This study was funded by Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) grant. STC holds a doctoral research award from the CIHR and the Michael Smith Foundation. EYS holds a CIHR scholarship. The CIHR Transplantation Training Program also provided graduate scholarships to STC, EYS and SS.

1. Plasmid DNA Purification
<ol>
	<li>Extract plasmid DNA using a maxiprep kit according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol. Resuspend plasmid DNA in 500 &#181;l of TE buffer.</li>
	<li>Perform a phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol extraction and isopropanol precipitation to remove residual bacterial contaminants. The presence of LPS interferes with transfection9.
	<ol>
		<li>Add 500 &#181;l of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1, pH 8) to the plasmid DNA and shake vigorously for 15 sec. Phenol causes severe skin burns and is an anesthetic so burns are not always felt until there is severe damage. Perform phenol:chloroform:isoamyl extraction in the fume hood and use caution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Incubate the mixture for 5 min at RT. Centrifuge at 13,000 x g for 10 min at RT. Transfer 350 &#181;l of upper aqueous phase into a new 1.5 ml collection tube.</li>
	<li>Add 350 &#181;l of TE buffer to the tube that contains the lower organic phase. Shake vigorously for 15 sec. Centrifuge at 13,000 x g for 5 min at RT. Transfer 350 &#181;l of upper aqueous phase to the same 1.5 ml collection tube.</li>
	<li>Add 70 &#181;l of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.2) and mix well. Add 700 &#181;l of 100% isopropanol. Mix well and incubate 10 min at RT. Centrifuge at 13,000 x g for 10 minat 4 &#176;C. Remove the supernatant.</li>
	<li>Add 500 &#181;l of 75% ethanol to the pellet. Vortex samples to mix and centrifuge at 5,000 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Remove the supernatant. DNA is in the pellet.</li>
	<li>Open the cap of the tube and air dry the pellet at RT for 5 - 10 min. The pellet should become translucent. Add 500 &#181;l of TE buffer to resuspend the DNA pellet. Heat at 50 - 60 &#176;C for 10 min to dissolve the DNA pellet.</li>
	<li>Measure the absorbance at 260 nm (A260) and 280 nm (A280) with a spectrometer.&#160;Calculate the concentration of DNA by multiplying the A260 value by 50 ng/&#181;l. Assess the quality of DNA by calculating the A260/A280 ratio. DNA with high quality should give an A260/A280 ratio of 1.8 - 2.0.</li>
</ol>
2. Cell Culturing and Seeding
<ol>
	<li>Culture RAW264.7 cells in DMEM supplemented with 9% fetal calf serum (DMEM/9% FCS) in a 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator. During each passage, detach the cells from the plate by continuous pipetting using a Pasteur pipette. Passage the cells every 2 days, and seed 1.5 - 2 million cells on a 10 cm tissue culture treated dish as the stock. Thaw a new stock of cells every 5 - 6 weeks.</li>
	<li>On the day of transfection, seed 200,000 cells per well in a 24-well plate in a volume of 500 &#181;l of DMEM/9% FCS. Incubate the cells for 4 hr in the 37 &#176;C incubator.</li>
	<li>Transfect cells either with the lipid-based reagent (step 3.1) or the protein/polyamine-based reagent (step 3.2).</li>
</ol>
3. Transfection
<ol>
	<li>Lipid-based transfection:
	<ol>
		<li>Warm up the transfection reagent to RT in the dark. Warm up serum-free medium and DMEM/9% FCS to 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Add 0.5 &#181;g of plasmid DNA to 50 &#181;l of serum-free medium in a 1.5 ml tube. Add 2 &#181;l of transfection reagent with the pipette tip below the surface of the liquid. Vortex for 6 sec.</li>
		<li>Leave the reagent/DNA mixture in the dark at RT&#160;for 30 min.</li>
		<li>During the 30 min incubation, remove the media from the well and add 250 &#181;l of fresh DMEM/9% FCS to each well.</li>
		<li>After 30 min, add 250 &#181;l of DMEM/9% FCS to the reagent/DNA mixture. Mix well by pipetting up and down.</li>
		<li>Add 300 &#181;l of the diluted mixture to each well. Incubate for 2 - 4 hr in a 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator.</li>
		<li>Remove transfection solution and add 500 &#181;l of DMEM/9% FCS. Incubate for 24 - 48 hr in a 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator before cell stimulation.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Protein/polyamine-based transfection:
	<ol>
		<li>Warm up serum-free medium and DMEM/9% FCS to 37 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Add 0.75 &#181;l of transfection reagent to 18.75 &#181;l of serum-free medium. Vortex briefly to mix. Incubate at RT for 5 min. Add 0.5 &#181;l of 1 &#181;g/&#181;l DNA into the diluted transfected reagent. Incubate at RT for 10 min.</li>
		<li>During the 10 min incubation, remove media from each well of the 24-well plate and add 250 &#181;l fresh DMEM/9% FCS to each well.</li>
		<li>After 10 min, add 250 &#181;l of DMEM/9% FCS into the reagent/DNA mixture.</li>
		<li>Add 270 &#181;l of the diluted mixture to the well. Incubate in a 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2 incubator for 2 - 4 hr.</li>
		<li>Remove transfection solution and add 500 &#181;l of DMEM/9% FCS. Incubate for 24 - 48 hr in a 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Cell Stimulation and Luciferase Assay
<ol>
	<li>Replace media in the well with 250 &#181;l of fresh DMEM/9% FCS.</li>
	<li>Add 50 &#181;l of LPS or LPS+IL-10 at the desired concentrations to the well. Return the plate to the 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 incubator. Stimulate for 2 - 6 hr.</li>
