To work under sterile conditions, it is recommended to perform all steps in a laminar flow hood.
1. Materials
<ul>
<li>Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P) (Components: Solution 1,2 , 3, and 4, Storage Buffer)</li>
<li>Pre-Separation Filters</li>
<li>(Optional) Myelin Removal Beads</li>
<li>Beta-mercaptoethanol</li>
<li>gentleMACS Dissociator</li>
<li>C Tubes</li>
<li>MACSmix Tube Rotator</li>
<li>HBSS (w/o)</li>
<li>HBSS (w)</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li>Prepare the following solutions prior to beginning the protocol:<ol>
<li>Hanks&rsquo; Buffered Salt Solution without divalent cations Ca2+ or Mg2+ (HBSS (w/o)</li>
<li>HBSS, standard, i.e. with Ca2+ and Mg2+ (HBSS (w)</li>
</ol></li>
<li>Depending on the antigen epitope of interest in subsequent applications, use either the Papain-based Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P) or the Trypsin-based Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (T).</li>
<li>Prepare the following solutions from the Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit:<ol>
<li>Solution 2: add beta-mercaptoethanol to 0.067 mM</li>
<li>Solution 4: dissolve powder in 0.7 ml Storage Buffer (provided in kit), gently mix (do not vortex)</li>
<li>Enzyme Mix 1: Pipette 1.9 mL Solution 2 and 50 &mu;l Solution 1 (both from kit) into a C Tube and incubate for 10-15 min at 37 &deg;C. This is sufficient to dissociate 400 mg of brain tissue.</li>
</ol></li>
</ol>
2. Dissociating the neural tissue
<ol>
<li>Weigh brain tissue in a tube containing 1 ml HBSS (w/o)</li>
<li>Transfer mouse brain into the C Tube containing 1950 &mu;L of preheated Enzyme Mix 1. (NOTE: this protocol is written for &le; 400 mg, but solution volumes can be scaled to accommodate up to 1600 mg of brain tissue per C Tube)</li>
<li>Place the C Tube onto the gentleMACS Dissociator and run program &ldquo;m_brain_01&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Incubate with rotation (4 rpm using a MACSmix Tube Rotator) for 15 min at 37 &deg;C.</li>
<li>Place the C Tube onto the gentleMACS Dissociator and run program &ldquo;m_brain_02&rdquo;.</li>
<li>During the dissociation step prepare 30 &mu;l of Enzyme Mix 2 per 400 mg of tissue by gently mixing 20 &mu;l of Solution 3 and 10 &mu;l of Solution 4.</li>
<li>Add Enzyme Mix 2 to the C Tube via the septum-sealed cap and mix gently without vortexing.</li>
<li>Incubate the C Tube with rotation for 10 min at 37 &deg;C in an incubator.</li>
<li>Place the C Tube onto the gentleMACS Dissociator and run program &ldquo;m_brain_03&rdquo;.</li>
<li>Incubate the C Tube with rotation for 10 min at 37 &deg;C in an incubator.</li>
<li>Centrifuge briefly to collect the sample at the bottom of the tube.</li>
</ol>
3. Filtration
<ol>
<li>Select a filter large enough to allow passage to the cells of interest. For instance, Purkinje cells are too large to pass through a 30 &mu;m filter, but Prominin-1+ cells will.</li>
<li>Use a suitable1000 &mu;l pipette to remove the cells form the C Tube through the septum-sealed cap and apply it to the Pre-Separation Filter on a 15 ml collection tube. (NOTE: for larger sample sizes use a 50 ml collection tube).</li>
<li>Wash the filter with 10 ml of HBSS (w).</li>
<li>Centrifuge the filtered cells at 300 x g for 10 min at RT.</li>
<li>Resuspend the supernatent in your medium or buffer of choice for subsequent applications.</li>
<li>To remove myelin debris, use Myelin Removal Beads.</li>
</ol>
4. Representative Result: Please See Figures 1-3
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1267/Fig_1.png" alt="fig 1" /> Figure. 1 The brain dissociation with the gentleMACS Dissociator resulted in 97% viable cells, as flow cytometric analysis shows.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1267/1267fig2.png" alt="fig 2" /> Figure. 2 Light microscope picture of neurosphere formation after magnetic cell sorting using Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads after 7 days of cultivation in MACS&reg; NeuroMedium supplemented with MACS Supplement B27 PLUS. Cells were prepared from CD1 mouse brain (P3) using the Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1267/1267fig4.jpg" alt="fig 3.5" /> Figure. 3 Myelin debris in single-cell suspensions considerably impairs cell isolation, and removal of myelin debris by Myelin Removal Beads increases efficiency cell separations. For MACS Separations using Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads, P22 mouse brain was dissociated using the Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P). Cells from the single-cell suspension were either directly used for separation, or were submitted to myelin depletion using Myelin Removal Beads. Comparing the separation from samples without and with myelin removal, demonstrates that the purity is higher for samples with previous myelin removal.

