Novel Object Exploration as a Potential Assay for Higher Order Repetitive Behaviors in Mice

Podsumowanie

Higher order restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) disrupt the lives of affected individuals. These behaviors are challenging to model in rodents, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for RRBs difficult. Here we describe novel object exploration as a potential assay for higher order RRBs in mice.

Streszczenie

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and disrupt the lives of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly split into lower-order and higher-order components, with lower order RRBs consisting of motor stereotypies and higher order RRBs consisting of perseverative and sequencing behaviors. Higher order RRBs are challenging to model in mice. Current assays for RRBs in mice focus primarily on the lower order components, making basic biomedical research into potential treatments or interventions for higher-order RRBs difficult. Here we describe a new assay, novel object exploration. This assay uses a basic open-field arena with four novel objects placed around the perimeter. The test mouse is allowed to freely explore the arena and the order in which the mouse investigates the novel objects is recorded. From these data, patterned sequences of exploration can be identified, as can the most preferred object for each mouse. The representative data shared here and past results using the novel object exploration assay illustrate that inbred mouse strains do demonstrate different behavior in this assay and that strains with elevated lower order RRBs also show elevated patterned behavior. As such, the novel object exploration assay appears to possess good face validity for higher order RRBs in humans and may be a valuable assay for future studies investigating novel therapeutics for ASD.

Wprowadzenie

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder consisting of three core symptoms: social impairment, difficulty communicating through language, and repetitive patterned behaviors¹. Since 2000, the number of individuals who have been diagnosed with ASD has increased from 1 in 150 to 1 in 68 in the span of ten years ². Though the prevalence of the disorder continues to increase, the cause of the disorder is not yet known. There has been a rise in efforts to identify appropriate mouse models for the core and associated symptoms of ASD, as these models could lead to an increased understanding of the underlying symptoms and causes of ASD. There are multiple inbred mouse strains that appear to display behaviors with face validity for the core symptoms of ASD, including repetitive behaviors³.

Restricted, repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core symptom of some psychiatric disorders such as ASD. RRBs can increase with the severity of the disorder⁴, and can drastically disrupt the lifestyle of affected individuals. RRBs are commonly placed into two categories, lower-order repetitive behaviors, which in humans consist of actions such as rocking and hand-flapping; and higher-order repetitive behaviors, which consist of strict adherence to routine and resistance to change^5-8.

Lower-order repetitive behaviors have been widely studied in rodents where they manifest as motor stereotypies, which can be easily observed in a laboratory setting⁹. These behaviors appear to have good face validity for RRBs in humans, and potentially strong construct validity as well¹⁰. Testing for the presence of lower order RRBs can be completed through video monitoring of mouse activity to study the bouts and duration of these motor stereotypies¹¹. Higher order repetitive behaviors pose a challenge for basic biomedical research utilizing rodents, as these RRBs are not as easily identified through simple observation. Due to the difficulty in identifying these behaviors, fewer established assays for higher-order repetitive behavior exist. Traditionally, higher-order RRBs have been measured in rodents using a maze paradigm where the test animal is trained to reach competency in escaping. The escape location is then switched and the number of trials required to re-learn the escape location is recorded¹². These assays are not ideal as they require a lengthy training period, often induce anxiety, and can result in highly variable results. Hole-board exploration has also been used to quantify higher-order RRBs^13,14. This approach does not require extended training sessions, but does rely on food motivation and/or olfactory discrimination. Assays for higher order RRBs that are not anxiogenic or require training would be a nice complement to the existing repertoire of hole-board exploration and maze-based assays currently in use.

The C58/J (C58) inbred mouse strain strongly exemplifies high levels of stereotypic behavior associated with ASD, namely repetitive, purposeless motor stereotypies and elevated levels of self-grooming^3,11. Additionally, the C58 mice display RRBs through high levels of rearing, back flipping and scrabbling^11,14,16. This strain begins showing these behaviors early in the neonatal period and continues to display them throughout adulthood.  It would be ideal to be able to test for the presence of elevated higher-order RRBs to complement the well-documented lower order RRBs present in this strain as well as other mouse strains.  The novel object exploration assay described here provides the opportunity for researchers to observe lower-order and higher-order RRBs simultaneously, as it gives the ability to measure patterned behaviors as well as repetitive motor stereotypies.

Using novel object exploration as an assay for higher-order repetitive behaviors was developed by Pearson et al.¹⁷. This new assessment is an extension of the well-established open field test^18-21 with the addition of four novel objects to the arena. Mice were allowed to freely investigate these unfamiliar objects and the number and order of object investigations was tracked. The object investigations were then analyzed for the presence of patterns, with BTBR mice displaying elevated numbers of patterned investigations among the objects. Using this assay, mice can display higher-order repetitive and patterned behaviors while eliminating the need to learn behaviors as well as removing unnecessary stimuli. Novel object exploration induces higher-order RRBs, as it allows the mice to create patterns and form sequences through their natural exploration. Using this assay allows the investigator to quantify the presence of these higher-order RRBs.

