This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant 5KO8DK085136-02 to JY.

1. Obtain Colon Tissue
Mouse
A protocol to perform animal experiments, detailing the rationale and objectives of the research, was submitted and approved by our institutional Office of Animal Research Oversight.
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize the mouse with inhaled isoflurane followed by cervical dislocation.</li>
	<li>Make a ventral midline incision, retract the small bowel away and identify the colon. Retract the bladder and uterus (if present) laterally and identify the pubic bone and cut it with fine scissors to expose the rectum.</li>
	<li>Dissect the dorsal mesentery of the rectum off of the colon and mobilize the colon from the anus to the cecum, and transect it to disconnect the colon from the small bowel.</li>
	<li>Place the specimen in ice-cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS).</li>
	<li>Fill a 10 ml syringe with ice-cold PBS and flush the colon lumen several times to clear its contents, then cut the colon open length-wise using scissors.</li>
	<li>Place the colon in a 50 ml conical tube containing 20 ml of ice-cold PBS. The colon does not have to be placed in any particular orientation. Wash the colon by replacing the PBS until the fluid is clear with no particulate matter.</li>
</ol>
Human
A protocol to obtain human tissue from surgical patients, detailing the importance of obtaining this tissue as well as an assessment of potential risks and benefits, was submitted and approved by our institutional Office of the Human Research Protection Program.
<ol>
	<li>Research collaboration with a colorectal surgeon is necessary to be able to obtain human tissue for your research. A protocol to obtain human colon tissue should be submitted and approved by your institutional review board.</li>
	<li>Written informed consent is obtained from the patient prior to the surgical procedure.</li>
	<li>The surgeon will perform a colon resection in the standard fashion. Once the colon has been removed from the patient, the specimen is immediately taken to pathology. A 0.5 in full-thickness section of colon wall not needed for the pathologic evaluation is provided and is immediately placed on ice-cold PBS. This specimen should not include the colon mesentery, and epiploic appendages should be removed as well, since the presence of fat will affect the digestion process.</li>
</ol>
2. Denude Epithelial Cells
<ol>
	<li>Incubate the entire mouse colon in 25 ml of 5 mM EDTA in HBSS (room temperature) in a 50 ml conical tube. Place the conical tube in a 37 &#176;C shaking air bath (250 rpm) for 15 min. After 15 min, carefully pour off the fluid and refill the tube with 25 ml of 5 mM EDTA, repeat for a total of 5 washes. For human colon, after obtaining a &#189; inch strip of colon wall from the pathologist cut the colon with scissors into four equal-sized pieces. Place two of the pieces into one 50 ml conical tube, and place the remaining two pieces of colon tissue into a separate 50 ml conical tube. Then incubate with 25 ml of 5 mM EDTA in HBSS and perform washes, as described above.</li>
	<li>Rinse the colon twice in 20 ml of ice-cold PBS.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse colon tissue in a new 50 ml conical tube containing 20 ml of RPMI-5, 10 U of dispase, and 2,000 U of collagenase D (room temperature). For the human colon tissue, use twice the amount of dispase and collagenase (20 U dispase, 4,000 U collagenase D).</li>
	<li>Place the tube in a 37 &#176;C shaking air bath oriented vertically (If placed horizontally, there is too much aeration and cell damage). Shake at 250 rpm for up to 60 min. After exposure to the dispase and collagenase D, the colon tissue will start to digest and the colon tissue will begin to look stringy. This usually takes around 30 min. When the colon has this appearance, remove the colon from the enzymes.</li>
	<li>Shake each tube up and down 2-4 times to break up the tissue. Pellet the tissue at 200 x g in a tabletop centrifuge (4 &#176;C) for 5 min. Carefully pour off the supernatant and discard.</li>
</ol>
3. Myofibroblast Isolation and Culture
<ol>
	<li>Resuspend each pellet by adding 10 ml ACK lysis buffer (47 &#176;C). Centrifuge again at 200 x g for 5 min (4 &#176;C), pour off and discard the supernatant.</li>
	<li>Resuspend each pellet by adding 10 ml RPMI-5 with a pipette.</li>
	<li>Pass half of the cell suspension (5 ml) through a 70 &#181;m mesh strainer using a 10 ml pipette into a 100 mm TC-treated dish. Then add an additional 15 ml of RPMI-5. Repeat with the remaining 5 ml of cell suspension into a different 100 mm TC-treated dish. One mouse colon will therefore yield two 100 mm TC-treated dishes. One &#189; inch strip of human colon tissue will yield a total of four 100-mm TC-treated dishes.</li>
	<li>Place the tissue culture dishes in a 10% CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C. The culture conditions are the same for mouse and human primary cells.</li>
	<li>After 3 hr, gently wash off non-adherent cells with two changes of HBSS. The debris floating should be gently washed off. Adherent cells are composed of epithelial cells, macrophages and myofibroblasts. One week post-seeding, only myofibroblasts divide, macrophages and epithelial cells senesce after the first passage. Add fresh RPMI-5 and grow the cells in cell culture.</li>
	<li>Cells are passaged by trypsinization for 5 min and are split 2:1.</li>
</ol>
Abbreviations
HBSS: Hank&#8217;s balanced salt solution; RPMI-5: Roswell Park Memorial Institute media; ACK: Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium; FCS: fetal calf serum; TC-treated: tissue culture treated
Solutions
ACK lysis buffer - (4.15 g NH4Cl, 0.5 g KHCO3, 18.6 mg Na2EDTA, 400 ml H2O, adjust pH to 7.2-7.4 with 1 N HCl). Filter sterilize through a 0.2 &#181;m filter and store at 4 &#176;C. RPMI-5 - (to make 500 ml: 454.5 ml RPMI, 25 ml FCS, 5 ml 200 mM L-glutamine, 5 ml 1 M HEPES, pH 7.4, 5 ml 100 mM sodium pyruvate, 5 ml 100x Pen-Strep, 500 ml 50 mM B-ME in PBS).

