This study was funded in part by start-up funds from Texas A&amp;M University

Preparation before dissection
Surgical tools: sterilize all dissection scissors and forceps by autoclave
Coverslip cleaning:
<ol>
 <li>Soak all coverslips (15mm in diameter for 24-well plate) in 1L grass beaker in 33% HCl for at least 24 h</li>
 <li>Wash with running water for 10 min with occasional shake to remove all residual HCl</li>
 <li>Rinse with Millipore water</li>
 <li>Drain water off</li>
 <li>Soak coverslips in 95-98% ethanol</li>
 <li>Transfer coverslips to a clean tissue on a flat plate and air dry the coverslips</li>
 <li>Transfer coverslips to a glass beaker, cover with aluminum foil and autoclave 
 Note: Coverslips can be stored at this stage</li>
 <li>Place individual coverslip into culture plates. Ready for coating</li>
 </ol>
Coverslip coating:
 <ol>
 <li>Dilute 100 x stock of poly-D-lysine (PDL, 10 mg/ml in 0.5% bovine serum albumin in PBS, stored as aliquots at -20&deg;C) with PBS and filter-sterilize (0.22 &mu;m) </li>
 <li>Coat coverslips with 1 x PDL solution (~ 0.15 ml/cm2) for 2 h at 37&deg;C in an incubator </li>
 <li>Remove PDL solution and wash 3 times with sterile ddH2O and dry coverslips completely </li>
 </ol>
Note: Coat enough coverslips/plates for each dissection. PDL-coated coverslips can be stored for a few weeks at 4&deg;C.
Media and solutions
Dissection medium (DM): Use sterile ice cold Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (w/o Ca2+, Mg2+) (HBSS, Invitrogen 14175) supplemented with 10 mM HEPES (Invitrogen 15630).
Aggregate culture media: The DMEM/NBB27 medium contains DMEM/Neurobasal (1:1 vol:vol), 2% B27, 1 x Sato, 0.5 mM sodium pyruvate, 0.75mM GlutaMAX, 60&mu;g/ml N-acetylcysteine, 5 &mu;g/ml insulin, 10nM d-Biotin and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. To make 100 ml of the aggregate culture medium, mix 50 ml DMEM (w/o pyruvate/glutamine, Invitrogen 11960), 50 ml Neurobasal medium (Invitrogen 211034), 375 &mu;l GlutaMax (100 x, Invitrogen 35050), 5.5 mg sodium pyruvate (Sigma P2256), 2 ml B27 (Invitrogen 17504), 6.3 mg N-acetylcysteine (Sigma A8199), 1 ml of Sato stock (100 x stock, see below), 25 &mu;l of d-Biotin stock (4000 x stock, 40 &mu;M in PBS stored as aliquots at -20&deg;C. Sigma B4639), 100 &mu;l of insulin (1000 x stock, 5 mg/ml in 0.01N HCl stored as aliquots at -20&deg;C, Sigma 16634), and 1 ml penicillin/streptomycin (100 x stock, Invitrogen 15140), filter-sterilize and store at 4&deg;C.
Sato 100 x stock solution: To make 40 ml of the stock: mix 40 ml Neurobasal with 400 mg apo-transferrin (Sigma T2252), 400 mg BSA (Sigma A9647), 10 &mu;l of progesterone (25 mg/ml ethanol, stored as aliquots at -20&deg;C. Sigma P8783), 64 mg putrescine (Sigma P7505), and 40 &mu;l of sodium selenite (30 &mu;M in PBS, stored as aliquots at -20&deg;C, Sigma S5261). Filter sterilize the Sato stock solution, and store as aliquots at -20&deg;C. 
Neuron plating medium (PM): Neurobasal Medium, 2% B27, 2mM Glutamine (100x stock, aliquots stored at -20&deg;C, Invitrogen 25030), 25&mu;M glutamic acid (100 stock, aliquots stored at -20&deg;C) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. 
Neuron culture medium (CM): Neurobasal Medium, 2% B27, 2mM Glutamine (100x stock, aliquots stored at -20&deg;C) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin. 
5-FdU stock: 100x stock, 1mM 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (Sigma F0503) and1mM uridine (Sigma U3003) in Neurobasal medium. Filter sterilized and stored as aliquots at -20&deg;C.
Papain digestion solution (make fresh prior to dissection): 
<ol>
 <li>Dissolve 3.2 mg L-Cysteine (Sigma C-7352) in 4ml DM</li>
 <li>Adjust pH to around 7.4 with 1N NaOH (test on pH test strips) and place in water bath at 37&deg;C 
Note: Perform the next step right before tissue digestion (see below).</li>
