We would like to convey our appreciation for the input and comments from members of the Padilla Lab. Nematode strains in this work were provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center, which is funded by the NIH National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). We acknowledge and thank Dr. Lon Turnbull for technical assistance with confocal microscopy. This work has been supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF-IOS, CAREER) to P.A.P.

1. Sample Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Produce or obtain appropriate transgenic C. elegans strain of interest using transgenic methodologies or from Caenorhabditis Genetics Stock Center (CGC) or colleague. In this case we are using strain TH32 (pie-1::tbg-1::GFP; pie-1::GFP::H2B)5 to visualize chromosomes and centrosomes as markers for cell division.</li>
	<li>Generate a synchronized population by using one of three methods: 1) disintegrate gravid adults in hypochlorite solution and use remaining embryos6, 2) pick gravid adults onto a seeded plate and let them lay embryos for 1-2 hr, or 3) pick L4 larvae from a mixed population and move to a new seeded plate.</li>
	<li>Grow nematodes at 20 &deg;C to gravid young adulthood, which will take approximately 96 hr from hatching, 72 hr from L1 larvae or 24 hr post L4 molt. Embryos (2-20 cell) in utero contain large blastomeres and nuclei that are optimal for imaging sub-cellular and sub-nuclear changes, respectively. This methodology provides a means to generate a population of young adults that contain an abundant number of early embryos.</li>
</ol>
2. Slide Preparation and Anoxia Chamber Set Up
<ol>
	<li>Make a humid chamber to hold prepared slides by placing a damp paper towel inside a large Petri dish or bin covered with a lid of sufficient size.</li>
	<li>Prepare molten 2% agarose in deionized H2O by heating mixture in glassware via microwave or water bath.</li>
	<li>Place 1-3 drops of warm agarose on a clean glass microscope slide. Immediately place a second slide inverted perpendicularly on top of the agarose drop(s), press slightly so that the resulting pad will be thin and free of air bubbles.</li>
	<li>Allow time to cool and slowly take apart the two microscope slides leaving the agarose pad intact on one of the slides. It is important to ensure the agarose pad is thin enough to not interfere with the ability to focus the microscope later. Ability to visualize sample is also dependent upon the specific optical distance of the objective in use, which can vary between microscopes.</li>
	<li>Use a clean razor blade to shape agarose pad into a small square. Store in the prepared humid chamber until ready to use.</li>
	<li>Carefully, using the same clean razor blade, take the edge of the agarose pad and transfer it from the slide onto a round 25 mm micro coverglass, avoiding the accumulation of air bubbles underneath the pad. The round coverglass selected to use fits appropriately in the microincubator.</li>
	<li>Add a drop of anesthetic (0.5% tricaine, 0.05% tetramisole in M9 buffer) onto the agarose pad for use as an anesthetic. Pick 5-10 worms and place into the drop of anesthetic. Allow 1-3 min for worms to cease movement.</li>
	<li>The rationale for observing embryos within the adult uterus, instead of dissected embryos, is to minimize the potential of embryo desiccation and movement due to the flow of nitrogen gas across the embryo.</li>
	<li>Immediately add a drop of halocarbon oil on top of the worms to prevent the worms from dehydration as gas is flowed through the chamber. Since the halocarbon oil is viscous one may use a pipet tip or tip of a worm pick to collect oil and drop onto the worms.</li>
	<li>Once the circular coverglass containing the worms is ready, the two halves of the Leiden closed perfusion microincubator are separated, and the coverglass is then carefully placed upright onto the bottom ring. The two sides of the chamber are then closed tightly together.</li>
	<li>The chamber is then connected to the nitrogen gas tank via flexible plastic tubing and placed into the appropriate spot on the microscope stage (Figure 1C). At this time the tubing and microincubator should be carefully checked for any leaks by ensuring secure attachment of the tubing and of the port plugs along the side of the chamber. One can also lightly spread a small amount of soap water over the tubing to look for bubbles, which will form if a leak is present.</li>
</ol>
3. Microscopy in Anoxia
<ol>
	<li>Locate animals at lower magnification, then, move to the appropriate higher magnification (64x for this application) to image tissue or cells of interest such as embryonic blastomeres or oocytes in adults. Turn on the 488 nm laser to view GFP signal and locate GFP fusion protein in the cell(s) of interest.</li>
	<li>To visualize the arrest at specific stage of cell cycle arrest (e.g. late prophase) identify a blastomere at a prior stage of cell division (e.g. late interphase or early prophase). Cellular markers such as centriole position, initiation of chromosome condensation, chromosome location and presence or absence of the nuclear envelope will help identify cell cycle stage (Figure 2A).</li>