<ol>
	<li>Armaka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+cell+targeting+by+TNF+as+a+common+pathogenic+principle+in+chronic+inflammatory+joint+and+intestinal+diseases.">Mesenchymal cell targeting by TNF as a common pathogenic principle in chronic inflammatory joint and intestinal diseases.</a> J. Exp. Med. 205, 331-337 (2008).</li><li>Powell, D. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paracrine+cells+important+in+health+and+disease.">Paracrine cells important in health and disease.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 277, C1-C9 (1999).</li><li>Yoo, J., Rodriguez Perez, C. E., Nie, W., Sinnett-Smith, J., Rozengurt, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+kinase+D1+mediates+synergistic+MMP-3+expression+induced+by+TNF-alpha+and+bradykinin+in+human+colonic+myofibroblasts.">Protein kinase D1 mediates synergistic MMP-3 expression induced by TNF-alpha and bradykinin in human colonic myofibroblasts.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 413, 30-35 (2011).</li><li>Yoo, J., Chung, C., Slice, L., Sinnett-Smith, J., Rozengurt, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+kinase+D+mediates+synergistic+expression+of+COX-2+induced+by+TNF-{alpha}+and+bradykinin+in+human+colonic+myofibroblasts.">Protein kinase D mediates synergistic expression of COX-2 induced by TNF-{alpha} and bradykinin in human colonic myofibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 297, C1576-C1587 (2009).</li><li>Valentich, J. D., Popov, V., Saada, J. I., Powell, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+characterization+of+an+intestinal+subepithelial+myofibroblast+cell+line.">Phenotypic characterization of an intestinal subepithelial myofibroblast cell line.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 272, C1513-C1524 (1997).</li><li>Rodriguez Perez, C. E., Nie, W., Sinnett-Smith, J., Rozengurt, E., Yoo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF-alpha+potentiates+lysophosphatidic+acid-induced+COX-2+expression+via+PKD+in+human+colonic+myofibroblasts.">TNF-alpha potentiates lysophosphatidic acid-induced COX-2 expression via PKD in human colonic myofibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 300, G637-G646 (2011).</li><li>Yoo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF-alpha+induces+upregulation+of+EGFR+expression+and+signaling+in+human+colonic+myofibroblasts.">TNF-alpha induces upregulation of EGFR expression and signaling in human colonic myofibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 302, G805-G814 (2012).</li><li>Mahida, Y. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adult+human+colonic+subepithelial+myofibroblasts+express+extracellular+matrix+proteins+and+cyclooxygenase-1+and+-2.">Adult human colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts express extracellular matrix proteins and cyclooxygenase-1 and -2.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 273, G1341-G1348 (1997).</li><li>De Wever, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Priming+and+potentiation+of+DNA+damage+response+by+fibronectin+in+human+colon+cancer+cells+and+tumor-derived+myofibroblasts.">Priming and potentiation of DNA damage response by fibronectin in human colon cancer cells and tumor-derived myofibroblasts.</a> Int. J. Oncol. 39, 393-400 (2011).</li><li>Edwards, R. A., Smock, A. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+arachidonate+release+and+PGE2+production+in+Gi+alpha2-deficient+intestinal+and+colonic+subepithelial+myofibroblasts.">Defective arachidonate release and PGE2 production in Gi alpha2-deficient intestinal and colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts.</a> Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 12, 153-165 (2006).</li><li>Hoang, B., Trinh, A., Birnbaumer, L., Edwards, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decreased+MAPK-+and+PGE2-dependent+IL-11+production+in+Gialpha2-/-+colonic+myofibroblasts.">Decreased MAPK- and PGE2-dependent IL-11 production in Gialpha2-/- colonic myofibroblasts.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 292, G1511-G1519 (2007).</li><li>Li, Z. B., Kollias, H. D., Wagner, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myostatin+directly+regulates+skeletal+muscle+fibrosis.">Myostatin directly regulates skeletal muscle fibrosis.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 283, 19371-19378 (2008).</li><li>Saada, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subepithelial+myofibroblasts+are+novel+nonprofessional+APCs+in+the+human+colonic+mucosa.">Subepithelial myofibroblasts are novel nonprofessional APCs in the human colonic mucosa.</a> J. Immunol. 177, 5968-5979 (2006).</li><li>Lahar, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+subepithelial+myofibroblasts+support+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+growth+of+human+small+intestinal+epithelium.">Intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts support in vitro and in vivo growth of human small intestinal epithelium.</a> PLoS One. 6, e26898 (2011).</li></ol>