 <li>Add papain to a final concentration of 20 unit/ml</li>
 <li>Filter sterilize (0.22mm), and place in water bath at 37&deg;C </li>
</ol>
Trypsin inhibitor solution (make fresh prior to dissection):
<ol>
 <li>Dissolve 0.2 g trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T7295) in 20ml DM </li>
 <li>Check pH and adjust pH to ~7.4 with 1 N NaOH</li>
 <li>Filter sterilize, and place in water bath at 37&deg;C </li>
</ol>
Brain Dissection
Setup:
<ul>
 <li>Sterilized forceps and scissors</li>
 <li>70% ethanol</li>
 <li>Clean tissue paper and diaper pad on bench</li>
 <li>10cm Petri dishes with ice-cold DM for uterus and fetus on bench</li>
 <li>Ice platform at dissection microscope</li>
 <li>2-3 6cm dishes with DM on ice</li>
 <li>Warm PM in a 37&deg;C water bath</li>
</ul>
<ol>
 <li>Euthanize a pregnant Sprague-Dawley rat (E16) according to a procedure approved by your Institutional Animal Care and Us Committee (IACUC) </li>
 <li>Lay the rat on the diaper pad and spay alcohol on the abdominal region</li>
 <li>Use tweezers to hold the abdominal skin and a pair of scissors to make a V shape incision cutting only the skin</li>
 <li>Spread apart the skin and use another sterilized tweezers and scissors to cut through the muscle layer </li>
 <li>Extract the chain of the embryo sacs and transfer them into a 10cm dish containing ice-cold DM </li>
 <li>Using a microdissection scissors, carefully remove each embryo from the sac and the brain from each embryo, and place freed brains into a clean 10cm dish with DM on an ice platform</li>
 <li>In a Laminar hood and under a dissection microscope, remove midbrain/hindbrain sections, and use fine forceps to remove meninges, and transfer the cleaned cortices/hippocampus to a new 6cm dish with DM on an ice pack 
 Note: at this stage, the tissue is ready for enzyme digestion.</li>
 <li>Make papain and trypsin inhibitor solution and filter sterilize</li>
 <li>Remove excess DM from cortices/hippocampi </li>
 <li>Add 4ml of the prepared papain digestion solution</li>
 <li>Transfer all content to a 50ml tube and place the Falcon tube in a water bath at 37&deg;C for exactly 5 min</li>
 <li>Remove papain solution with pipette</li>
 <li>Add 5ml trypsin inhibitor solution, swirl the tube, and place in a water bath at 37&deg;C for 2-3 min</li>
 <li>Remove trypsin inhibitor solution </li>
 <li>Repeat step 13 and 14 three times </li>
 <li>Add 20ml warm PM </li>
 <li>Triturate until all clumps have disappeared (~20-30 times)</li>
 <li>Centrifuge at 100xg for 7min</li>
 <li>Resuspend the pellet in 10ml PM and wash twice by centrifugation</li>
 <li>Resuspend the pellet in 10ml PM for regular neuron cultures or in NBB27/DMEM for aggregate cultures</li>
 <li>Pass the cells through a 70&mu;m cell sieves </li>
 <li>Count live cells</li>
 <li>Proceed to aggregate cultures as described below or plate the cells for regular neuron cultures 
Note: At this step, highly enriched neuron cultures can be achieved by plating the dissociated cells onto PDL-coating plates at density of 200-640 cell/mm2 depending on the purpose of experiments. After cells have attached (~ 2-4h), replace medium with warm PM. If culturing for extended periods of time, on day 4, replace half of the medium with warm CM. For highly purified neuronal cultures, mitotic inhibitor 5-FdU (final concentration 10 &mu;M) can be added at DIV2 to inhibit non-neuronal cell proliferation (i.e., during DIV2-3). After recovery in CM for 2 days, cells are pulse treated again with 5-FdU for another 2 days (DIV 6-7) followed by a complete medium change. Thereafter, replace half of the medium with fresh, warm CM every 3-4 days. Neurons are viable for up to 4 weeks.</li></ol>
Aggregates preparation and plating
<ol>
 <li>Suspend dissociated cells in NBB27/DMEM medium containing 1x Sato, 10ng/ml CNTF and 10&mu;M forskolin at a density of 2x106 cells/ml</li>
