Name: transfecting raw264.7 cells with a luciferase reporter gene
Uploaded: 2015-06-18T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 12 min 58 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene at JoVE.com

This study was funded by Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) grant. STC holds a doctoral research award from the CIHR and the Michael Smith Foundation. EYS holds a CIHR scholarship. The CIHR Transplantation Training Program also provided graduate scholarships to STC, EYS and SS.

1. Plazmid DNA Saflaştırma <ol><li> Üreticinin protokolüne göre bir maxiprep kiti kullanılarak plazmid DNA ekstrakte edin. TE tamponu, 500 | il yeniden süspanse plazma DNA. </li><li> Kloroform: Bir fenol gerçekleştirin izoamil alkol çıkarma ve izopropanol yağış kalan bakteri kirleri çıkarmak. LPS varlığı transfeksiyon 9 engeller. <ol><li> Plasmid DNA (1, pH 8: 25: 24) ve 15 saniye boyunca kuvvetli bir şekilde çalkalanır izoamil alkol: kloroform: Fenol 500 ul ekle. Fenol Ciddi yanıklara neden olur ve ağır hasar olduğu kadar yanıklar hep hissettim değildir bu yüzden bir anestezik olduğunu. Davlumbaz izoamil çıkarma ve dikkatli kullanın: kloroform: fenol gerçekleştirin. </li></ol></li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika süreyle inkübe karışımı. Oda sıcaklığında, 10 dakika süreyle 13,000 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. Yeni bir 1.5 ml&#39;lik bir toplama tüpü içinde, üst sulu faz 350 ul aktarın. </li><li> Alt organik faz içeren tüp TE tamponu, 350 ul ekle. 15 saniye boyunca kuvvetli bir şekilde çalkalanır. Oda sıcaklığında 5 dakika boyunca 13,000 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. Aynı 1.5 ml toplama tüpüne üst sulu faz 350 ul aktarın. </li><li> 3 M sodyum asetat (pH 5.2), 70 ul ilave edin ve iyice karıştırın. % 100 izopropanol, 700 ul ekle. İyice karıştırın ve oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika inkübe edilir. 10 minat 4 ° C için 13.000 xg&#39;de Santrifüj. Süpernatantı. </li><li> Pelet% 75 etanol içinde 500 ul ekle. Vorteks örnekler 4 ° C sıcaklıkta 5 dakika boyunca 5,000 x g de karıştırılır ve santrifüjlenir için. Süpernatantı. DNA pelet olduğunu. </li><li> Tüpün kapağını açın ve hava 5 RT&#39;de pelet kurulayın - 10 dk. Pelet saydam hale gelmelidir. DNA pelletini TE tamponu, 500 ul ekle. 50 ısı - 10 dakika süreyle 60 ° C&#39;de DNA pelet çözülmesi için. </li><li> 260 nm (A260) ve bir spektrometre ile 280 nm (A280) absorbans ölçün. 50 ng / ul A260 değeri çarpılarak DNA konsantrasyonu hesaplayın. Calculatin DNA&#39;nın kalitesini değerlendirmekg A260 / A280 oranı. 2.0 - yüksek kalite ile DNA 1.8 bir A260 / A280 oranı vermelidir. </li></ol> 2. Hücre Kültürleme ve Tohum <ol><li> DMEM içinde kültür RAW264.7 hücreleri 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 kuluçka makinesi içinde% 9 fetal dana serumu (DMEM /% 9 FCS) ile takviye edilmiştir. Her geçiş sırasında, bir Pasteur pipeti kullanarak sürekli pipetleme hücreleri plakadan ayırın. Passage hücreleri 2 günde, 1,5 tohum - stok olarak 10 cm doku kültürü tedavi yemeğin 2 milyon hücre. 6 hafta - hücrelerin her 5 yeni stok çözülme. </li><li> Transfeksiyondan bir gün, DMEM /% 9 FCS 500 ul bir hacim içinde, 24 oyuklu bir plaka içerisinde oyuk başına 200,000 hücre tohum. 