Authors have nothing to disclose.

The general technique is similar when using either mouse or human colon. This technique can also be used to isolate myofibroblasts from the small intestine. Specific details for the isolation of myofibroblasts from 1. mouse and 2. human colon are discussed below.
1. Mouse Colon
Irrigation of the mouse colon is facilitated by attaching a 4 in, 16 G Popper blunt-end needle to one end of the colon. This also helps when cutting the colon lengthwise. You can accordion the c...

The regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) tract function involves complex, dynamic interactions between the mucosal layer and its underlying mesenchyme. These interactions normally serve to maintain homeostasis but may also lead to the development of disease states under pathologic conditions1. Myofibroblasts are a subpopulation of stromal cells located subjacent to the epithelial layer that communicate in a paracrine fashion with surrounding cell subpopulations to regulate a number of critical GI tract processes that include mucosal regeneration, repair, and fibrosis2.
The 18Co cell line is an example of a human colonic myofibroblast cell line that has been widely used to study myofibroblast function because it shares many of the characteristics of primary in situ myofibroblasts. These include the protein expression of a-smooth muscle actin (&#945;-SMA) and vimentin, as well as the expression of a number of cell surface receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, or receptors for lysophosphatidic acid3,4. Because of these shared ultrastructural characteristics, as well as similarities in biologic function5, the 18Co cell line has been used extensively to study myofibroblast function in the context of many disease states such as inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer3,6. However, there are inherent limitations and concerns when using a cell line. These include genotypic instability over time that differentiates cell lines from primary cells, altering the phenotype and biologic function of the cell, including growth rates and interactions with other cell populations. Cell lines also lack the normal components of the GI microenvironment (epithelial, stromal, and vascular components), which is a major limitation to its use. Therefore, the conclusions drawn from experimental cell line research requires further validation to reduce the risk of misinterpretation.
Primary myofibroblasts can be obtained from human and mouse colon tissue to confirm experimental findings identified in a cell line7. The method was originally described by Mahida, et al.8, and our protocol is one of many well-described techniques that can be used to isolate primary myofibroblasts from mouse and human colon9. For any mouse model of colonic disease, this technique can be used to isolate primary myofibroblasts to study how they interact with neighboring cells or contribute to both normal or pathologic GI processes10,11. This technique can be used to study how myofibroblasts contribute to mucosal healing, fibrosis, and the development of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Primary myofibroblasts can also be obtained from human colon tissue that has been resected at the time of operation for benign (inflammatory bowel disease, strictures, diverticulitis) or malignant conditions. Isolated primary cells from human and mouse colon tissue can be grown in cell culture and utilized over a limited number of passages.

Table of specific reagents and equipment:
<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <th>Name of the reagent</th>
 <th>Company</th>
 <th>Catalogue number</th>
 <th>Comments (optional)</th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dispase I</td>
 <td>Invitrogen/GIBCO</td>
 <td>#17105-041</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Collagenase D</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>#1 088 858</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>4 in, 16 G Popper blunt-end needle</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>#14-825-16K</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

isolation of primary myofibroblasts from mouse and human colon tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

Once isolated, primary human myofibroblasts can be grown in cell culture and used over a limited number of passages (up to passage 4). These cells are characterized as being a-smooth muscle actin and vimentin positive, and desmin-negative (Figure 1A), consistent with intestinal subepithelial myofibroblasts5,7. They also have a characteristic stellate morphology (Figure 1B). Primary myofibroblasts can then be used to confirm experimental findings identified in a cell line. This...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue at JoVE.com

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

isolation-of-primary-myofibroblasts-from-mouse-and-human-colon-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

19.4K Views.  UCLA. The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation. 