	<li>Remove stimulation solution by aspiration, wash with ice cold PBS, and add 200 &#181;l of 1x Passive Lysis Buffer. Rock at RT for 30 min. Scrape and transfer the lysate to 1.5 ml tubes and remove cell debris by centrifuging at 20,000 x g for 10 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Transfer 40 &#181;l of cleared lysate (supernatant) to a white, clear bottom 96-well plate for the determination of luciferase signals according to the manufacturer&#8217;s protocol.</li>
	<li>Read the luciferase signal with a luminometer across the entire visible light spectrum.</li>
</ol>
5. Data Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Calculate the firefly:Renilla ratio by dividing individual values of firefly luciferase by the values of Renilla luciferase from each well.</li>
	<li>Calculate the fold change by dividing the firefly:Renilla ratio of the treated well by that of the untreated well.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Maurisse, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+transfection+of+DNA+into+primary+and+transformed+mammalian+cells+from+different+lineages.">Comparative transfection of DNA into primary and transformed mammalian cells from different lineages.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 10 (1), 9-18 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, C. D., Frazier-Jessen, M. R., Rawat, R., Nordan, R. P., Brown, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+methods+for+transient+transfection+of+a+murine+macrophage+cell+line+RAW+264.7.">Evaluation of methods for transient transfection of a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7.</a> Biotechniques. 27 (4), 824-835 (1999).</li><li>Kim, T., Eberwine, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+cell+transfection:+the+present+and+the+future.">Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 397 (8), 3173-3178 (2010).</li><li>Stacey, K. J., Sweet, M. J., Hume, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+ingest+and+are+activated+by+bacterial+DNA.">Macrophages ingest and are activated by bacterial DNA.</a> Journal of immunology. 157 (5), 2116-2122 (1996).</li><li>Jiang, W., Reich, I. C., Pisetsky, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+activation+of+the+RAW264.7+macrophage+cell+line+by+transfected+mammalian+DNA.">Mechanisms of activation of the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line by transfected mammalian DNA.</a> Cell Immunol. 229 (1), 31-42 (2004).</li><li>Jiang, W., Pisetsky, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+induction+of+HMGB1+release+from+RAW+264.7+cells+by+transfected+DNA.">The induction of HMGB1 release from RAW 264.7 cells by transfected DNA.</a> Mol Immunol. 45 (7), 2038-2046 (2008).</li><li>Hargreaves, D. C., Horng, T., Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+inducible+gene+expression+by+signal-dependent+transcriptional+elongation.">Control of inducible gene expression by signal-dependent transcriptional elongation.</a> Cell. 138 (1), 129-147 (2009).</li><li>Cheung, S. T., So, E. Y., Chang, D., Ming-Lum, A., Mui, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-10+inhibits+lipopolysaccharide+induced+miR-155+precursor+stability+and+maturation.">Interleukin-10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide induced miR-155 precursor stability and maturation.</a> PLoS One. 8 (8), e71336 (2013).</li><li>Weber, M., Moller, K., Welzeck, M., Schorr, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+technical+reports.+Effects+of+lipopolysaccharide+on+transfection+efficiency+in+eukaryotic+cells.">Short technical reports. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on transfection efficiency in eukaryotic cells.</a> Biotechniques. 19 (6), 930-940 (1995).</li><li>Berghaus, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+responses+of+primary+murine+macrophage-lineage+cells+and+RAW+264.7+cells+to+ligands+of+Toll-like+receptors.">Innate immune responses of primary murine macrophage-lineage cells and RAW 264.7 cells to ligands of Toll-like receptors.</a> Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 33 (5), 443-456 (2000).</li><li>Fiszer-Kierzkowska, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liposome-based+DNA+carriers+may+induce+cellular+stress+response+and+change+gene+expression+pattern+in+transfected+cells.">Liposome-based DNA carriers may induce cellular stress response and change gene expression pattern in transfected cells.</a> BMC Mol Biol. 12 (1), 27-36 (2011).</li><li>Jacobsen, L., Calvin, S., Lobenhofer, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+effects+of+transfection:+the+potential+for+misinterpretation+of+gene+expression+data+generated+from+transiently+transfected+cells.">Transcriptional effects of transfection: the potential for misinterpretation of gene expression data generated from transiently transfected cells.</a> Biotechniques. 47 (7), 617-626 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The protocol described here does not solely focus on transfection efficiency, but aims to strike a balance between efficiency and preservation of the physiological states of the cells. Specifically, our procedure succeeds in minimizing the toxicity of transfection reagent and maximizing luciferase signal.
One critical step in the protocol is the health of the cells. Overgrown cultures are not suitable for transfection as their physiology changes, and continuous culturing of RAW264.7 cells for ...