Pearson et al. developed this assay and used it to test for the presence of potential higher order repetitive behaviors in the BTBR inbred mouse strain, with intriguing results¹⁷. We have recently published a follow-up study looking at the behaviors of the C58, C57BL/6J (C57) and FVB/NJ (FVB) strains, as well as a more detailed investigation into potential confounding variables present in this assay, and possible statistical approaches to analyzing the data generated²².

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Protokół

The protocol described here was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Redlands. The C58, C57, and FVB mice used in these studies were bred at the University of Redlands vivarium from stock originally obtained from the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, ME).  Sentinels from this vivarium were screened every six months and found to be pathogen free.

1. Equipment and Room Set Up

Note: We used two different arenas for novel object testing: a clear plastic rectangular cage (45 cm x 24 cm x 20 cm) or an opaque circular cage with a base diameter of 41 cm; however, any cage may be used. Pearson et al. used a smaller rectangular cage (20 cm x 30 cm x 20 cm) in their assay. Details from this specific experimental design are included below, but given the novelty of this assay, there is no accepted standards within the field of behavioral phenotyping for any of the variables described. 

1. Fill the testing arena with approximately ½ in of corn-cob bedding.
2. Select four different novel objects. Select four objects that are approximately the same size, constructed of high density plastic to facilitate cleaning and resist chewing and different from each other in shape and color. Importantly, ensure that test mice are not exposed to these objects until being run in the assay.
   Note: For example, a pink toy brick, a red monkey, a white tile with blue writing and a standard white die were used here.
3. In the rectangular arena, place these objects approximately 3 cm from the corners. In the round arena, place the objects such that they are at equal distances from each other and approximately 10 cm from the sides. Record the placement of each object as a different number, 1-4 (Figure 1). Ensure that the objects are placed in a random or counterbalanced order throughout testing.
4. Position a camera directly above the testing arena to record the entire arena during the acclimation and test periods.
   Note: Having investigators in the same room with the mice can potentially influence activity levels and exploration during testing.

2. Novel Object Exploration Test

1. Test at the beginning of the light cycle in a room illuminated with fluorescent lighting at approximately 100 lux. Ensure that lighting is uniform across the testing arena to standardize appearance while video recording.
2. Place a notecard of known dimensions in the bottom of the testing arena and begin video recording.
3. Transfer the test mouse into an empty testing arena for 10 min to serve as an acclimation period. Video record the acclimation period.
4. After the acclimation period, leave the mouse in the arena, quickly add the four novel objects to the test arena and record the mouse behavior for an additional 10 min.
5. Once the full 20 min acclimation/testing period has elapsed, return the test mouse to its home cage and thoroughly clean and dry the novel objects and testing arena with unscented dish soap and water.

3. Video Scoring

1. Complete all behavior scoring using video to facilitate reliability.
   Note: The behavioral logging software Noldus The Observer was used to perform the steps²² as described here, but a specialized program is not necessary:
   1. Prior to scoring the first video, set up the project coding scheme in the behavioral logging software by creating a new project or by editing an existing, similar project.
      1. Within the Project Setup box, set data acquisition to 'Offline Observation.' Within the Behavior Coding box, program "Scrabble", "Digging", "Rearing", "Grooming" and "Sniff Object 1, 2, 3 and 4" as 'State Events'. Program "Jumping" as a 'Point Event'. Note: Definitions for these behaviors are described in detail elsewhere¹¹.
         Note: State Events have a start and stop time, whereas Point Events simply collect count data. The keystrokes for each discrete behavior are generated by the software and these corresponding keystrokes are programmed into a secondary keyboard (step 3.1.2).
      2. To program the secondary keyboard, open the keyboard software, click on the appropriate secondary keyboard button displayed on the screen, type in the appropriate keystroke combination, and click OK. Once the secondary keyboard has been programmed, close the software as the program will run in the background of the computer.
   2. Once the project and has been set up, use the behavioral logging software to score the number and duration of rears (defined as both front paws being placed on a wall of the arena), digs (defined as two front paws of the mouse burrowing into the bedding of the arena), self-grooms (defined as the mouse licking any region of their own body and/or the mouse touching any part of the face with their front paws), and jumps (defined as a mouse rearing and then jumping so that all four feet are off the ground simultaneously).
      1. To score a video, go to File > Open Project and then Observe > Observation > New. The program prompts for a file name. Once named, select the appropriate video media file.
      2. Begin the scoring by clicking on the Begin Observation button.
         Note: When scoring mouse repetitive behavior, all State Events require two keystrokes, the first corresponding to the initiation of the behavior and the second corresponding to the end of the behavior. Point Events only require one keystroke.
   3. Score the number of times the mouse sniffed each object. Sniffs are defined as any time a mouse moves its nose within 0.5 cm of an object. Measure sniff duration using behavioral logging software in the same way that repetitive behavior durations were measured (step 3.1.2).
      1. Every time a mouse sniffs an object, record the corresponding position number, which will lead to a string of numbers by the end of the 10 min testing period (e.g. 1243421…). Manually record these data.
         Note: To facilitate efficiency and consistency while scoring videos, the numbers always correspond to a given position, not object.
      2. If a mouse sniffs an object, looks away, then sniffs the object again, count that number twice.
      3. Once the full 10 min video has been scored, visualize the data by clicking on Analyze > Behavior Analysis > New. Once the data appear on the screen, export or copy and paste into a separate spreadsheet.
   4. Record the total distance the mouse traveled within the arena during testing.
      Note: The video tracking software, calibrated to track the test mouse and record the total distance moved in centimeters, was used to perform this step. All videos scored by the video tracking software had a notecard of known dimensions placed in the arena at the start of the video.
      1. Use the notecard to calibrate each video within the software by setting a calibration line along each end of the notecard and inputting the appropriate length within the software's calibration screen. Once the lines are drawn, input the known length and width of the notecard that correspond to each line.
      2. Within Arena Settings, select the entire arena.
         Note: Separate areas of the arena can be differentiated in the software if, for e.g., mouse movement along the walls vs. through the center was of interest.
      3. Within Trial Control Settings, select a ten-minute duration. In Detection Settings, choose a dark object on a light background.
         Note: This would need to be changed if albino mice were being used or if the background was a darker shade.
      4. Once the settings have been programmed, score the videos. Click Acquisition > Open Acquisition. In the Acquisition Control box, click New Trial and then Start Trial. After ten minutes has elapsed, the program stops and the data can be visualized.
      5. Click Analyze > Calculate Statistics. Once the data appear on the screen, export or copy and paste into a separate spreadsheet.

