Particle Image Velocimetry Investigation of Hemodynamics via Aortic Phantom

Podsumowanie

The present protocol describes particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements performed to investigate the sinus flow through the in vitro setup of the transcatheter aortic valve (TAV). The hemodynamic parameters based on velocity are also determined.

Streszczenie

Aortic valve dysfunction and stroke have recently been reported in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) patients. Thrombus in the aortic sinus and neo-sinus due to hemodynamic changes has been suspected. In vitro experiments help investigate the hemodynamic characteristics in the cases where an in vivo assessment proves to be limited. In vitro experiments are also more robust, and the variable parameters are controlled readily. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is a popular velocimetry method for in vitro studies. It provides a high-resolution velocity field such that even small-scale flow features are observed. The purpose of this study is to show how PIV is used to investigate the flow field in the aortic sinus after TAVI. The in vitro setup of the aortic phantom, TAVI for PIV, and the data acquisition process and post-processing flow analysis are described. The hemodynamic parameters are derived, including the velocity, flow stasis, vortex, vorticity, and particle residence. The results confirm that in vitro experiments and PIV help investigate the hemodynamic features in the aortic sinus.

Wprowadzenie

Aortic stenosis is a common disease in older adults, and it is when the aortic valve doesn't open, reducing blood flow. The problem is caused by the thickening or calcification of the aortic valve¹. Therefore, it is a necessary treatment to enhance the blood flow and decrease the load on the heart. It is treated by remodeling the aortic valve or replacing it with an artificial valve. This study focuses on transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), replacing the malfunctioning aortic valve with an artificial one using a catheter.

TAVI has been recommended for patients challenged in surgery, and the mortality ....

Protokół

1. In vitro setup

1. Prepare the experimental setup on an optic table, including a piston pump, data acquisition device (DAQ), and a computer with the required system engineering software and a motor controlling software (see Table of Materials) (Figure 1).
   NOTE: The piston pump has been previously tested and calibrated and consists of a motor, motor driver, and linear actuator⁹.
2. Import the spreadsheet file with the flow rate information to the system engineering software.
   NOTE: For example, heart rate is 60 bpm, the maximum flow rate is 20....

Wyniki

The velocity fields showed a different sinus flow structure depending on the valve diameter in Figure 4. For TAV (23 mm), the velocity was higher than 0.05 m/s between TAV and STJ from early systole to peak systole that TAV was opened using the forwarding jet. High velocity was then distributed in a narrow range near the stent at late systole. The velocity at diastole was lower than 0.025 m/s, and two vortexes with low velocity appeared. For TAV (26 mm), when the valve opened, high velocity .......

Dyskusje

The sinus flow changed due to different sinus geometry after TAVI. The vortex was formed by the aortic valve opening and the interaction with the forward jet of systole²². In the study of the artificial surgical valve without native leaflets, vortex observed in the sinus region at systole was normal²³. This study forms the vortex presented at diastole by reducing the forward jet and coming into the sinus. The sinus flow encountered the native leaflet; as a result, it splits.......

Materiały

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
3D Printer	Prusa Research		Original Prusa i3 MK2; FDM printer
Aluminum bar (square)	APSPRO	KHP-3030, KHP-6060	Dimension: 30 mm x 30 mm, 60 mm x 60 mm
Bulb pump	Skyhope		MHL-1
Camera controlling software	Phantom	PCC 3.4 software	The software controll the high speed camera
Check valve	HANJU STEEL PIPE		Check valve; 1/2 inch (15A)
Digital Aqusition device	National Instruments		USB-6001
Glycerin	ANU Korea		It used for making a working fluid
High-speed camera	Phantom		Phantom VEO 710E-L
Laser	Changchun New Industries Optoelectronics Technology		MGL-W-532; CW Nd:YAG Laser
Linear actuator	THOMSON		PC-40; it converts the rotational motion to lenear motion
Macro lens	Nikon		VR Micro-NIKKOR 105mm, f/1.4
Motor	KOLLMORGEN		AKM33H-ANCNR-00; DC servo motor
Motor controlling software	KOLLMORGEN		Kollmorgen software; the software controll the motor driver
Motor driver	KOLLMORGEN		AKD-B00606-NBAN-0000
Open-source electronic prototypic platform	Arduino	A000066	Arduino Uno R3. It used for making a external trigger
Optic table	SMTECH		1800 (W) x 900 (B) x 800 (H)
Particle	Dantec Dynamics	80A6011	Hollow Glass Sphere. Mean diameter:10 µm, Density: 1090 kg/m3
PIVlab	PIVlab		Open source algorithm based on MATLAB https://kr.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/27659-pivlab-particle-image-velocimetry-piv-tool-with-gui
Pressure gauge	OMEGA		PX309-015A5V. Measurement range: 0~15psi
Refractometer	ATAGO	2350	R-5000. Hand held refractometer; measurement range: 1.333-1.520
Resistance valve	HANJU STEEL PIPE		Ball valve; 1/2 inch (15A)
Saline	DAI HAN PHARM		It is used for making a working fluid and for preserving the TAV
Silicone hose	HSW		Inner diameter 26mm, Outter diameter 30mm; Inlet length 5m, Outlet length 1.5m
System enginnering software	National Instruments		LabVIEW software. The software controlls the DAQ.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve, TAV (23 mm) and TAV (26 mm)	Edwards Lifesciences		SAPIEN3 23mm, SAPIEN3 26mm. It is supported by Seoul Asan Medical
Viscosmeter	Brookfiled		DVELV; Measurement range: 1-2x109 cp