This study was funded by Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) grant. STC holds a doctoral research award from the CIHR and the Michael Smith Foundation. EYS holds a CIHR scholarship. The CIHR Transplantation Training Program also provided graduate scholarships to STC, EYS and SS.

1. 플라스미드 DNA를 정제 <ol><li> 제조 업체의 프로토콜에 따라 maxiprep 키트를 사용하여 플라스미드 DNA를 추출합니다. TE 완충액 500 μL에 재현 탁 플라스미드 DNA. </li><li> 클로로포름 : 페놀 수행 아밀 알코올 추출 및 이소프로판올 침전 세균 잔류 오염물을 제거 하였다. LPS의 존재는 형질 9 방해한다. <ol><li> 플라스미드 DNA (1, pH가 8 25 : 24), 15 초 동안 격렬하게 흔들어 이소 아밀 알코올 : 클로로포름 : 페놀의 500 μl를 추가합니다. 페놀은 피부에 심한 화상을 일으키는 심각한 손상이 될 때까지 화상 항상 생각되지 않도록 마취입니다. 흄 후드에서 이소 아밀 추출 및주의하십시오 : 클로로포름 : 페놀을 수행합니다. </li></ol></li><li> RT에서 5 분 동안 혼합물을 인큐베이션. 실온에서 10 분 동안 13,000 XG에 원심 분리기. 새로운 1.5 ml의 수집 관에 위 수상의 350 μl를 전송합니다. </li><li> 하부 유기상을 포함하는 튜브에 TE 완충액 350 μl를 추가. 15 초 동안 격렬하게 흔들어. 실온에서 5 분 동안 13,000 XG에 원심 분리기. 같은 1.5 ml의 수집 관에 위 수상의 350 μl를 전송합니다. </li><li> 3 M 아세트산 나트륨 (PH 5.2)의 70 μl를 넣고 잘 섞는다. 100 % 이소프로판올 700 μl를 추가합니다. 잘 혼합하고 실온에서 10 분을 품어. 10 minat 4 ℃에서 13,000 XG에 원심 분리기. 상층 액을 제거합니다. </li><li> 펠렛에 75 % 에탄올 500 μl를 추가합니다. 소용돌이 샘플은 4 ℃에서 5 분 동안 5,000 XG에 혼합하고 원심 분리한다. 상층 액을 제거합니다. DNA는 펠렛입니다. </li><li> 튜브의 캡을 열고 공기가 5 실온에서 펠렛을 건조 - 10 분. 펠렛은 반투명하게한다. DNA 펠렛을 재현 탁하는 TE 버퍼의 500 μl를 추가합니다. 50 ℃에서 열 - 10 분 동안 60 °의 C는 DNA 펠렛을 용해. </li><li> 260 nm의 (A260) 및 분광계와 280 nm의 (A280)에서 흡광도를 측정한다. 50 NG / μL로 A260 값을 곱함으로써 DNA의 농도를 계산한다. calculatin 의한 DNA의 품질을 평가G A260 / A280 비율. 2.0 - 고품질의 DNA는 1.8 A260 / A280 비율을 제공해야합니다. </li></ol> 2. 세포 배양 및 시드 <ol><li> DMEM에서 배양 된 RAW264.7 세포는 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2 인큐베이터에서 9 % 태아 송아지 혈청 (DMEM / 9 % FCS)으로 보충. 각 통과하는 동안, 파스퇴르 피펫을 사용하여 연속 피펫으로 판에서 세포를 분리. 통로는 세포 2 일마다, 1.5 씨앗 - 주식으로 10cm 조직 배양 처리 접시에 2 백만 세포를. 6 주 - 셀마다 5의 새로운 주식을 해동. </li><li> 트랜 스펙 션 당일, DMEM / 9 % FCS 500 μL 부피의 24 웰 플레이트에 웰 당 200,000 세포를 시드. 37 ° C 배양기에서 4 시간 동안 세포를 품어. </li><li> 형질 세포 중 지질 계 시약 (단계 3.1) 또는 단백질 / 폴리아민 계 시약 (스텝 3.2)과. </li></ol> 3. 형질 <ol><li> 지질 기반 형질 : <ol><li> 형질 전환 reagen을 따뜻하게T는 어둠 속에서 실온까지. 무 혈청 배지와 DMEM / 9 % FCS에 37 ° C를 따뜻하게. </li><li> 1.5 ML 튜브에서 무 혈청 배지의 플라스미드 DNA 0.5 μg의 50 μl를 추가합니다. 액체의 표면 아래에 피펫 팁과 형질 전환 시약의 2 μl를 추가합니다. 6 초 동안 소용돌이. </li><li> 실온에서 30 분 동안 어두운 데에서 시약 / DNA 혼합물을 남기기. </li><li> 30 분 동안 배양, 우물에서 미디어를 제거하고 각 웰에 신선한 DMEM / 9 % FCS 250 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 30 분 후, 반응물 / DNA 혼합물에 DMEM / 9 % FCS 250 μl를 추가한다. 로 pipetting 아래로 잘 섞는다. </li><li> 각 웰에 희석 된 혼합물의 300 μl를 추가합니다. 37 ℃, 5 % CO 2 배양기에서 4 시간 - 2 품어. </li><li> 형질 전환 솔루션을 제거하고 DMEM / 9 % FCS 500 μl를 추가합니다. 