A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Podsumowanie

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Streszczenie

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion per se can result in further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), with the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), or mitochondrial depolarization, is universally recognized as the final step of reperfusion injury and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. JC-1 is a lipophilic cationic dye that accumulates in mitochondria depending on the value of MMP. The higher the MMP is, the more JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondria. The increasing amounts of JC-1 in mitochondria can be reflected by a fluorescence emission shift from green (~530 nm) to red (~590 nm). Therefore, the reduction of the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio can indicate the depolarization of mitochondria. Here, we take advantage of JC-1 to measure MMP, or the opening of mPTP in human cardiac myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation, detected by flow cytometry.

Wprowadzenie

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. The treatment of choice for reducing ischemic injury and limiting infarct size in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction is timely and effective myocardial reperfusion via primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)^1,2. However, reperfusion causes additional damage, which can account for up to 30 percent of the final infarct size³. It is universally acknowledged that the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is not only central in mitochondrial damage and cell death during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), but is also a converging target of cardioprotective signaling^4,5. As the mPTP opening would bring about depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)⁴, we detected mPTP opening using the 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-imidacarbocyanineiodide (JC-1) assay.

The JC-1 assay is a cytofluorimetric method that is both qualitative and quantitative, and it has been further validated by analyzing the MMP at the level of a single mitochondria⁶. JC-1 exists as an aggregated form, yielding a red to orange colored emission (590 ± 17.5 nm) in the matrix of mitochondria with normal MMP; with the loss of MMP, JC-1 is converted to the monomeric form that yields green fluorescence with an emission of 530 ± 15 nm. Therefore, a decrease in the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio could indicate the reduction of MMP in conditions such as ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

In addition to JC-1, MMP has also been studied with membrane-permeable lipophilic cations such as Rhodamine 123 and 3,3′-dihexyloxadicarbocyanine iodide [DiOC6(3)]. However, compared to these two probes, JC-1 is more reliable for analyzing MMP. Rhodamine 123 has relatively poor sensitivity (especially in quenching mode^7,8) and poor specificity. The shift in rhodamine 123 sometimes is so small that it is hard for researchers or equipment to observe/detect. Besides, in a single cell, there are different mitochondrion binding sites for rhodamine 123 and so that it may have different fluorescence emissions⁹. DiOC6(3) is not recommended for detecting MMP either as it reacts sensitively to the depolarization of plasma membrane¹⁰.

Therefore, here we use the JC-1 assay to assess the MMP of HCMs after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Protokół

1. Preparation of Reagents and Solutions

1. Prepare human cardiac myocytes (HCMs) complete medium by adding 25 mL of Myocyte Growth Medium supplement mix to 500 mL of Myocyte Growth Medium as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Store at 4 °C and warm to 37 °C before using.
2. Prepare Tongxinluo (TXL) Solution by dissolving TXL ultrafine powder in serum/glucose-free Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and adjust the concentration of TXL to 400 µg/mL by adding DMEM (for more details, see¹¹). Store at 4 °C and warm to 37 °C before using.
3. Prepare 5 mL of JC-1 working solution by adding 25 µL of JC-1 stock solution (200x), 4 mL of ultrapure water, and 1 mL of stock staining buffer (5x) in a 15 mL centrifuge tube in the dark. Pipette the mixture up and down several times and warm to 37 °C before using.
4. Prepare 30 mL of working staining buffer by adding 24 mL of ultrapure water to 6 mL of stock staining buffer (5x) in a 50 mL centrifuge tube. Use this solution ice-cold.

2. Establishment of Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Model

1. Plate 1.0 x 10⁵ cells per well with HCM complete medium in a 6 well plate. Grow to reach a confluency of about 70% in a cell incubator containing 5% CO₂ and 95% air at 37 °C.
2. Wash HCMs with phosphate buffer saline (PBS). Expose them to different treatments (400 µg/mL TXL or not) in 2 mL of serum/glucose-free DMEM for 30 min prior to hypoxia in a cell incubator containing 5% CO₂ and 95% air at 37 °C.
3. Incubate HCMs in an airtight and hypoxic jar (2.5 L) fitted with a catalyst to scavenge free oxygen and induce hypoxia for 18 h (Figure 1A), and an anaerobic indicator to measure the oxygen tension in the medium^11,12,13, in a cell incubator containing 5% CO₂ and 95% air at 37 °C.
   Note: It takes about 1.5 h for the catalyst to scavenge free oxygen in the jar. Therefore, the HCMs are kept in the jar for 19.5 h before the jar is opened. The color of anaerobic indicator changes from light blue in normoxic environment to pale white in hypoxic condition (Figure 1B).
4. Reoxygenate HCMs by moving the 6 well plate into an incubator set at 37 °C containing 5% CO₂ and 95% air for 2 h.