Transfection of nucleic acids in cells has a diverse application in scientific research. Examples include (1) reporter genes to study the role of different gene elements in gene expression, (2) protein expression plasmids to overexpress the protein of interest, and (3) small interfering RNA to downregulate gene expression. By manipulating the expression level of particular genes and measuring the differential effect of such manipulations, researchers can deduce the gene functions in the chosen biological systems. Not all transfection methods provide the same transfection efficiencies, and even the same transfection method does not transfect all cell types equally1. Hence, different transfection methods have been developed such as calcium phosphate method, DEAE dextran, cationic lipid transfection, cationic non-lipid polymer transfection, electroporation, and nucleofection2,3.
Transfection into macrophages is especially difficult due to the fact that macrophages are professional phagocytes that are very sensitive to foreign materials including bacteria derived (methylated) DNA4. Introduction of foreign DNA activates the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) pathway leading to the production of cytokines and nitric oxide5,6. These activated macrophages may then be less responsive to treatment that the researchers intend to examine.
Our lab routinely transfects the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line with luciferase reporter genes, and we have developed a protocol that is robust enough to have luciferase signal significantly higher than background, but also gentle enough for macrophages to remain at their resting state. The behaviours of the transfected cells were evaluated by a firefly-luciferase reporter gene harbouring the promoter region of I&#954;B&#950; (pGL3- I&#954;B&#950;). I&#954;B&#950; expression is upregulated by the bacterial cell wall component lipopolyssacharide (LPS)7,8, and downregulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine, Interleukin-10 (IL-10)8. To account for transfection variation among wells, we co-transfect a control plasmid containing the Renilla luciferase gene (e.g., phRL-TK) for normalization purposes. The protocol described is optimized after testing various parameters including timing of transfection, type of transfection reagents, amounts of transfection reagents and of plasmid DNA, as well as ratio of transfection reagent to plasmid DNA. The two transfection reagents included in this protocol are (1) a lipid-based transfection reagent and (2) a protein/polyamine-based transfection reagent.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PureLink HiPure Plasmid Maxiprep Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>K210007</td><td>Any maxiprep kit will work</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15593-049</td><td>Molecular Biology Grade. Phenol is toxic so work in the fume hood, if possible. Use the lower clear organic layer if two layers of liquid form in the container.</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SH30243.01</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SH30396.03</td><td>Inactivated at 56 &amp;deg;C water bath for 45 min before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>31985-070</td><td>Warm to at least room temperature before use.</td></tr><tr><td>XtremeGene HP DBA transfection reagent</td><td>Roche</td><td>6366236001</td><td>Warm to room temperature before use.</td></tr><tr><td>GeneJuice</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>70967</td><td>Warm to room temperature before use.</td></tr><tr><td>5x Passive Lysis Buffer</td><td>Promega</td><td>E1941</td><td>30 ml is included in the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td></tr><tr><td>Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td><td>Promega</td><td>E1910</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