세포 자극하기 전에 37 ℃, 5 % CO 2 배양기에서 48 시간 - 24 품어. </li></ol></li><li> 단백질 / 폴리아민 기반 형질 : <ol><li> 워밍업 무 혈청매체 및 37 ° C의 DMEM는 / 9 % FCS. </li><li> 무 혈청 배지의 18.75 μL에 형질 전환 시약의 0.75 μl를 추가합니다. 소용돌이는 간단히 혼합한다. 5 분 동안 실온에서 인큐베이션. 희석 된 형질 전환 시약에 1 μg의 / μL DNA의 0.5 μl를 추가합니다. 실온에서 10 분 동안 인큐베이션. </li><li> 10 분 배양 동안, 24- 웰 플레이트의 각 웰로부터 매체를 제거하고, 각 웰에 250 ㎕의 신선한 DMEM / 9 % FCS를 추가한다. </li><li> 10 분 후, 반응물 / DNA 혼합물에 DMEM / 9 % FCS 250 μl를 추가한다. </li><li> 우물에 희석 혼합물의 270 μl를 추가합니다. 4 시간 - 2, 37 ℃, 5 % CO 2 배양기에서 품어. </li><li> 형질 전환 솔루션을 제거하고 DMEM / 9 % FCS 500 μl를 추가합니다. 37 ℃, 5 % CO 2 배양기에서 48 시간 - 24 품어. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 세포 자극과 루시 페라 제의 분석 <ol><li> 신선한 DMEM / 9 % FCS의 잘 250 μL 미디어를 교체합니다. </li><li> 50 LPS의 μL 또는 LPS + IL 추가우물에 원하는 농도 -10. 37 ℃, 5 % CO 2 배양기에 플레이트를 돌려줍니다. 6 시간 - 2 자극한다. </li><li> , 흡인에 의해 자극 솔루션을 제거 얼음 차가운 PBS로 세척하고, 1X 수동 용해 버퍼 200 μl를 추가합니다. 실온에서 30 분 동안 바위. 긁고 1.5 ml의 튜브에 해물을 전송하고 4 ℃에서 10 분 동안 20,000 XG에 원심 분리하여 세포 파편을 제거합니다. </li><li> 전송 제조 업체의 프로토콜에 따라 루시 페라 제 신호를 결정하기 위해 흰색, 분명 바닥 96 웰 플레이트에 분해물 (상층 액)의 40 μL. </li><li> 전체 가시 광선 스펙트럼에 걸쳐 루미와 루시 페라 제 신호를 읽어보십시오. </li></ol> 5. 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 각 우물에서 레 닐라 루시퍼의 값으로 반딧불 루시 페라 제의 개별 값을 나누어 레 닐라 비율 : 반딧불을 계산합니다. </li><li> 에 의해 잘 치료의 레 닐라 비율 : 반딧불을 나누어 배의 변화를 계산치료 잘하는. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Maurisse, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+transfection+of+DNA+into+primary+and+transformed+mammalian+cells+from+different+lineages.">Comparative transfection of DNA into primary and transformed mammalian cells from different lineages.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 10 (1), 9-18 (2010).</li><li>Thompson, C. D., Frazier-Jessen, M. R., Rawat, R., Nordan, R. P., Brown, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+methods+for+transient+transfection+of+a+murine+macrophage+cell+line+RAW+264.7.">Evaluation of methods for transient transfection of a murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7.</a> Biotechniques. 27 (4), 824-835 (1999).</li><li>Kim, T., Eberwine, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+cell+transfection:+the+present+and+the+future.">Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 397 (8), 3173-3178 (2010).</li><li>Stacey, K. J., Sweet, M. J., Hume, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+ingest+and+are+activated+by+bacterial+DNA.">Macrophages ingest and are activated by bacterial DNA.</a> Journal of immunology. 157 (5), 2116-2122 (1996).</li><li>Jiang, W., Reich, I. C., Pisetsky, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+activation+of+the+RAW264.7+macrophage+cell+line+by+transfected+mammalian+DNA.">Mechanisms of activation of the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line by transfected mammalian DNA.