37 ° C kuluçka makinesi içinde 4 saat inkübe hücreleri. </li><li> Transfect hücreleri ya da lipid bazlı tepkime maddesi (aşama 3.1) ya da protein / poliamin-bazlı tepkime maddesi (aşama 3.2). </li></ol> 3. Transfeksiyon <ol><li> Lipid bazlı transfeksiyon: <ol><li> Transfeksiyon REAGEN Isınmat karanlıkta oda sıcaklığına kadar. Serum-barındırmayan ortam, DMEM /% 9 FCS, 37 ° C&#39;ye kadar ısıtın. </li><li> 1.5 ml bir tüp içinde, serum-içermeyen ortam içinde plasmid DNA, 0.5 ug ila 50 ul ekle. Sıvı yüzeyinin altında pipet ile transfeksiyon reaktifi 2 ul ekle. 6 saniye vorteksleyin. </li><li> 30 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında karanlıkta reaktif / DNA karışımı bırakın. </li><li> 30 dakika inkübasyon sırasında, kuyudan ortamını çıkarın ve her bir oyuğa taze DMEM /% 9 FCS 250 ul ilave edin. </li><li> 30 dakika sonra, reaktif / DNA karışımı, DMEM /% 9 FCS 250 ul ilave edin. Yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme iyice karıştırın. </li><li> Her kuyu seyreltilmiş karışımın 300 ul ekleyin. 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 inkübatörü içinde 4 saat - 2 inkübe edin. </li><li> Transfeksiyon çözüm çıkarın ve DMEM /% 9 FCS 500 ul ekleyin. Hücre uyarma önce 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 inkübatöründe 48 saat - 24 inkübe edin. </li></ol></li><li> Protein / poliamin bazlı transfeksiyon: <ol><li> Isınma serum serbestorta ve 37 ° C&#39;ye kadar, DMEM /% 9 FCS. </li><li> Serum-barındırmayan ortam 18.75 ul transfeksiyon reaktifi 0.75 ul ekleyin. Vortex kısaca karıştırın. 5 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. Seyreltilmiş transfekte reaktifi içine 1 ug / ul DNA 0.5 ul ekleyin. 10 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. </li><li> 10 dakika inkübasyon sırasında, 24 oyuklu plakanın her bir mesafede ortamını çıkarın ve her bir oyuğa 250 ul taze DMEM /% 9 FCS ekleyin. </li><li> 10 dakika sonra, reaktif / DNA karışımı halinde, DMEM /% 9 FCS 250 ul ilave edin. </li><li> Oyuğuna seyreltildi karışımın 270 ul ekle. 4 saat - 2 37 ° C ve% 5 CO2 inkübatörü içinde inkübe edilir. </li><li> Transfeksiyon çözüm çıkarın ve DMEM /% 9 FCS 500 ul ekleyin. 37 ° C,% 5 CO2 inkübatöründe 48 saat - 24 inkübe edin. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Hücre Uyarım ve Lusiferaz Deneyi <ol><li> Taze DMEM /% 9 FCS iyi 250 ul medya değiştirin. </li><li> 50 LPS&#39;nin ul veya LPS + IL eklemeKuyusuna istenilen konsantrasyonlarda -10. 37 ° C&#39;de,% 5 CO2 kuluçka plaka dönün. 6 saat - 2 için uyarır. </li><li> , Aspirasyon yoluyla uyarma çözümü çıkarın buz PBS ile yıkayın ve 1x Pasif Lizis Tampon 200 ul ekleyin. 30 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında sallayın. Pençe ve 1.5 ml tüpler lizat transferi ve 4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 20,000 x g&#39;de santrifüj uygulanarak hücre kalıntıları uzaklaştırılmıştır. </li><li> Aktarım, üreticinin protokolüne uygun olarak lusiferaz sinyallerin saptanması için beyaz, şeffaf dipli, 96 oyuklu plakaya temizlenir lizat (süpernatant) 40 ul. </li><li> Tüm görünür ışık spektrumu boyunca bir lüminometre ile lusiferaz sinyalini okuyun. </li></ol> 5. Veri Analizi <ol><li> Her kuyudan Renilla lusiferaz değerlere göre ateşböceği lusiferaz bireysel değerleri bölerek Renilla oranı: firefly hesaplayın. </li><li> Tarafından iyi muamele ve Renilla oranı: firefly bölerek katlık değişime hesaplayınmuamele edilmemiş kuyunun bu. </li></ol>

