integrating fluorescently tagged fibrinogen into human blood clot for enhanced clot visualization

Combining the Chandler Loop and RT-FluFF for Ex Vivo Clot Lysis Monitoring

Diseases fundamentally stemming from thrombo-embolic etiologies present a major source of morbidity and mortality in present-day society. Manifestations of thrombo-embolic pathogenesis include, but are not limited to, myocardial infarctions, ischemic strokes, deep venous thromboses, and pulmonary emboli1. A tremendous amount of ongoing research, spanning multiple disciplines, revolves around the development of safe and effective methods for dealing with pathogenic thrombosis. Variations in arterial and venous manifestations of thrombosis and varying anatomic locations have resulted in the development of different treatment approaches. However, acute treatment generally relies on the use of pharmacologic thrombolysis via plasminogen activators with the potential for mechanical thrombectomy under certain clinical circumstances2.
The development of novel pharmacologic treatment strategies fundamentally relies on both in-vivo animal models and in-vitro digestion models for preclinical testing3,4. In-vivo models naturally benefit from their ability to capture the complex interaction of various physiologic parameters on treatment efficacy that include clearance of pharmaceutical agents as well as cellular interactions with drugs. However, this same complexity often makes such models quite costly and introduces additional issues when attempting to isolate underlying pharmaco-dynamics/kinetics in animals that significantly differ from human physiology. The development of in-vitro models has helped by facilitating a distilled testing setting in which drug development and screening can be performed but often lacks the fidelity necessary to recapitulate the disease state being studied. 
Commonly found in-vitro protocols for testing novel thrombolytics rely on the utilization of clots formed and lysed under static conditions whereby the residual clot mass serves as the primary endpoint5,6. Unfortunately, such techniques fail to account for the mechanical aspects of clot lysis such as turbulent flow and trans-thrombus pressure drops that can significantly alter the pharmacodynamics of test drugs. Additionally, clots formed under static conditions contain microarchitecture that differs from physiologic clots. The presence of shear during clot formation has reproducibly been shown to impact the resulting clot characteristics such as platelet activation and fibrin-crosslinking. Clots being produced under shear flow exhibit complex heterogeneity from tip-to-tail that is absent in statically formed clots7,8. Such departures from physiologic clot architecture may impact important drug development characterization that includes drug penetration within a thrombus and subsequent lysis efficiency9. 
To address some of these limitations associated with the use of static clotting/clot-lysis models, the adoption of the Chandler loop for both clot formation and clot lysis in the presence of shear has seen a resurgence10. Although such systems allow for a better representation of flow dynamics and generate clots with more physiologically relevant architecture compared to relatively static assays, their simplified flow conditions still represent a deviation from physiologic conditions. Lastly, microfluidic approaches have also been undertaken due to their ease of imaging and uniform flow patterns; however, they remain a significant removal from the physiologic conditions expected within the larger vessels primarily affected in most clinically relevant thrombo-embolic disorders11,12. 
With the above discussion in mind, we developed a high-fidelity, in-vitro thrombolysis model for preclinical thrombolytic drug screening. The model aims at addressing some of the current pitfalls detailed above in the realm of novel thrombolytic therapy screening and was validated for reproducibility and sensitivity at varying concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The system described herein offers physiological shear flows utilizing a peristaltic pump, a pressure dampener, a heated reservoir, two pressure sensors, an in-line fluorometer, and a fluorescently labeled Chandler loop shear-formed clot analog to facilitate real-time tracking of fibrinolysis13. Taken together, the overall system is called the Real-Time Fluorometric Flowing Fibrinolysis Assay (RT-FluFF Assay)14 and this manuscript will discuss the intricacies of successfully setting up and running assays in this high-fidelity in-vitro thrombolysis model.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Thrombolytic Testing by Integrating Flow Dynamics in In Vitro Models

Tracking Fibrinolysis of Chandler Loop-Formed Whole Blood Clots Under Shear Flow in An In-Vitro Thrombolysis Model

Thrombosis is associated with numerous medical conditions and current treatments risk severe bleeding. Circulatory system flow significantly impacts blood clot structure. Incorporating flow into in-vitro models may improve their physiological relevance, enhancing the selection of better candidates for in-vivo testing.The assays for the study of fibrinolytics predominantly utilize static clot or microfluidic systems to assess properties such as lysis time, clot structure, or viscoelasticity. Static clot lysis assays typically rely on spectrophotometric measurements or clot mass determination as endpoints to evaluate fibrinolysis efficiency. Current thrombolytic testing uses statically-formed clots, which differ structurally from those formed under flow conditions.Microfluidic systems consider flow dynamics, but their smaller scales create unique hemodynamics and clot structures. The currently developed RT-FluFF assay provides ease in monitoring fibrinolysis in real time under physiological flow conditions. This means we now have a platform that allows control over multiple parameters to mimic conditions closer to in-vivo study models for better translation when screening new thrombolytics.

Integrating Fluorescently Tagged Fibrinogen into Human Blood Clot for Enhanced Clot Visualization

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Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

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