</a> Cell Immunol. 229 (1), 31-42 (2004).</li><li>Jiang, W., Pisetsky, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+induction+of+HMGB1+release+from+RAW+264.7+cells+by+transfected+DNA.">The induction of HMGB1 release from RAW 264.7 cells by transfected DNA.</a> Mol Immunol. 45 (7), 2038-2046 (2008).</li><li>Hargreaves, D. C., Horng, T., Medzhitov, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+inducible+gene+expression+by+signal-dependent+transcriptional+elongation.">Control of inducible gene expression by signal-dependent transcriptional elongation.</a> Cell. 138 (1), 129-147 (2009).</li><li>Cheung, S. T., So, E. Y., Chang, D., Ming-Lum, A., Mui, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin-10+inhibits+lipopolysaccharide+induced+miR-155+precursor+stability+and+maturation.">Interleukin-10 inhibits lipopolysaccharide induced miR-155 precursor stability and maturation.</a> PLoS One. 8 (8), e71336 (2013).</li><li>Weber, M., Moller, K., Welzeck, M., Schorr, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short+technical+reports.+Effects+of+lipopolysaccharide+on+transfection+efficiency+in+eukaryotic+cells.">Short technical reports. Effects of lipopolysaccharide on transfection efficiency in eukaryotic cells.</a> Biotechniques. 19 (6), 930-940 (1995).</li><li>Berghaus, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immune+responses+of+primary+murine+macrophage-lineage+cells+and+RAW+264.7+cells+to+ligands+of+Toll-like+receptors.">Innate immune responses of primary murine macrophage-lineage cells and RAW 264.7 cells to ligands of Toll-like receptors.</a> Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 33 (5), 443-456 (2000).</li><li>Fiszer-Kierzkowska, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liposome-based+DNA+carriers+may+induce+cellular+stress+response+and+change+gene+expression+pattern+in+transfected+cells.">Liposome-based DNA carriers may induce cellular stress response and change gene expression pattern in transfected cells.</a> BMC Mol Biol. 12 (1), 27-36 (2011).</li><li>Jacobsen, L., Calvin, S., Lobenhofer, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+effects+of+transfection:+the+potential+for+misinterpretation+of+gene+expression+data+generated+from+transiently+transfected+cells.">Transcriptional effects of transfection: the potential for misinterpretation of gene expression data generated from transiently transfected cells.</a> Biotechniques. 47 (7), 617-626 (2009).</li></ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