<ol>
	<li>Hardt, O., Scholz, C., K&#252;sters, D., Yanagawa, Y., Pennartz, S., Cremer, H., Bosio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+analysis+defines+differences+between+region-specific+GABAergic+neurons.">Gene expression analysis defines differences between region-specific GABAergic neurons.</a> Mol Cell Neurosci. 39, 418-428 (2008).</li><li>Lee, J. K., McCoy, M. K., Harms, A. S., Ruhn, K. A., Gold, S. J., Tansey, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulator+of+G-protein+signaling+10+promotes+dopaminergic+neuron+survival+via+regulation+of+the+microglial+inflammatory+response.">Regulator of G-protein signaling 10 promotes dopaminergic neuron survival via regulation of the microglial inflammatory response.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 8517-8528 (2008).</li><li>K&#246;rnyei, Z., G&#243;cza, E., R&#252;hl, R., Orsolits, B., V&#246;r&#246;s, E., Szab&#243;, B., V&#225;govits, B., Madar&#225;sz, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astroglia-derived+retinoic+acid+is+a+key+factor+in+glia-induced+neurogenesis.">Astroglia-derived retinoic acid is a key factor in glia-induced neurogenesis.</a> FASEB J. 21, 2496-2509 (2007).</li><li>Meylan, F., Davidson, T. S., Kahle, E., Kinder, M., Acharya, K., Jankovic, D., Bundoc, V., Hodges, M., Shevach, E. M., Keane-Myers, A., Wang, E. C., Siegel, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+TNF-family+receptor+DR3+is+essential+for+diverse+T+cell-mediated+inflammatory+diseases.">The TNF-family receptor DR3 is essential for diverse T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.</a> Immunity. 29, 79-89 (2008).</li><li>Skog, J., W&#252;rdinger, T., van Rijn, S., Meijer, D. H., Gainche, L., Sena-Esteves, M., Curry, W. T., Carter, B. S., Krichevsky, A. M., Breakefield, X. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioblastoma+microvesicles+transport+RNA+and+proteins+that+promote+tumour+growth+and+provide+diagnostic+biomarkers.">Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 10, 1470-1476 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors are employees of Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Germany.

The gentleMACS Dissociator facilitates the standardized preparation of single-cell suspensions from neural tissues in a closed system. Neural Tissue Dissociation Kits are optimized to preserve antigen epitopes needed for further applications like immunostainings and immunomagnetic cell separation1-5. In this protocol we show the gentle enzymatic dissociation of mouse brain using the gentleMACS Dissociator and the Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P), yielding in 97% viable cells. 100 mg of neural tissue yields between 5x106 and 1x107 cells, depending on the age of the host tissue. The targeted Prominin-1+ cells were isolated using Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads and subsequently taken into culture. The protocol is shown to be even more effective with the additional use of Myelin Removal Beads when working with neural tissue derived from mice &gt;P7.