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	<li>Maurisse, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+transfection+of+DNA+into+primary+and+transformed+mammalian+cells+from+different+lineages.">Comparative transfection of DNA into primary and transformed mammalian cells from different lineages.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 10 (1), 9-18 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, C. D., Frazier-Jessen, M. R., Rawat, R., Nordan, R. P., Brown, R. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+ingest+and+are+activated+by+bacterial+DNA.">Macrophages ingest and are activated by bacterial DNA.</a> Journal of immunology. 157 (5), 2116-2122 (1996).</li><li>Jiang, W., Reich, I. C., Pisetsky, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+activation+of+the+RAW264.7+macrophage+cell+line+by+transfected+mammalian+DNA.">Mechanisms of activation of the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line by transfected mammalian DNA.</a> Cell Immunol. 229 (1), 31-42 (2004).</li><li>Jiang, W., Pisetsky, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+induction+of+HMGB1+release+from+RAW+264.7+cells+by+transfected+DNA.">The induction of HMGB1 release from RAW 264.7 cells by transfected DNA.</a> Mol Immunol. 45 (7), 2038-2046 (2008).</li><li>Hargreaves, D. C., Horng, T., Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+inducible+gene+expression+by+signal-dependent+transcriptional+elongation.">Control of inducible gene expression by signal-dependent transcriptional elongation.</a> Cell. 138 (1), 129-147 (2009).</li><li>Cheung, S. T., So, E. Y., Chang, D., Ming-Lum, A., Mui, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-10+inhibits+lipopolysaccharide+induced+miR-155+precursor+stability+and+maturation.">Interleukin-10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide induced miR-155 precursor stability and maturation.</a> PLoS One. 8 (8), e71336 (2013).</li><li>Weber, M., Moller, K., Welzeck, M., Schorr, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+technical+reports.+Effects+of+lipopolysaccharide+on+transfection+efficiency+in+eukaryotic+cells.">Short technical reports. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on transfection efficiency in eukaryotic cells.</a> Biotechniques. 19 (6), 930-940 (1995).</li><li>Berghaus, L. 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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

protokol sadece transfeksiyon verimliliği odaklanmak değil Burada anlatılan, ancak hücrelerin fizyolojik devletlerin verimlilik ve korunması arasında bir denge amaçlamaktadır. Özellikle, bizim prosedür transfeksiyon reaktif toksisitesini en aza indirmek ve lusiferaz sinyali maksimize başarır. Protokolünde bir kritik adım hücrelerinin sağlıktır. Büyümüş kültürler fizyolojik değişiklikleri ve aynı zamanda hücrelerin, 10 fenotip ve işlevini değiştirmek ...