프로토콜은 전적으로 형질 감염 효율에 집중하지 않고 여기에서 설명하지만, 세포의 생리 학적 상태의 효율과 보존 사이의 균형을 유지하는 것을 목표로하고있다. 구체적으로, 우리의 방법은 형질 전환 시약의 독성을 최소화하고 루시페라아제 신호를 최대화하는데 성공. 프로토콜의 하나의 중요한 단계는 셀의 상태이다. 자란 배양 그들의 생리 변화하고, 또한 셀 (10)의<...

세포의 핵산의 형질 과학 연구에서 다양한 응용 프로그램을 가지고있다. 예로는 (1) 리포터 유전자, 유전자 발현의 다른 유전자 요소의 역할을 연구하기 위해 (2) 단백 발현 플라스미드 관심 단백질을 과발현, 및 (3) 작은 RNA 간섭하는 유전자 발현을 하향 조절하기 위해 포함된다. 특정 유전자의 발현 량을 조작하는 등의 조작 차동 효과를 측정함으로써, 연구자들은 선택된 생물학적 시스템에서 유전자 기능을 추론 할 수있다. 모든 형질 전환 방법은 동일한 형질 전환 효율을 제공하고, 심지어 같은 형질 전환 방법은 균등 한 모든 유형의 세포를 형질 감염되지 않는다. 따라서, 다른 형질 전환 방법은 인산 칼슘 법, DEAE 덱스 트란, 양이온 성 지질 형질 감염, 비 양이온 성 지질 - 폴리머 형질 감염, 전기 천공, 및 2,3- nucleofection 등이 개발되었다. 대식 세포로 형질은 ESPE입니다cially 어려운 의한 대 식세포 (메틸화) DNA (4) 파생 된 박테리아를 포함하여 이물질에 매우 민감 전문 식세포가 있다는 사실에. 외래 DNA의 도입은 사이토 카인과 산화 질소 (5, 6)의 생산을 유도하는 수신자 같은 수용체 9 (TLR9) 경로를 활성화합니다. 이 활성화 된 대 식세포는 연구자가 조사하고자하는 치료에 덜 반응 할 수있다. 우리 연구소는 정기적으로 루시퍼 라제 리포터 유전자와 RAW264.7 대식 세포주를 transfects, 우리는 배경보다 훨씬 높은 루시 페라 제 신호가 충분히 강력 프로토콜을 개발하지만, 대 식세포가 휴식 상태로 유지하기에 충분한 또한 부드러운했다. 형질 감염된 세포의 행동은 IκBζ (pGL3- IκBζ)의 프로모터 영역을 은닉 반딧불이 루시퍼 라제 - 리포터 유전자에 의해 평가 하였다. IκBζ 발현 박테리아 세포벽 성분의 립에 의해 상향 조절되고opolyssacharide (LPS) 7,8, 및 항 염증성 사이토 카인에 의해 하향 조절, 인터루킨 10 (IL-10) 8. 웰 중에서 형질의 변화를 고려하기 위해 정규화 상업적 레 닐라 루시퍼 라제 유전자 (예 phRL-TK)를 포함하는 제어 플라스미드 - 형질 공동. 설명 프로토콜은 DNA 플라스미드의 다양한 형질 타이밍, 형질 전환 시약의 종류, 형질 전환 시약의 플라스미드 DNA의 양을 포함한 파라미터뿐만 아니라 형질 전환 시약의 비율 테스트 후 최적화된다. 이 프로토콜에 포함 된 두 개의 형질 전환 시약 (1) 지질 계 형질 전환 시약 및 (2) 단백질 / 폴리아민 계 형질 감염 시약이다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PureLink HiPure Plasmid Maxiprep Kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>K210007</td>
			<td>Any maxiprep kit will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15593-049</td>
			<td>Molecular Biology Grade. Phenol is toxic so work in the fume hood, if possible. Use the lower clear organic layer if two layers of liquid form in the container.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30243.01</td>
			<td>Warm in 37&#176;C water bath before use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30396.03</td>
			<td>Inactivated at 56&#176;C water bath for 45 minutes before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Opti-MEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td>Warm to at least room temperature before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XtremeGene HP DBA transfection reagent</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>6366236001</td>
			<td>Warm to room temperature before use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneJuice</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>70967</td>
			<td>Warm to room temperature before use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5X Passive Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1941</td>
			<td>30 ml is included in the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>E1910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transfecting raw264.7 cells with a luciferase reporter gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