transfecting raw264.7 cells with a luciferase reporter gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

Figure 1 compares the transfection efficiency of the two transfection reagents in RAW264.7. The lipid-based reagent typically gave about 25% transfection rate while the protein/polyamine-based transfection resulted in about 5% efficiency (Figure 1A). The difference in transfection efficiency was also observed in luciferase signals in RAW264.7 cells transfected with the pGL3-I&#954;B&#950; promoter reporter (Figure 1B). Addition of LPS to these transfected cells increased...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene at JoVE.com

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

transfecting-raw2647-cells-with-a-luciferase-reporter-gene

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.6K Views.  Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute. Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell’s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells. 

Video: Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor (LATS) Biosensor

The Hippo signaling pathway is a conserved regulator of organ size and has important roles in the development and cancer biology. Due to technical challenges, it remains difficult to assess the activity of this signaling pathway and interpret it within a biological context. The existing literature on large tumor suppressor (LATS) relies on methods that are qualitative and cannot easily be scaled-up for screening. Recently, we have developed a bioluminescence-based biosensor to monitor the kinase activity of LATS-a core component of the Hippo kinase cascade. Here, we describe procedures for how this LATS biosensor (LATS-BS) can be used to characterize Hippo pathway regulators. First, we provide a detailed protocol for investigating the effect of an overexpressed protein candidate (e.g., VEGFR2) on LATS activity using the LATS-BS. Then, we show how the LATS-BS can be used for a small-scale kinase inhibitor screen. This protocol can feasibly be scaled-up to perform larger screens, which undoubtedly will identify novel regulators of the Hippo pathway.

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor LATS Biosensor

Here we present a luciferase-based biosensor to quantify the kinase activity of large tumor suppressor (LATS)-a central kinase in the Hippo signaling pathway. This biosensor has diverse applications in basic and translational research aimed at investigating Hippo pathway regulators in vitro and in vivo.

The Hippo signaling pathway is a conserved regulator of organ size and has important roles in the development and cancer biology. Due to technical ...

Cancer Research

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane biogenesis occurs rapidly and in an inducible manner. We have found that phagocytosis of latex beads is practical for these purposes as cells rapidly synthesize membrane lipids to replenish membrane pools lost as  wrapping material  during particle engulfment. Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-Glo  Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-GloTM Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

Identification of Transcription Factor Regulators using Medium-Throughput Screening of Arrayed Libraries and a Dual-Luciferase-Based Reporter

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for anti-cancer therapies. However, directly targeting transcription factors is often difficult and can cause adverse side effects if the transcription factor is necessary in one or more adult tissues. Identifying upstream regulators that aberrantly activate transcription factors in cancer cells offers a more feasible alternative, particularly if these proteins are easy to drug. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to combine arrayed medium-scale lentiviral libraries and a dual-luciferase-based transcriptional reporter assay to identify novel regulators of transcription factors in cancer cells. Our approach offers a quick, easy, and inexpensive way to test hundreds of genes in a single experiment. To demonstrate the use of this approach, we performed a screen of an arrayed lentiviral RNAi library containing several regulators of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), two transcriptional co-activators that are the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway. However, this approach could be modified to screen for regulators of virtually any transcription factor or co-factor and could also be used to screen CRISPR/CAS9, cDNA, or ORF libraries.