3. Preparation of HCMs for Flow Cytometry

1. Warm the 0.25% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution and PBS to 37 °C.
2. Aspirate medium from each well, rinse the cells with 1 mL of PBS and add 0.5 mL of 0.25% trypsin along the wall of the well.
3. Incubate at 37 °C until all HCMs are almost detached (about 1 min).
4. Add 1 mL of DMEM complete medium (DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum) to the wells to neutralize the trypsin. Transfer the cell suspension to a 15 mL centrifuge tube and pellet HCMs by centrifuging at 500 x g for 3 min at room temperature.
5. Carefully aspirate the supernatant without disturbing the pellet.
6. Add 0.5 mL of HCM complete medium and 0.5 mL of JC-1 working solution to each tube. Resuspend the HCMs by pipetting up and down.
7. Cover the whole tubes with aluminum foil to prevent bleaching of the fluorescent indicator and incubate HCMs in normal conditions (at 37 °C containing 5% CO₂ and 95% air) for 20 min.
8. Pellet HCMs by centrifuging at 500 x g for 3 min at 4 °C.
9. Rinse HCMs twice with 2 mL of ice-cold JC-1 staining buffer.
10. Resuspend HCMs in a final volume of 300 µL of ice-cold staining buffer in the sample tube (12 mm x 75 mm) and use the cells for analysis within 30 min.
    Note: Use carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP), a potent inhibitor of respiratory electron transport chain, to treat HCMs for 1 h at a concentration of 20 µM, for the positive control.

4. Flow Cytometer Setup

1. Start the flow cytometer and ensure that the software is connected to it.
2. Perform fluidics startup, start the stream and set up the breakoff.
3. Open two dot plot windows in the flow cytometry software.
   1. Select forward scattered light (FSC) on the X axis and side scattered light (SSC) on the Y axis in the first dot plot to represent the characteristics of the cells in terms of their size and their granularity, respectively.
   2. Select the PE (575 ± 26 nm) detection channel for the Y axis and FITC (530 ± 30 nm) for the X axis using a logarithmic scale in the second dot plot, which is used to measure the fluorescence intensity of JC-1 dye in the cells.

5. Flow Cytometry Measurement and Data Analysis

1. Click Unload to let out the tube support arm and position the Blank (HCMs that have not been dyed with JC-1) sample tube on it. Click Load to return the tube support arm to its working position.
2. Click Record to collect particles from suspension in the Blank sample tube and then gate the cell population (P1) for further analysis in the first dot plot (Figure 3).
3. Collect HCMs in other sample tubes and optimize the measurement by adjusting the voltages of fluorescence channels, to make sure that the cell dot is located in the central area of the second dot plot.
4. Display the statistics of each sample tube and calculate the MMPs of each sample by dividing the ratio of red fluorescence intensity by that of green fluorescence intensity.

Wyniki

Before performing the JC-1 assay to evaluate the changes of MMP, it is highly recommended that experiments be carried out to confirm the conditions successfully set by the researchers. As shown by the flow cytometry results (Figure 2), compared with the normal group, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) significantly induced the apoptosis of HCMs (Annexin V + /PI±), indicating that we had established a cell-based model of I/R (45.00 ± 2.13% vs. 11.50 ± ...

Dyskusje

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the MMP of cells after being exposed to H/R. Detected by JC-1 assay, the MMP of cells is independent of factors such as mitochondrial size, shape, and density that may influence single-component fluorescence signals¹⁴. Consequently, the results of JC-1 assay are relatively reliable. Besides, it is convenient and time-saving to perform the JC-1 assay. This assay has a low requirement for materials and reagents, and generally, it takes less th...

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Mitochondrial membrane potential assay kit with JC-1	Beyodtime, China	C2006	In the kit there are JC-1 stock solution (200×), stock staining buffer (5×) and CCCP(10mM)
Tongxinluo ultrafine powder	Shijiazhuang Yiling Pharmaceutical Co., China	071201
Annexin V-FITC/PI Kit	Becton-Dickinson, USA	556547
DMEM	Life Technologies, Grand Island Biological Company, USA	11966-025
Human cardiac myocyte	Promocell, Germany	C-12810
Myocyte Growth Medium (SupplementMix)	Promocell, Germany	C-39275
Myocyte Growth Medium (Ready-to-use)	Promocell, Germany	C-22070	used with Myocyte Growth Medium SupplementMix
GENbox	BioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France	96127	2.5L
Catalyst (AnaeroPack)	MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL COMPANY, INC. , Japan	C-1
Anaerobic indicator	BioMérieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France	96118
Flow cytometer	Becton-Dickinson, USA	FACSAria 2
BD FACSDiva Software	Becton-Dickinson, USA		Version8.0.1
Sample tube	Corning science, USA	352054	12*75mm
PBS	Hyclone, USA	SH30256.01