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>C Tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-093-237</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_763_gentleMACS_Dissociator.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_763_gentleMACS_Dissociator.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gentleMACS&#x2122; Starting Kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-093-235</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_763_gentleMACS_Dissociator.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_709_763_gentleMACS_Dissociator.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MACSmix&#x2122; Tube Rotator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-090-753</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_34_251_MACSmix_Tube_Rotator.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_34_251_MACSmix_Tube_Rotator.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (P)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-092-628</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_712_656_Neural_Tissue_Dissociation_Kits.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_712_656_Neural_Tissue_Dissociation_Kits.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pre-Separation Filters</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-041-407</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_34_247_Pre_Separation_Filters.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_34_247_Pre_Separation_Filters.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-092-333</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_654_524_Anti_Prominin_1_MicroBeads.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_654_524_Anti_Prominin_1_MicroBeads.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Prominin-1-APC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-092-335</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_525_Anti_Prominin_1.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_599_525_Anti_Prominin_1.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Myelin Removal Beads</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-094-544</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_712_688_Myelin_Removal_Beads.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_712_688_Myelin_Removal_Beads.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Art 1000 Reach Pipet Tips </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Molecular BioProducts</td>
<td>Order no. 2079</td>
<td><a href="http://www.mbpinc.com/ASP/products.aspx?query_TipID=61">http://www.mbpinc.com/ASP/products.aspx?query_TipID=61</a> 
<a href="http://www.mbpinc.com/html/products/art/display.html">http://www.mbpinc.com/html/products/art/display.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (T)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-093-231</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_712_656_Neural_Tissue_Dissociation_Kits.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_712_656_Neural_Tissue_Dissociation_Kits.aspx</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Propidium Iodide Solution</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
<td>Order no. 130-093-233</td>
<td><a href="http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_337_744_Propidium_Iodide_Solution.aspx">http://www.miltenyibiotec.com/en/PG_337_744_Propidium_Iodide_Solution.aspx</a></td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

generation of single-cell suspensions from mouse neural tissue

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a repertoire of cell surface molecules, or molecular determinants, through which it can be identified and characterized. Currently, robust cell identification and separation technologies require single-cell preparations to be generated while simultaneously limiting cell death and destruction of characteristic surface protein. The gentleMACS Dissociator, when used in combination with trypsin or papain-based dissociation kits, can effectively and gently dissociate brain tissue while preserving antigen epitopes and limiting cell loss. Standardized preparation of single-cell suspensions is achieved using C Tubes and optimized, preset gentleMACS Programs. Once generated, single-cell suspensions can be treated with monoclonal conjugates like Anti-Prominin-1 MicroBeads, which identify neural progenitors, or purified further using Myelin Removal Beads.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue at JoVE.com

Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue aggitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on nerual tissue is explained.

Within the nervous system, hundreds of neuronal and glial cell types have been described. Each specific cell type in the brain or spinal cord has a ...

generation-of-single-cell-suspensions-from-mouse-neural-tissue

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Biology

22.3K Views.  Miltenyi Biotec,GmbH.  中文 日本語 

Video: Generation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Neural Tissue

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Spleen with the gentleMACS Dissociator

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual dissociations the gentleMACS Dissociator allows one to dissociate tissue very efficiently under controlled and reproducible conditions.  The gentleMACS Dissociator can optimally dissociate mouse spleen, combining timesaving and standardization with user-safety.

This video describes how to dissociate mouse spleens using the gentleMACS Dissociator, an automated bench-top device that can mechanically disrupt tissues using special tubes to produce viable cell suspensions. Following dissociation, spleens are filtered, centrifuged, and resuspended for further applications.

This video describes a simple, time-saving technique for automated tissue dissociation using the gentleMACS Dissociator to prepare single-cell suspensions of mouse splenocytes.

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual ...

Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Lung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of dissociating whole organs requires specific parameters in order to obtain a high number of viable cells in a reproducible manner. The gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. The instrument contains pre-programmed settings that are optimized for the efficient but gentle dissociation of a variety of tissue types, including mouse lungs. In this publication the use of the gentleMACS Dissociator on lung tissue derived from mice is demonstrated.

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue agitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on lung tissue is explained.

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of ...

Obtaining High Quality RNA from Single Cell Populations in Human Postmortem Brain Tissue

We proposed to investigate the gray matter reduction in the superior temporal gyrus seen in schizophrenia patients, by interrogating gene expression profiles of pyramidal neurons in layer III. It is well known that the cerebral cortex is an exceptionally heterogeneous structure comprising diverse regions, layers and cell types, each of which is characterized by distinct cellular and molecular compositions and therefore differential gene expression profiles. To circumvent the confounding effects of tissue heterogeneity, we used laser-capture microdissection (LCM) in order to isolate our specific cell-type i.e pyramidal neurons.
Approximately 500 pyramidal neurons stained with the Histogene staining solution were captured using the Arcturus XT LCM system. RNA was then isolated from captured cells and underwent two rounds of T7-based linear amplification using Arcturus/Molecular Devices kits. The Experion LabChip (Bio-Rad) gel and electropherogram indicated good quality a(m)RNA, with a transcript length extending past 600nt required for microarrays. The amount of mRNA obtained averaged 51&mu;g, with acceptable mean sample purity as indicated by the A260/280 ratio, of 2.5. Gene expression was profiled using the Human X3P GeneChip probe array from Affymetrix.