To identify novel regulators of transcription factors, we developed an approach to screen arrayed lentiviral or retroviral RNAi libraries using a dual-luciferase-based transcriptional reporter assay. This approach offers a quick and relatively inexpensive way to screen hundreds of candidates in a single experiment.

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for ...

A Multiplexed Luciferase-based Screening Platform for Interrogating Cancer-associated Signal Transduction in Cultured Cells

Genome-scale interrogation of gene function using RNA interference (RNAi) holds tremendous promise for the rapid identification of chemically tractable cancer cell vulnerabilities. Limiting the potential of this technology is the inability to rapidly delineate the mechanistic basis of phenotypic outcomes and thus inform the development of molecularly targeted therapeutic strategies. We outline here methods to deconstruct cellular phenotypes induced by RNAi-mediated gene targeting using multiplexed reporter systems that allow monitoring of key cancer cell-associated processes. This high-content screening methodology is versatile and can be readily adapted for the screening of other types of large molecular libraries.

Achieving a systems level understanding of cellular processes is a goal of modern-day cell biology. We describe here strategies for multiplexing luciferase reporters of various cellular function end-points to interrogate gene function using genome-scale RNAi libraries.

Genome-scale interrogation of gene function using RNA interference (RNAi)  holds tremendous promise for the rapid identification of chemically tractable  ...

Medicine

Monitoring Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Colony Formation in Mice using Bioluminescence

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several animal models have been generated, including the widely used orthotopic mouse models, where cancer cells are injected into the mammary fat pad. However, these models cannot help monitor tumor growth kinetics and metastatic colonization. Cutting-edge tools to monitor cancer cells in real time in mice will significantly advance the understanding of tumor biology. 
Here, breast cancer cell lines stably expressing luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were established. Specifically, this technique contains two sequential steps initiated by measuring the luciferase activity in vitro and followed by the implantation of the cancer cells into mammary fat pads of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice. After the injection, both the tumor growth and metastatic colonization are monitored in real time by the noninvasive bioluminescence imaging system. Then, the quantification of GFP-expressing metastases in the lungs will be examined by fluorescence microscopy to validate the observed bioluminescence results. This sophisticated system combining luciferase and fluorescence-based detection tools evaluates cancer metastasis in vivo, which has great potential for use in breast cancer therapeutics and disease management.

Here, we describe a noninvasive monitoring method involving luciferase and green fluorescent protein expression in various breast cancer cell lines. This protocol provides a technique to monitor tumor formation and metastatic colonization in real time in mice.

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and histopathologic features of the human disease. When GL261 cells are implanted intracranially in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, the model has the added advantage of maintaining an intact immune microenvironment. Stable expression of luciferase in GL261 cells allows non-invasive cost effective bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial tumor growth. We have recently demonstrated that luciferase expression in GL261 cells does not affect the tumor growth properties, tumor cell immunomodulatory cytokine expression, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, or overall survival of animals bearing the intracranial tumor. Therefore, it appears that the GL261 luciferase glioma model can be useful in the study of novel chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we report the technique for generating stable luciferase expression in GL261 cells and how to study the in vitro and in vivo growth of the tumor cells by bioluminescence imaging.

GL261 glioma cells provide a useful immunocompetent animal model of glioblastoma. The goals of this protocol are to demonstrate proper techniques for monitoring intracranial tumor growth using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and to verify the utility of luciferase-modified GL261 cells for studying tumor immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches for treating glioblastoma.