Hücrelerdeki nükleik asitlerin transfeksiyonu, bilimsel araştırma, çeşitli uygulama vardır. Örnekler (1) raportör genler, gen ekspresyonunda farklı gen elemanları rolünü incelemek için (2) protein ekspresyon plazmidleri ilgili proteini aşın ifade etmek üzere, (3) küçük bir müdahaleci RNA gen ifadesinin aşağı da içermektedir. Belirli genlerin ekspresyon seviyesi manipüle ve bu manipülasyonlar ayırıcı etkisini ölçerek, araştırmacılar, seçilen biyolojik sistemlerde gen işlevlerini ortaya çıkarabilir. Tüm transfeksiyon yöntemleri, aynı transfeksiyon verimliliği sağlar ve hatta aynı transfeksiyon yöntemi, aynı 1 tüm hücre tiplerinin transfeksiyonu etmez. Bu nedenle, farklı transfeksiyon yöntemleri, kalsiyum fosfat yöntemi, DEAE dekstran, katyonik lipit transfeksiyon, katyonik olmayan lipit polimer, transfeksiyon, elektroporasyon ve nucleofection 2,3 gibi geliştirilmiştir. Makrofajlar içine Transfeksiyon bilhassa olduğunulikle zor dolayı makrofajlar (metıle) DNA 4 türetilen bakteriler de dahil olmak üzere yabancı maddelere karşı çok duyarlıdır profesyonel fagositler olmasından. Yabancı DNA&#39;nın sokulması, sitokinler ve nitrik oksit 5,6 üretimine yol açan Toll-benzeri reseptör 9 (TLR9) yolunun aktive eder. Bu aktive makrofajlar daha sonra araştırmacılar incelemek niyetinde tedaviye daha az duyarlı olabilir. Bizim laboratuvar rutin lusiferaz raportör genleri ile RAW264.7 makrofaj hücre hattı transfects ve biz arka planda önemli ölçüde daha yüksek lusiferaz sinyal yeterince sağlam bir protokol geliştirdi, ancak makrofajlar istirahat durumuna kalması için yeterli de nazik var. Transfekte edilmiş hücrelerin davranışları IκBζ (pGL3- IκBζ) promoter bölgesini barındıran bir ateş böceği lusiferaz raportör geni ile değerlendirildi. IκBζ ekspresyonu, bakteriyel hücre duvarı bileşeni, dudak ile üst-düzenlenmektediropolyssacharide (LPS) 7,8, ve anti-iltihabik sitokin ile baskılanmış, İnterlökin-10 (IL-10) 8. Kuyular arasındaki transfeksiyon varyasyon hesaba katmak için, normalleştirme amacıyla Renilla lusiferaz gen (örn phRL-TK) ihtiva eden bir kontrol plasmidi-transfekte co. Açıklanan protokol DNA plazmid çeşitli transfeksiyon zamanlaması, transfeksiyon reaktifleri tipi, transfeksiyon reaktifleri ve plasmid DNA miktar dahil olmak üzere parametreler, hem de transfeksiyon reaktifi oranı test edildikten sonra optimize edilir. Bu protokolde yer alan iki transfeksiyon reaktifleri (1), bir lipid-bazlı transfeksiyon reaktifi ve (2) bir protein / poliamin bazlı transfeksiyon reaktifi bulunmaktadır.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PureLink HiPure Plasmid Maxiprep Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>K210007</td><td>Any maxiprep kit will work</td></tr><tr><td>Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15593-049</td><td>Molecular Biology Grade. Phenol is toxic so work in the fume hood, if possible. Use the lower clear organic layer if two layers of liquid form in the container.</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SH30243.01</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>SH30396.03</td><td>Inactivated at 56 &amp;deg;C water bath for 45 min before use.</td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>31985-070</td><td>Warm to at least room temperature before use.</td></tr><tr><td>XtremeGene HP DBA transfection reagent</td><td>Roche</td><td>6366236001</td><td>Warm to room temperature before use.</td></tr><tr><td>GeneJuice</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>70967</td><td>Warm to room temperature before use.</td></tr><tr><td>5x Passive Lysis Buffer</td><td>Promega</td><td>E1941</td><td>30 ml is included in the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td></tr><tr><td>Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td><td>Promega</td><td>E1910</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

transfecting raw264.7 cells with a luciferase reporter gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

Şekil 1, RAW264.7 iki transfeksiyon reaktifleri transfeksiyon verimini karşılaştırır. protein / poliamin bazlı transfeksiyon yaklaşık% 5 verim (Şekil 1A) ile sonuçlanırken, lipit bazlı reaktif tipik olarak yaklaşık% 25 transfeksiyon oranı vermiştir. Transfeksiyon etkinliğindeki farklılık pGL3-IκBζ promotör muhabir (Şekil 1B) ile transfekte RAW264.7 hücrelerde lusiferaz sinyaller gözlenmiştir. Bu transfekte edilmiş hücrelere LPS ilave ateşb?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene at JoVE.com

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

Lusiferaz haberci geni ile RAW264.7 hücreleri transfekte

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

transfecting-raw2647-cells-with-a-luciferase-reporter-gene

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.6K Görüntüleme.  Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute. Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell’s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells. 

Video: Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate since the advent of in vivo bioluminescent imaging technologies 1-3. Indeed, the ability to locate and quantify tumor growth longitudinally in a single cohort of animals to completion of the study as opposed to sacrificing individual groups of animals at specific assay times has revolutionized how researchers investigate breast cancer metastasis. Unfortunately, current methodologies preclude the real-time assessment of critical changes that transpire in cell signaling systems as breast cancer cells (i) evolve within primary tumors, (ii) disseminate throughout the body, and (iii) reinitiate proliferative programs at sites of a metastatic lesion. However, recent advancements in bioluminescent imaging now make it possible to simultaneously quantify specific spatiotemporal changes in gene expression as a function of tumor development and metastatic progression via the use of dual substrate luminescence reactions. To do so, researchers take advantage for two light-producing luciferase enzymes isolated from the firefly (Photinus pyralis) and sea pansy (Renilla reniformis), both of which react to mutually exclusive substrates that previously facilitated their wide-spread use in in vitro cell-based reporter gene assays 4. Here we demonstrate the in vivo utility of these two enzymes such that one luminescence reaction specifically marks the size and location of a developing tumor, while the second luminescent reaction serves as a means to visualize the activation status of specific signaling systems during distinct stages of tumor and metastasis development. Thus, the objectives of this study are two-fold. First, we will describe the steps necessary to construct dual bioluminescent reporter cell lines, as well as those needed to facilitate their use in visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression during specific steps of the metastatic cascade. Using the 4T1 model of breast cancer metastasis, we show that the in vivo activity of a synthetic Smad Binding Element (SBE) promoter was decreased dramatically in pulmonary metastasis as compared to that measured in the primary tumor 4-6. Recently, breast cancer metastasis was shown to be regulated by changes within the primary tumor microenvironment and reactive stroma, including those occurring in fibroblasts and infiltrating immune cells 7-9. Thus, our second objective will be to demonstrate the utility of dual bioluminescent techniques in monitoring the growth and localization of two unique cell populations harbored within a single animal during breast cancer growth and metastasis.

