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Chapter 13

Fluid Mechanics

Charakterystyka płynów
Charakterystyka płynów
When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of ...
Gęstość
Gęstość
Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its ...
Ciśnienie płynów
Ciśnienie płynów
There are many examples of pressure in fluids in everyday life, such as in relation to blood (high or low blood pressure) and in relation to weather ...
Zmienność ciśnienia atmosferycznego
Zmienność ciśnienia atmosferycznego
Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the ...
Prawo Pascala
Prawo Pascala
In 1653, the French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal published "Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids," which discussed the ...
Zastosowanie prawa Pascala
Zastosowanie prawa Pascala
Pascal's experimentally proven observations—that a change in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the ...
Manometry
Manometry
Most pressure gauges, like those on scuba tanks, are calibrated to read zero at atmospheric pressure. Readings from such gauges are called the gauge ...
Pływalności
Pływalności
When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. All objects in a fluid experience a buoyant force. For example, a metal ball sinks, while ...
Zasada Archimedesa
Zasada Archimedesa
Archimedes' principle states that an upward buoyant force exerted on a body that is immersed partially or entirely in a fluid is equal to the ...
Gęstość i zasada Archimedesa
Gęstość i zasada Archimedesa
When a lump of clay is dropped into water, it sinks. But if the same lump of clay is molded into the shape of a boat, it starts to float. Because of its ...
Płyny przyspieszające
Płyny przyspieszające
When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating ...
Napięcie powierzchniowe i energia powierzchniowa
Napięcie powierzchniowe i energia powierzchniowa
When a paint brush is immersed in water, the bristles wave freely inside the water. When it is taken out, the bristles stick together. The reason behind ...
Nadciśnienie wewnątrz kropli i pęcherzyka
Nadciśnienie wewnątrz kropli i pęcherzyka
The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal ...
Kąt zwilżania
Kąt zwilżania
When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled ...
Wzrost cieczy w rurce kapilarnej
Wzrost cieczy w rurce kapilarnej
When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. ...
Przepływ laminarny i turbulentny
Przepływ laminarny i turbulentny
Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, ...
Równanie ciągłości
Równanie ciągłości
Fluid motion is represented by either velocity vectors or streamlines. The volume of a fluid flowing past a given location through an area during a period ...
Równanie Bernoulliego
Równanie Bernoulliego
In the middle of the nineteenth century, it was observed that two trains passing each other at a high relative speed get pulled towards each other. The ...
Zasada Bernoulliego
Zasada Bernoulliego
Bernoulli's equation incorporates how fluid pressure changes across a static, incompressible fluid by equating the kinetic energy contribution to ...
Zasada Bernoulliego: Zastosowania
Zasada Bernoulliego: Zastosowania
There are many devices and situations in which fluid flows at a constant height and so can be analyzed using Bernoulli's principle. These devices ...
Zasada zachowania energii i równanie Bernoulliego
Zasada zachowania energii i równanie Bernoulliego
Applying the conservation of energy principle or the work-energy theorem to an incompressible, inviscid fluid in laminar, steady, irrotational flow leads ...
Lepkość
Lepkość
When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to ...
Prawo Poiseuille'a i liczba Reynoldsa
Prawo Poiseuille'a i liczba Reynoldsa
Any fluid in a horizontal tube can flow due to pressure differences—fluid flows from high to low pressure. The flow rate (Q) is the ratio of ...
Prawo Stokesa
Prawo Stokesa
Viscous forces, like friction, are intermolecular forces that resist the relative motion of molecules over each other. When a solid body moves through a ...
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