4. Statistical Analyses, Sequencing

1. Within the string of numbers corresponding to object investigations generated by each mouse, identify the total number of all possible 3 digit combinations without repeat numbers (e.g. 121, 123, 124 but not 112 or 122).
   Note: A program written in Python programming language was used to identify the number of times each possible sequence appears in the string of numbers. It is not necessary to use an outside program, and this step could be completed many different ways (e.g. using a Find function in Microsoft Word or Excel).
2. Record the number of times each sequence occurs and identify the three most often repeated sequences for each mouse.
   Note: Individual sequences will vary by mouse and the actual sequence is of less interest than the number of times a sequence was repeated (i.e. adherence to a pattern is more important than the pattern itself).
3. Because the total number of sequences a mouse repeats will correlate positively to activity level, correct these values by dividing the quantity of most frequent patterns by the total number of patterns for each individual mouse. This will yield a sequence repeat index that is independent of overall activity.
4. Compare the number of times each mouse repeats its most common sequences (corrected for activity level) between groups using an appropriate ANOVA, multiple comparison procedure (Dunnett's test, for e.g.) and post-hoc tests.

5. Statistical Analyses, Object Preference

1. Using the same string of numbers generated above (step 3.1.3.1), identify the novel object preference of each mouse by counting the total number of times each object was investigated, or in other words, counting the total number of 1 sec, 2 sec, 3 sec, and 4 sec in the string of data. Correct for activity level and compare via ANOVA as described above (steps 4.3-4.4).
   Note: These methods published by our lab²² and described here are based heavily on Pearson et al.¹⁷

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Wyniki

The representative data²² show that female C58/J mice displayed a higher number of sequenced patterns than the other strains in the round arena (Figure 2, panel A), but not in the rectangular arena (Figure 2, panel C). None of the three male strains differed from each other (Figure 2, panels B and D). The representative data show that both male and female C58/J mice display a stronger preference for their most visited object (a...

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Dyskusje

Here, we present a recently developed assay that may be useful for quantifying mouse behaviors with face validity for higher order repetitive behaviors in humans. Unlike more established assays like the Barnes or T-maze, this novel object exploration assay does not require any mouse training nor is it particularly anxiety provoking. Additionally, novel object exploration does not require any food or social stimuli, allowing for more focus on the behaviors of interest, RRBs, and decreasing the likelihood of confounding va...

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Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Standard Polycarbonate Rodent Cage (45 cm x 24 cm x 20 cm)			Multiple cages are desirable to facilitate testing of multiple mice
Plastic Opaque Circular Testing Arena (41 cm base diameter)	United States Plastic Corp.	13931	Multiple arenas are desirable to facilitate testing of multiple mice
Standard Corn-Cob Rodent Bedding
Novel Object - red monkey	Hasbro, Pawtucket RI		from Barrel of Monkeys
Novel Object - rectangular 2 x 4 LEGO
Novel Object - tile	Thinkfun Inc., Alexandria VA		from Toot and Otto
Novel Object - standard white die
Video Camera
Behavioral Logging Software - The Observer	Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands	other programs may be used
Video Tracking Software - EthoVision	Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands	other programs may be used
X-Keys input keyboard	P.I. Engineering, Williamstown MI	829484
MacroWorks II	P.I. Engineering, Williamstown MI