 <li>Transfer 2ml of cell suspension into each well of a uncoated 6-well plate </li>
 <li>Culture for 3 nights. Each day, gently resuspend the cells once using a P1000 Pipetman Note: Cells start to form aggregates(Figure 1).</li>
 <li>On the day before aggregate plating, coat plate/coverslips with Matrigel:
 <ul>
 <li>Dilute stock Matrigel (growth factor reduced, BD Biosciences 354230) 1:20 with cold DMEM on ice 
 Note: Matrigel aliquots should be prepared per manufacturer protocol. All tips, Eppendorf tubes and solutions for making aliquots of the stock should be cold to avoid Matrigel polymerization. Aliquots of Matrigel are kept at -80&deg;C and thawed at 4&deg;C.</li>
 <li>Coat previously PDL-coated coverslips with 300&mu;l/well of the diluted Matrigel solution overnight in a 37&deg;C incubator</li>
 <li>Wash with warm PBS, then wash plate with warm sterile ddH2O and leave the plates in the incubator. </li>
 </ul></li>
 <li>3 days after aggregate formation, gently resuspend cells again and sieve the suspension through a 200&mu;m mesh into a 50ml Falcon tube. Allow aggregates to settle to the bottom of the tube by gravity (~3-5min)</li>
 <li>Carefully remove supernatant</li>
 <li>Add medium, gently resuspend the aggregates and let them settle again. Repeat this procedure several times to remove dead cells, individual cells and debris. Use microscope to check whether the supernatant still contain non-aggregated cells and debris</li>
 <li>Gently resuspend the aggregates in the same NBB27/DMEM medium (Figure 1) and count aggregates </li>
 <li>Adjust the density of aggregates to around 25-30 aggreggats/50ul </li>
 <li>Transfer aliquots (500-1000&mu;l) of the aggregate suspension to 2ml Eppendorf tubes for plating 
Note: Since aggregates tend to settle down to the bottom of tubes, it is crucial to make multiple tubes of the aggregate suspension for plating. Gently resuspend the aggregates often before seeding them onto coated coverslips or culture plates to ensure similar number of aggregates plated on each coverslip.</li>
 <li>Take out the culture plate containing Matrigel-coated coverslips from incubator. Remove solution from each well, wash the coverslips with warm PBS and ddH2O, and then dry briefly. They are now ready for aggregate seeding</li>
 <li>Invert a tube containing aggregate suspension to allow them to be distributed evenly before seeding. Load 50&mu;l of aggregate suspension into the center of each coverslip, and gently put the plate back to incubator without any further disturbance to allow aggregates to attach evenly to the coverslip 
Note: The density of aggregates is crucial. If aggregates are seeded too close to each other or if the seeding density is high, they tend to merge together as they grow.</li>
 <li>Add additional DMEM/NBB27medium (500 &mu;l) to each well 4-6 h later or early the next morning</li>
 <li>To maintain the aggregate culture, half change the medium every 3-4 days. When change medium, be careful not to disrupt the aggregates and this is done by gently adding medium along the side wall of the well. 
Note: Few hours after aggregates attached to the plate, neurite outgrowth from the aggregates can be observed. Axons grow rapidly in the first two weeks and form abundant connections between aggregates (Figure 2). Glial progenitors migrate radially out of the aggregates and differentiate over time into astrocytes and mature oligodendrocytes.</li>
</ol>
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1304/1304fig1.jpg" alt="figure 1" /> Figure 1. Phase contrast images of cells forming aggregates at different days and aggregates after washing.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/1304/1304fig2.jpg" alt="figure 2" /> Figure 2. Phase contrast images of an aggregate culture 2 and 12 days after seeded on Matrigel-coated coverslips.