We describe a process using laser-capture microdissection to isolate and extract RNA from a homogeneous cell population, pyramidal neurons, in layer III of the superior temporal gyrus in postmortem human brains. We subsequently linearly amplify (T7-based) mRNA, and hybridize the sample to the Affymetrix human X3P microarray.

We proposed to investigate the gray matter reduction in the superior temporal gyrus seen in schizophrenia patients, by interrogating gene expression ...

Single-cell Suction Recordings from Mouse Cone Photoreceptors

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment are open and allow cations to flow steadily inwards across the membrane, depolarizing the cell. Light exposure triggers the closure of the CNG channels, blocks the inward cation current flow, and thus results in cell hyperpolarization. Based on the polarity of photoreceptors, a suction recording method was developed in 1970s that, unlike the classic patch-clamp technique, does not require penetrating the plasma membrane 1. Drawing the outer segment into a tightly-fitting glass pipette filled with extracellular solution allows recording the current changes in individual cells upon test-flash exposure. However, this well-established "outer-segment-in (OS-in)" suction recording is not suitable for mouse cone recordings, because of the low percentage of cones in the mouse retina (3%) and the difficulties in identifying the cone outer segments. Recently, an inner-segment-in (IS-in) recording configuration was developed to draw the inner segment/nuclear region of the photoreceptor into the recording pipette 2,3. In this video, we will show how to record from individual mouse cone photoresponses using single-cell suction electrode.

We will show how to record flash responses from single mouse cones using a suction electrode.

Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina are responsible for light detection. In darkness, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels in the outer segment ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Generation of Human Kidney Tubuloids from Tissue and Urine

Adult stem cell (ASC)-derived human kidney epithelial organoids, or tubuloids, can be established from healthy and diseased kidney epithelium with high efficiency. Normal kidney tubuloids recapitulate many aspects of their tissue of origin. They represent distinct nephron segments - most notably of the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubules, and collecting duct - and can be used to study normal kidney physiology. Furthermore, tubuloid technology facilitates disease modeling, e.g., for infectious diseases as well as for cancer. Obtaining kidney epithelial cells for tubuloid generation is, however, dependent on leftover surgical material (such as partial) nephrectomies) or needle biopsies. The ability to grow tubuloids from urine would provide an alternative, less invasive source of healthy kidney epithelial cells. It has been previously shown that tubuloid cultures can be successfully generated from only a few milliliters of freshly collected urine. This article describes the protocols to generate and propagate ASC-derived human kidney tubuloid cultures from tissue and urine samples.

Human kidney tubuloid cultures represent a valuable in vitro model to study kidney physiology and disease. Tubuloids can be established from kidney tissue (healthy and diseased) as well as urine, the latter representing an easily obtainable and less invasive source of research material.

Adult stem cell (ASC)-derived human kidney epithelial organoids, or tubuloids, can be established from healthy and diseased kidney epithelium with high ...

Isolation of Nuclei from Flash-Frozen Liver Tissue for Single-Cell Multiomics

The liver is a complex and heterogenous tissue responsible for carrying out many critical physiological functions, such as the maintenance of energy homeostasis and the metabolism of xenobiotics, among others. These tasks are performed through tight coordination between hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. Additionally, various metabolic activities are confined to specific areas of the hepatic lobule-a phenomenon called liver zonation. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing technologies have empowered researchers to investigate tissue heterogeneity at a single-cell resolution. In many complex tissues, including the liver, harsh enzymatic and/or mechanical dissociation protocols can negatively affect the viability or the quality of the single-cell suspensions needed to comprehensively characterize this organ in health and disease.
This paper describes a robust and reproducible protocol for isolating nuclei from frozen, archived liver tissues. This method yields high-quality nuclei that are compatible with downstream, single-cell omics approaches, including single-nucleus RNA-seq, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), as well as multimodal omics (joint RNA-seq and ATAC-seq). This method has been successfully used for the isolation of nuclei from healthy and diseased human, mouse, and non-human primate frozen liver samples. This approach allows the unbiased isolation of all the major cell types in the liver and, therefore, offers a robust methodology for studying the liver at the single-cell resolution.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating nuclei from flash-frozen, archived liver tissues for single-nucleus RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and joint multiomics (RNA-seq and ATAC-seq).