그림 1은 RAW264.7에있는 두 개의 형질 전환 시약의 형질 전환 효율을 비교합니다. 단백질 / 폴리아민 계 형질 감염은 약 5 %의 효율 (도 1a)의 결과 동안 지질 계 시약은 통상적으로 약 25 %의 형질 도입 율을 주었다. 형질 감염 효율에 차이는 pGL3-IκBζ 프로모터 리포터 (도 1b)로 형질 RAW264.7 세포에서 루시페라아제 신호가 관찰되었다. 이러한 형질 감염된 세포에 LPS?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene at JoVE.com

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

루시퍼 라제 리포터 유전자 RAW264.7 세포를 형질

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

transfecting-raw2647-cells-with-a-luciferase-reporter-gene

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

20.5K 조회수.  Vancouver Costal Health Research Institute. Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell’s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells. 

비디오: Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfecting Human Neural Stem Cells with the Amaxa Nucleofector

Transfection of primary mammalian neural cells, such as human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs), with commonly used cationic lipid transfection reagents has often resulted in poor cell viability and low transfection efficiency.  Other mechanical methods of introducing a gene of interest, such as a &#8220;gene gun&#8221; or microinjection, are also limited by poor cell viability and low numbers of transfected cells.  The strategy of using viral constructs to introduce an exogenous gene into primary cells has been constrained by both the amount of time and labor required to create viral vectors and potential safety concerns.  We describe here a step-by-step protocol for transfecting hNSPCs using Amaxa's Nucleofector device and technology with electrical current parameters and buffer solutions specifically optimized for transfecting neural stem cells.  Using this protocol, we have achieved initial transfection efficiencies of ~35% and ~70% after stable transfection.  The protocol entails combining a high number of hNSPCs with the DNA to be transfected in the appropriate buffer followed by electroporation with the Nucleofector device.

Introducing a gene of interest into a cell is a powerful method for elucidating its function in vivo. This protocol describes an efficient method of transfecting a culture of human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs) using the Nucleofector electroporation apparatus made by Amaxa.

Amaxa Nucleofector과 인간 신경 줄기 세포를 Transfecting

Transfection of primary mammalian neural cells, such as human neural stem/precursor cells (hNSPCs), with commonly used cationic lipid transfection ...

연구

생물학

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative medicine. However, direct injection of hESCs, and cells differentiated from hESCs, into living organisms has thus far been hampered by significant cell death, teratoma formation, and host immune rejection. Understanding the in vivo hESC behavior after transplantation requires novel imaging techniques to longitudinally monitor hESC localization, proliferation, and viability. Molecular imaging has given investigators a high-throughput, inexpensive, and sensitive means for tracking in vivo cell proliferation over days, weeks, and even months. This advancement has significantly increased the understanding of the spatio-temporal kinetics of hESC engraftment, proliferation, and teratoma-formation in living subjects.

A major advance in molecular imaging has been the extension of noninvasive reporter gene assays from molecular and cellular biology into in vivo multi-modality imaging platforms. These reporter genes, under control of engineered promoters and enhancers that take advantage of the host cell s transcriptional machinery, are introduced into cells using a variety of vector and non-vector methods. Once in the cell, reporter genes can be transcribed either constitutively or only under specific biological or cellular conditions, depending on the type of promoter used. Transcription and translation of reporter genes into bioactive proteins is then detected with sensitive, noninvasive instrumentation (e.g., CCD cameras) using signal-generating probes such as D-luciferin.