In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging

Herein we describe the methods to construct, visualize, and quantify the bioluminescent reactions of both firefly and renilla luciferase enzymes expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells during their growth and metastasis in vivo.

Vivo Çift Yüzey Bioluminescent Imaging&#39;de

Our understanding of how and when breast cancer cells transit from established primary tumors to metastatic sites has increased at an exceptional rate ...

Tıp

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor (LATS) Biosensor

The Hippo signaling pathway is a conserved regulator of organ size and has important roles in the development and cancer biology. Due to technical challenges, it remains difficult to assess the activity of this signaling pathway and interpret it within a biological context. The existing literature on large tumor suppressor (LATS) relies on methods that are qualitative and cannot easily be scaled-up for screening. Recently, we have developed a bioluminescence-based biosensor to monitor the kinase activity of LATS-a core component of the Hippo kinase cascade. Here, we describe procedures for how this LATS biosensor (LATS-BS) can be used to characterize Hippo pathway regulators. First, we provide a detailed protocol for investigating the effect of an overexpressed protein candidate (e.g., VEGFR2) on LATS activity using the LATS-BS. Then, we show how the LATS-BS can be used for a small-scale kinase inhibitor screen. This protocol can feasibly be scaled-up to perform larger screens, which undoubtedly will identify novel regulators of the Hippo pathway.

Monitoring Hippo Signaling Pathway Activity Using a Luciferase-based Large Tumor Suppressor LATS Biosensor

Here we present a luciferase-based biosensor to quantify the kinase activity of large tumor suppressor (LATS)-a central kinase in the Hippo signaling pathway. This biosensor has diverse applications in basic and translational research aimed at investigating Hippo pathway regulators in vitro and in vivo.

Hippo Luciferase tabanlı büyük tümör baskılayıcı (Latı) biyoalgılayıcı kullanarak yolu etkinliğini sinyal izleme

The Hippo signaling pathway is a conserved regulator of organ size and has important roles in the development and cancer biology. Due to technical ...

Kanser Araştırmaları

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane biogenesis occurs rapidly and in an inducible manner. We have found that phagocytosis of latex beads is practical for these purposes as cells rapidly synthesize membrane lipids to replenish membrane pools lost as  wrapping material  during particle engulfment. Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-Glo  Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-GloTM Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

Membran Biyogenez bir Lusiferaz Tabanlı Reporter Gen Testi ile incelenmesi

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

Biyoloji

Identification of Transcription Factor Regulators using Medium-Throughput Screening of Arrayed Libraries and a Dual-Luciferase-Based Reporter

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for anti-cancer therapies. However, directly targeting transcription factors is often difficult and can cause adverse side effects if the transcription factor is necessary in one or more adult tissues. Identifying upstream regulators that aberrantly activate transcription factors in cancer cells offers a more feasible alternative, particularly if these proteins are easy to drug. Here, we describe a protocol that can be used to combine arrayed medium-scale lentiviral libraries and a dual-luciferase-based transcriptional reporter assay to identify novel regulators of transcription factors in cancer cells. Our approach offers a quick, easy, and inexpensive way to test hundreds of genes in a single experiment. To demonstrate the use of this approach, we performed a screen of an arrayed lentiviral RNAi library containing several regulators of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), two transcriptional co-activators that are the downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway. However, this approach could be modified to screen for regulators of virtually any transcription factor or co-factor and could also be used to screen CRISPR/CAS9, cDNA, or ORF libraries.

