose solution method and the differentiation of the PBMCs into macrophages, 4) an in vitro phagocytosis method using round glass coverslips and coloration, and 5) a clearance assay to assess the conidia viability after conidia phagocytosis. In summary, these techniques can be used to measure the&#160;fungal clearance efficiency of macrophages.

저자 스포트라이트: Trichoderma stromaticum 과 포유류 면역 체계 간의 상호 작용 규명

The technique involving the phagocytosis of fungal conidia by macrophages is widely used for studies evaluating the modulation of the immune responses against fungi. The purpose of this manuscript is to present a method for evaluating the phagocytosis and clearance abilities of human peripheral blood mononuclear-derived macrophages stimulated with Trichoderma stromaticum conidia.

Trichoderma stromaticum Conidia Inside Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear-Derived Macrophages의 생존력 분석

Macrophages represent a crucial line of defense and are responsible for preventing the growth and colonization of pathogens in different tissues. Conidial ...