<ol>
	<li>Matthieu, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+in+rat+brain+aggregating+cell+cultures.">Myelination in rat brain aggregating cell cultures.</a> Neuroscience. 3, 565-56 (1978).</li><li>Chen, Y. i. n. g. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+rat+and+mouse+oligodendrocyte+precursor+cells.">Isolation and culture of rat and mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells.</a> Nat. Protocols. 2, 1044-10 (2007).</li><li>Watkins, T. A., Emery, B., Mulinyawe, S., Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+stages+of+myelination+regulated+by+gamma-secretase+and+astrocytes+in+a+rapidly+myelinating+CNS+coculture+system.">Distinct stages of myelination regulated by gamma-secretase and astrocytes in a rapidly myelinating CNS coculture system.</a> Neuron. 60, 555-55 (2008).</li><li>Svenningsen, A. F., Shan, W. e. i. -. S. o. n. g., Colman, D. a. v. i. d. R., Pedraza, L. i. l. i. a. n. a. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+method+for+culturing+embryonic+neuron-glial+cell+cocultures.">Rapid method for culturing embryonic neuron-glial cell cocultures.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Research. 72, 565-56 (2003).</li></ol>

Early studies reported formation of synapses and mature myelin in rotation-mediated free floating aggregate cultures1. The CNS aggregate culture system described here combines serum-free growth of multipotent progenitor cells in three dimensional aggregates with the convenience of traditional 2D cultures to facilitate analyses of cell development, migration and differentiation in vitro. The system can be modified and used for neural precursor cell research and for investigation into neuron-glia intera...

preparation of rat brain aggregate cultures for neuron and glia development studies

An in vitro system that recapitulates the development and differentiation of progenitors into mature neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) would provide a powerful platform for neuroscientists to investigate axo-glial interactions, properties and differentiation of multipotent progenitors, and progression of oligodendroglial lineage cells at the cellular and molecular level.  We describe here a CNS aggregate culture system from embryonic rat forebrains, which can be maintained in a serum-free medium up to 3-4 weeks and is used in our laboratory as a model to study neuron-glia interaction and CNS myelination.  This video clip will demonstrate how to isolate and grow these CNS aggregate cultures from E16 rat brain.  Furthermore, from the same brain dissection, highly enriched regular dissociated neuronal cultures can be readily obtained and used for various studies on CNS neurons or used for co-cultures with other cells. 

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Rat Brain Aggregate Cultures for Neuron and Glia Development Studies at JoVE.com

Preparation of Rat Brain Aggregate Cultures for Neuron and Glia Development Studies

A protocols for an embryonic rat brain aggregate culture system is described. Multipotent progenitors in the aggregates can develop and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

An in vitro system that recapitulates the development and differentiation of progenitors into mature neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) ...

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12.3K Views.  Texas A&M University (TAMU). A protocols for an embryonic rat brain aggregate culture system is described. Multipotent progenitors in the aggregates can develop and differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.