To identify novel regulators of transcription factors, we developed an approach to screen arrayed lentiviral or retroviral RNAi libraries using a dual-luciferase-based transcriptional reporter assay. This approach offers a quick and relatively inexpensive way to screen hundreds of candidates in a single experiment.

Dizili Kütüphanelerin Orta İşleç Lik Taraması ve Çift Luciferase Tabanlı Muhabir kullanılarak Transkripsiyon Faktörü Düzenleyicilerin Tanımlanması

Transcription factors can alter the expression of numerous target genes that influence a variety of downstream processes making them good targets for ...

Monitoring Breast Cancer Growth and Metastatic Colony Formation in Mice using Bioluminescence

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several animal models have been generated, including the widely used orthotopic mouse models, where cancer cells are injected into the mammary fat pad. However, these models cannot help monitor tumor growth kinetics and metastatic colonization. Cutting-edge tools to monitor cancer cells in real time in mice will significantly advance the understanding of tumor biology. 
Here, breast cancer cell lines stably expressing luciferase and green fluorescent protein (GFP) were established. Specifically, this technique contains two sequential steps initiated by measuring the luciferase activity in vitro and followed by the implantation of the cancer cells into mammary fat pads of nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice. After the injection, both the tumor growth and metastatic colonization are monitored in real time by the noninvasive bioluminescence imaging system. Then, the quantification of GFP-expressing metastases in the lungs will be examined by fluorescence microscopy to validate the observed bioluminescence results. This sophisticated system combining luciferase and fluorescence-based detection tools evaluates cancer metastasis in vivo, which has great potential for use in breast cancer therapeutics and disease management.

Here, we describe a noninvasive monitoring method involving luciferase and green fluorescent protein expression in various breast cancer cell lines. This protocol provides a technique to monitor tumor formation and metastatic colonization in real time in mice.

Biyolüminesans Kullanarak Farelerde Meme Kanseri Büyümesi ve Metastatik Koloni Oluşumunun İzlenmesi

Breast cancer is a frequent heterogeneous malignancy and the second leading cause of mortality in women, mainly due to distant organ metastasis. Several ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and histopathologic features of the human disease. When GL261 cells are implanted intracranially in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, the model has the added advantage of maintaining an intact immune microenvironment. Stable expression of luciferase in GL261 cells allows non-invasive cost effective bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial tumor growth. We have recently demonstrated that luciferase expression in GL261 cells does not affect the tumor growth properties, tumor cell immunomodulatory cytokine expression, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, or overall survival of animals bearing the intracranial tumor. Therefore, it appears that the GL261 luciferase glioma model can be useful in the study of novel chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we report the technique for generating stable luciferase expression in GL261 cells and how to study the in vitro and in vivo growth of the tumor cells by bioluminescence imaging.

GL261 glioma cells provide a useful immunocompetent animal model of glioblastoma. The goals of this protocol are to demonstrate proper techniques for monitoring intracranial tumor growth using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and to verify the utility of luciferase-modified GL261 cells for studying tumor immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches for treating glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma&#39;nın için bir Immünkompetan Hayvan Modeli Biyoparlaklık Görüntüleme

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

HeLa Hücre Transfeksiyon Ardından Gaussia Lusiferaz mRNA in vitro transkripsiyon ve Kapatma yılında

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks (reviewed1,2). The circadian time-keeping system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator network, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizing and coordinating extra-SCN and peripheral clocks elsewhere1,2. Individual cells are the functional units for generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms3,4, and these oscillators of different tissue types in the organism share a remarkably similar biochemical negative feedback mechanism. However, due to interactions at the neuronal network level in the SCN and through rhythmic, systemic cues at the organismal level, circadian rhythms at the organismal level are not necessarily cell-autonomous5-7. Compared to traditional studies of locomotor activity in vivo and SCN explants ex vivo, cell-based in vitro assays allow for discovery of cell-autonomous circadian defects5,8. Strategically, cell-based models are more experimentally tractable for phenotypic characterization and rapid discovery of basic clock mechanisms5,8-13.
Because circadian rhythms are dynamic, longitudinal measurements with high temporal resolution are needed to assess clock function. In recent years, real-time bioluminescence recording using firefly luciferase as a reporter has become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms in mammals14,15, as it allows for examination of the persistence and dynamics of molecular rhythms. To monitor cell-autonomous circadian rhythms of gene expression, luciferase reporters can be introduced into cells via transient transfection13,16,17 or stable transduction5,10,18,19. Here we describe a stable transduction protocol using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. The lentiviral vector system is superior to traditional methods such as transient transfection and germline transmission because of its efficiency and versatility: it permits efficient delivery and stable integration into the host genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells20. Once a reporter cell line is established, the dynamics of clock function can be examined through bioluminescence recording. We first describe the generation of P(Per2)-dLuc reporter lines, and then present data from this and other circadian reporters. In these assays, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and U2OS human osteosarcoma cells are used as cellular models. We also discuss various ways of using these clock models in circadian studies. Methods described here can be applied to a great variety of cell types to study the cellular and molecular basis of circadian clocks, and may prove useful in tackling problems in other biological systems.