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks (reviewed1,2). The circadian time-keeping system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator network, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizing and coordinating extra-SCN and peripheral clocks elsewhere1,2. Individual cells are the functional units for generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms3,4, and these oscillators of different tissue types in the organism share a remarkably similar biochemical negative feedback mechanism. However, due to interactions at the neuronal network level in the SCN and through rhythmic, systemic cues at the organismal level, circadian rhythms at the organismal level are not necessarily cell-autonomous5-7. Compared to traditional studies of locomotor activity in vivo and SCN explants ex vivo, cell-based in vitro assays allow for discovery of cell-autonomous circadian defects5,8. Strategically, cell-based models are more experimentally tractable for phenotypic characterization and rapid discovery of basic clock mechanisms5,8-13.
Because circadian rhythms are dynamic, longitudinal measurements with high temporal resolution are needed to assess clock function. In recent years, real-time bioluminescence recording using firefly luciferase as a reporter has become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms in mammals14,15, as it allows for examination of the persistence and dynamics of molecular rhythms. To monitor cell-autonomous circadian rhythms of gene expression, luciferase reporters can be introduced into cells via transient transfection13,16,17 or stable transduction5,10,18,19. Here we describe a stable transduction protocol using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. The lentiviral vector system is superior to traditional methods such as transient transfection and germline transmission because of its efficiency and versatility: it permits efficient delivery and stable integration into the host genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells20. Once a reporter cell line is established, the dynamics of clock function can be examined through bioluminescence recording. We first describe the generation of P(Per2)-dLuc reporter lines, and then present data from this and other circadian reporters. In these assays, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and U2OS human osteosarcoma cells are used as cellular models. We also discuss various ways of using these clock models in circadian studies. Methods described here can be applied to a great variety of cell types to study the cellular and molecular basis of circadian clocks, and may prove useful in tackling problems in other biological systems.

Circadian clocks function within individual cells, i.e., they are cell-autonomous. Here, we describe methods for generating cell-autonomous clock models using non-invasive, luciferase-based real-time bioluminescence technology. Reporter cells provide tractable, functional model systems for studying circadian biology.

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. 293T cells are transiently transfected with plasmids from an arrayed ORF expression library, together with luciferase reporter plasmids, in a one-gene-per-well microplate format. Firefly luciferase activity is assayed after 48 hr to determine the effects of each library gene upon alpha-synuclein transcription, normalized to expression from an internal control construct (a hCMV promoter directing Renilla luciferase). This protocol is facilitated by a bench-top robot enclosed in a biosafety cabinet, which performs aseptic liquid handling in 96-well format. Our automated transfection protocol is readily adaptable to high-throughput lentiviral library production or other functional screening protocols requiring triple-transfections of large numbers of unique library plasmids in conjunction with a common set of helper plasmids. We also present an inexpensive and validated alternative to commercially-available, dual luciferase reagents which employs PTC124, EDTA, and pyrophosphate to suppress firefly luciferase activity prior to measurement of Renilla luciferase. Using these methods, we screened 7,670 human genes and identified 68 regulators of alpha-synuclein. This protocol is easily modifiable to target other genes of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive screening method for identifying transcriptional regulators using high-throughput robotic transfections and a homemade dual-glow luciferase assay. This protocol rapidly generates direct side-by-side functional data for thousands of genes and is easily modifiable to target any gene of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder (ALLIGATOR)

Luciferase-based reporters of cellular gene expression are in widespread use for both longitudinal and end-point assays of biological activity. In circadian rhythms research, for example, clock gene fusions with firefly luciferase give rise to robust rhythms in cellular bioluminescence that persist over many days. Technical limitations associated with photomultiplier tubes (PMT) or conventional microscopy-based methods for bioluminescence quantification have typically demanded that cells and tissues be maintained under quite non-physiological conditions during recording, with a trade-off between sensitivity and throughput. Here, we report a refinement of prior methods that allows long-term bioluminescence imaging with high sensitivity and throughput which supports a broad range of culture conditions, including variable gas and humidity control, and that accepts many different tissue culture plates and dishes. This automated longitudinal luciferase imaging gas- and temperature-optimized recorder (ALLIGATOR) also allows the observation of spatial variations in luciferase expression across a cell monolayer or tissue, which cannot readily be observed by traditional methods. We highlight how the ALLIGATOR provides vastly increased flexibility for the detection of luciferase activity when compared with existing methods.

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder ALLIGATOR

Genetically encoded luciferase is a popular non-invasive reporter of gene expression. Use of an automated longitudinal luciferase imaging gas- and temperature-optimized recorder (ALLIGATOR) enables longitudinal recording from bioluminescent cells under a wide range of conditions. Here we show how ALLIGATOR may be used in the context of circadian rhythms research.

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

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