To avoid the need for excitatory light to track stem cells in vivo as is required for fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence reporter gene imaging systems require only an exogenously administered probe to induce light emission. Firefly luciferase, derived from the firefly Photinus pyralis, encodes an enzyme that catalyzes D-luciferin to the optically active metabolite, oxyluciferin. Optical activity can then be monitored with an external CCD camera. Stably transduced cells that carry the reporter construct within their chromosomal DNA will pass the reporter construct DNA to daughter cells, allowing for longitudinal monitoring of hESC survival and proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, because expression of the reporter gene product is required for signal generation, only viable parent and daughter cells will create bioluminescence signal; apoptotic or dead cells will not. 

In this video, the specific materials and methods needed for tracking stem cell proliferation and teratoma formation with bioluminescence imaging will be described.

With the growing interest in stem cell therapies, molecular imaging techniques are ideal for monitoring stem cell behavior after transplantation. Luciferase reporter genes have enabled non-invasive, repetitive assessment of cell survival, location, and proliferation in vivo. This video will demonstrate how to track hESC proliferation in a living mouse.

체외에서 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 생체내의 Bioluminescence 리포터 진 영상에

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative ...

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane biogenesis occurs rapidly and in an inducible manner. We have found that phagocytosis of latex beads is practical for these purposes as cells rapidly synthesize membrane lipids to replenish membrane pools lost as  wrapping material  during particle engulfment. Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-Glo  Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-GloTM Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

루시페라제 기반 리포터 유전자 분석과 함께 막 Biogenesis 유학

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

고효율 기본 셀을 Transfect하는 진 Pulser Electroporation MXcell의 시스템을 사용하여

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

유전자 발현 연구를 단순화하는 자동 셀 카운터를 사용하여 : Namalwa 셀에서 IL - 4 종속 유전자 발현의 siRNA의 최저

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral-dip transformation method1-2 has replaced all previous methods because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Specifically, shoots of young flowering Arabidopsis plants are dipped in a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying specific plasmid constructs. After dipping, the plants are returned to normal growth and yield seeds, a small percentage of which are transformed with the foreign gene and can be selected for on medium containing antibiotics. This floral-dip method significantly facilitated Arabidopsis research and contributed greatly to our understanding of plant gene function. In this study, we use the floral-dip method to transform a reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of TSO2 promoter. TSO2, coding for the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) small subunit3, is a cell cycle regulated gene essential for dNDP biosynthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Examination of GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings shows that TSO2 is expressed in actively dividing tissues. The reported experimental method and materials can be easily adapted not only for research but also for education at high school and college levels.

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&amp;#946;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

This article illustrates the floral-dip method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. By introducing a cell-cycle regulated promoter-reporter, pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), into Arabidopsis, we illustrates how one detects GUS reporter expression in transgenic seedlings.

의 꽃 - 물놀이 변환 Arabidopsis thaliana 검사 pTSO2 : β - glucuronidase 리포터 유전자 발현

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis ...

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

인간 유도 만능의 줄기 세포를 Transfecting 및 Nucleofecting

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes. More than 700 human miRNAs have been identified so far with each having up to hundreds of unique target mRNAs. Computational tools, expression and proteomics assays, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation-based techniques provide important clues for identifying mRNAs that are direct targets of a particular miRNA. In addition, 3'UTR-reporter assays have become an important component of thorough miRNA target studies because they provide functional evidence for and quantitate the effects of specific miRNA-3'UTR interactions in a cell-based system. To enable more researchers to leverage 3'UTR-reporter assays and to support the scale-up of such assays to high-throughput levels, we have created a genome-wide collection of human 3'UTR luciferase reporters in the highly-optimized LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System. The system also includes synthetic miRNA target reporter constructs for use as positive controls, various endogenous 3'UTR reporter constructs, and a series of standardized experimental protocols.
Here we describe a method for co-transfection of individual 3'UTR-reporter constructs along with a miRNA mimic that is efficient, reproducible, and amenable to high-throughput analysis.