Circadian clocks function within individual cells, i.e., they are cell-autonomous. Here, we describe methods for generating cell-autonomous clock models using non-invasive, luciferase-based real-time bioluminescence technology. Reporter cells provide tractable, functional model systems for studying circadian biology.

Lusiferaz Biyoparlaklık Gazeteciler kullanma Gen Ekspresyonunun Hücre-özerk Sirkadiyen Saat Ritimleri İzlenmesi

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks ...

High-throughput Functional Screening using a Homemade Dual-glow Luciferase Assay

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with Parkinson&#39;s disease. 293T cells are transiently transfected with plasmids from an arrayed ORF expression library, together with luciferase reporter plasmids, in a one-gene-per-well microplate format. Firefly luciferase activity is assayed after 48 hr to determine the effects of each library gene upon alpha-synuclein transcription, normalized to expression from an internal control construct (a hCMV promoter directing Renilla luciferase). This protocol is facilitated by a bench-top robot enclosed in a biosafety cabinet, which performs aseptic liquid handling in 96-well format. Our automated transfection protocol is readily adaptable to high-throughput lentiviral library production or other functional screening protocols requiring triple-transfections of large numbers of unique library plasmids in conjunction with a common set of helper plasmids. We also present an inexpensive and validated alternative to commercially-available, dual luciferase reagents which employs PTC124, EDTA, and pyrophosphate to suppress firefly luciferase activity prior to measurement of Renilla luciferase. Using these methods, we screened 7,670 human genes and identified 68 regulators of alpha-synuclein. This protocol is easily modifiable to target other genes of interest.

We present a rapid and inexpensive screening method for identifying transcriptional regulators using high-throughput robotic transfections and a homemade dual-glow luciferase assay. This protocol rapidly generates direct side-by-side functional data for thousands of genes and is easily modifiable to target any gene of interest.

Bir ev yapımı Çift kızdırma Lusıferaz Testi kullanarak yüksek verim Fonksiyonel Taraması

We present a rapid and inexpensive high-throughput screening protocol to identify transcriptional regulators of alpha-synuclein, a gene associated with ...

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder (ALLIGATOR)

Luciferase-based reporters of cellular gene expression are in widespread use for both longitudinal and end-point assays of biological activity. In circadian rhythms research, for example, clock gene fusions with firefly luciferase give rise to robust rhythms in cellular bioluminescence that persist over many days. Technical limitations associated with photomultiplier tubes (PMT) or conventional microscopy-based methods for bioluminescence quantification have typically demanded that cells and tissues be maintained under quite non-physiological conditions during recording, with a trade-off between sensitivity and throughput. Here, we report a refinement of prior methods that allows long-term bioluminescence imaging with high sensitivity and throughput which supports a broad range of culture conditions, including variable gas and humidity control, and that accepts many different tissue culture plates and dishes. This automated longitudinal luciferase imaging gas- and temperature-optimized recorder (ALLIGATOR) also allows the observation of spatial variations in luciferase expression across a cell monolayer or tissue, which cannot readily be observed by traditional methods. We highlight how the ALLIGATOR provides vastly increased flexibility for the detection of luciferase activity when compared with existing methods.

Flexible Measurement of Bioluminescent Reporters Using an Automated Longitudinal Luciferase Imaging Gas- and Temperature-optimized Recorder ALLIGATOR

Genetically encoded luciferase is a popular non-invasive reporter of gene expression. Use of an automated longitudinal luciferase imaging gas- and temperature-optimized recorder (ALLIGATOR) enables longitudinal recording from bioluminescent cells under a wide range of conditions. Here we show how ALLIGATOR may be used in the context of circadian rhythms research.

Lusiferaz haberci geni ile RAW264.7 hücreleri transfekte

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