The liver is a complex and heterogenous tissue responsible for carrying out many critical physiological functions, such as the maintenance of energy ...

Single-Cell Suspension Preparation from Nile Tilapia Intestine for Single-Cell Sequencing

Nile tilapia is one of the most commonly cultured freshwater fish species worldwide and is a widely used research model for aquaculture fish studies. The preparation of high-quality single-cell suspensions is essential for single-cell level studies such as single-cell RNA or genome sequencing. However, there is no ready-to-use protocol for aquaculture fish species, particularly for the intestine of tilapia. The effective dissociation enzymes vary depending on the tissue type. Therefore, optimizing the tissue dissociation protocol by selecting the appropriate enzyme or enzyme combination to obtain enough viable cells with minimum damage is essential. This study illustrates an optimized protocol to prepare a high-quality single-cell suspension from Nile tilapia intestine with an enzyme combination of collagenase/dispase. This combination is highly effective for dissociation with the utilization of bovine serum albumin and DNase to reduce cell aggregation after digestion. The cell output satisfies the requirements for single-cell sequencing, with 90% cell viability and a high cell concentration. This protocol can also be modified to prepare a single-cell suspension from the intestines of other fish species. This research provides an efficient reference protocol and reduces the need for additional trials in the preparation of single-cell suspensions for aquaculture fish species.

Here, we demonstrate the preparation of a high-quality single-cell suspension of tilapia intestine for single-cell sequencing.

Nile tilapia is one of the most commonly cultured freshwater fish species worldwide and is a widely used research model for aquaculture fish studies. The ...

Isolation and Transcriptome Analysis of Plant Cell Types

In multicellular organisms, developmental programming and environmental responses can be highly divergent in different cell types or even within cells, which is known as cellular heterogeneity. In recent years, single-cell and cell-type isolation combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have become important tools for studying biological processes at single-cell resolution. However, isolating plant cells is relatively more difficult due to the presence of plant cell walls, which limits the application of single-cell approaches in plants. This protocol describes a robust procedure for fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based single-cell and cell-type isolation with plant cells, which is suitable for downstream multi-omics analysis and other studies. Using Arabidopsis root fluorescent marker lines, we demonstrate how particular cell types, such as xylem-pole pericycle cells, lateral root initial cells, lateral root cap cells, cortex cells, and endodermal cells, are isolated. Furthermore, an effective downstream transcriptome analysis method using Smart-seq2 is also provided. The cell isolation method and transcriptome analysis techniques can be adapted to other cell types and plant species and have broad application potential in plant science.

The feasibility and effectiveness of high-throughput scRNA-seq methods herald a single-cell era in plant research. Presented here is a robust and complete procedure for isolating specific Arabidopsis thaliana root cell types and subsequent transcriptome library construction and analysis.

In multicellular organisms, developmental programming and environmental responses can be highly divergent in different cell types or even within cells, ...

Two-Step Cell Digestion of Mouse Carotid Artery

Preparation of a Single-Cell Suspension from Mouse Carotid Arteries for Single-Cell Sequencing

Carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, but carotid stenosis occurs when carotid arteries are clogged by plaque. Revealing the cellular composition of the carotid artery at the single-cell level is essential for treating carotid atherosclerosis. However, there is no ready-to-use protocol for the preparation of single-cell suspensions from carotid arteries. To obtain a suitable protocol for the dissociation of normal carotid arteries at the single-cell level with less damage to cells, we designed a two-step digestion method by integrating the digestion process of collagenase/DNase and trypsin. Acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) dual-fluorescence counting was used to detect cell viability and concentration, and it was found that the single-cell suspension satisfied the requirements for single-cell sequencing, with the viability of cells over 85% and a high cell concentration. After single-cell data processing, a median of ~2500 transcripts per cell were detected in each carotid artery cell. Notably, a variety of cell types of the normal carotid artery, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), fibroblasts, endothelial cells (ECs), and macrophages and dendritic cells (M&#966;/DCs), were concurrently detectable. This protocol may be applied to prepare a single-cell suspension of blood vessels from other tissues with appropriate modifications.

Author Spotlight: Vascular Tissue Dissociation and Exploring Single-Cell Subclusters for Targeted Therapy 

Here we describe a two-step cell digestion protocol for preparing a single-cell suspension of mouse carotid arteries.

Carotid arteries are major blood vessels in the neck that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, but carotid stenosis occurs when carotid arteries are ...