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3&#039;UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and have been shown to play a role in numerous biological processes. To better understand miRNA-UTR interactions, we have created a genome-wide collection of 3 UTR luciferase reporters paired with a novel luciferase gene and assay reagent, the LightSwitch system.

3&#39;UTR - 기자의 구성과 microRNA를 사용하여 LightSwitch의 루시페라제 분석 시스템과 인간 microRNAs의 확인 대상이 자기편 세포의 모방

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes.  More than 700 human miRNAs have been ...

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks (reviewed1,2). The circadian time-keeping system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator network, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizing and coordinating extra-SCN and peripheral clocks elsewhere1,2. Individual cells are the functional units for generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms3,4, and these oscillators of different tissue types in the organism share a remarkably similar biochemical negative feedback mechanism. However, due to interactions at the neuronal network level in the SCN and through rhythmic, systemic cues at the organismal level, circadian rhythms at the organismal level are not necessarily cell-autonomous5-7. Compared to traditional studies of locomotor activity in vivo and SCN explants ex vivo, cell-based in vitro assays allow for discovery of cell-autonomous circadian defects5,8. Strategically, cell-based models are more experimentally tractable for phenotypic characterization and rapid discovery of basic clock mechanisms5,8-13.
Because circadian rhythms are dynamic, longitudinal measurements with high temporal resolution are needed to assess clock function. In recent years, real-time bioluminescence recording using firefly luciferase as a reporter has become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms in mammals14,15, as it allows for examination of the persistence and dynamics of molecular rhythms. To monitor cell-autonomous circadian rhythms of gene expression, luciferase reporters can be introduced into cells via transient transfection13,16,17 or stable transduction5,10,18,19. Here we describe a stable transduction protocol using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. The lentiviral vector system is superior to traditional methods such as transient transfection and germline transmission because of its efficiency and versatility: it permits efficient delivery and stable integration into the host genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells20. Once a reporter cell line is established, the dynamics of clock function can be examined through bioluminescence recording. We first describe the generation of P(Per2)-dLuc reporter lines, and then present data from this and other circadian reporters. In these assays, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and U2OS human osteosarcoma cells are used as cellular models. We also discuss various ways of using these clock models in circadian studies. Methods described here can be applied to a great variety of cell types to study the cellular and molecular basis of circadian clocks, and may prove useful in tackling problems in other biological systems.

Circadian clocks function within individual cells, i.e., they are cell-autonomous. Here, we describe methods for generating cell-autonomous clock models using non-invasive, luciferase-based real-time bioluminescence technology. Reporter cells provide tractable, functional model systems for studying circadian biology.

루시 페라 제 Bioluminescence 기자를 사용하여 유전자 발현의 셀 자치 Circadian 시계 리듬을 모니터링

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks ...

A Chemical Screening Procedure for Glucocorticoid Signaling with a Zebrafish Larva Luciferase Reporter System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can lead to severe side effects. Test systems are needed to search for novel compounds influencing glucocorticoid signaling in vivo or to determine unwanted effects of compounds on the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. We have established a transgenic zebrafish assay which allows the measurement of glucocorticoid signaling activity in vivo and in real-time, the GRIZLY assay (Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY). The luciferase-based assay detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling with high sensitivity and specificity, including effects by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production. We present here a detailed protocol for conducting chemical screens with this assay. We describe data acquisition, normalization, and analysis, placing a focus on quality control and data visualization. The assay provides a simple, time-resolved, and quantitative readout. It can be operated as a stand-alone platform, but is also easily integrated into high-throughput screening workflows. It furthermore allows for many applications beyond chemical screening, such as environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors or stress research.

We describe the procedure and data analysis of a chemical screening system for glucocorticoid stress hormone signaling using zebrafish larvae: the Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY (GRIZLY) assay. The assay sensitively and specifically detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production.

Zebrafish의 유충 루시 페라 제 리포터 시스템과 글루코 코르티코이드 신호에 대한 화학적 스크리닝 절차

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids ...

Methods Article

루시퍼 라제 리포터 유전자 RAW264.7 세포를 형질