	<li>The chamber is then perfused with nitrogen gas (99.999% N2; &lt;2 ppm O2). In this case we use a pressure of 6 psi, however pressure may need to be adjusted and optimized depending on size of each microincubator and diameter of tubing in use. Continue to monitor the blastomere(s) as the nitrogen fills the chamber, adjusting the focal plane as necessary.</li>
	<li>At this point, time-lapse imaging has begun. Imaging is conducted for as long as necessary to capture phenomenon of interest, in this case prophase arrest and docking of chromosomes to the inner nuclear membrane. Images are taken once every 10 sec for no longer than 30 min. Frequencies of image capture and settings such as gain and laser power should be adjusted as necessary.</li>
	<li>The time in which the embryos respond to the anoxic environment can vary depending on cell cycle stage upon anoxia exposure. Typically anoxia-induced prophase arrest occurs within 20-30 min of beginning nitrogen gas flow. We have observed anoxia-induced cell cycle arrest occurring in &lt;20 min. Images can be obtained during this time frame, or specific images can be isolated later from a time-lapse series. An additional option is to use video microscopy to visualize sub-cellular structures in embryos.</li>
	<li>To document recovery from the anoxia-induced arrested state, the gas is turned off and the chamber is allowed to return to normoxia by diffusion while recording a time-lapse series. Resumption of cell cycle progression and undocking of chromosomes typically occurs within 5-20 min of turning the nitrogen gas off.</li>
	<li>Note that in separate experiments an anoxia indicator, resazurin, was placed in the flow-through microchamber; it was determined that the chamber becomes anoxic on average of approximately 19 min after nitrogen gas flow has started.</li>
	<li>Images and videos are processed using Imaris, Image J or Photoshop and imported into QuickTime for display.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Powell-Coffman, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+signaling+and+resistance+in+C.+elegans.">Hypoxia signaling and resistance in C. elegans.</a> Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 21 (10), 435-440 (2010).</li><li>Padilla, P. A., Ladage, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suspended+animation,+diapause+and+quiescence:+Arresting+the+cell+cycle+in+C.+elegans.">Suspended animation, diapause and quiescence: Arresting the cell cycle in C. elegans.</a> Cell Cycle. 11, (2012).</li><li>Hu, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dauer.">Dauer.</a> WormBook. , 1-19 (2007).</li><li>Zhou, K. I., Pincus, Z., Slack, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longevity+and+stress+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Longevity and stress in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Aging (Albany NY). 3, 733-753 (2011).</li><li>Schmidt, D. J., Rose, D. J., Saxton, W. M., Strome, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+analysis+of+cytoplasmic+dynein+heavy+chain+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+with+fast-acting+temperature-sensitive+mutations.">Functional analysis of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain in Caenorhabditis elegans with fast-acting temperature-sensitive mutations.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 16, 1200-1212 (2005).</li><li>Sulston, J., Hodgkin, J., Wood, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. , 587-606 (1988).</li><li>Padilla, P. A., Nystul, T. G., Zager, R. A., Johnson, A. C., Roth, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dephosphorylation+of+Cell+Cycle-regulated+Proteins+Correlates+with+Anoxia-induced+Suspended+Animation+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Dephosphorylation of Cell Cycle-regulated Proteins Correlates with Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Mol. Biol Cell. 13, 1473-1483 (2002).</li><li>Hajeri, V. A., Trejo, J., Padilla, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+sub-nuclear+changes+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans+embryos+exposed+to+brief,+intermediate+and+long-term+anoxia+to+analyze+anoxia-induced+cell+cycle+arrest.">Characterization of sub-nuclear changes in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos exposed to brief, intermediate and long-term anoxia to analyze anoxia-induced cell cycle arrest.</a> BMC Cell Biol. 6, 1471-2121 (2005).</li><li>Padilla, P. A., Goy, J. M., Hajeri, P. A., Padilla, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Anoxia. , (2012).</li><li>Hajeri, V. A., Little, B. A., Ladage, M. L., Padilla, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NPP-16/Nup50+function+and+CDK-1+inactivation+are+associated+with+anoxia-induced+prophase+arrest+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">NPP-16/Nup50 function and CDK-1 inactivation are associated with anoxia-induced prophase arrest in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 21, 712-724 (2010).</li><li>Nystul, T. G., Goldmark, J. P., Padilla, P. A., Roth, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suspended+animation+in+C.+elegans+requires+the+spindle+checkpoint.">Suspended animation in C. elegans requires the spindle checkpoint.</a> Science. 302, 1038-1041 (2003).</li><li>Margalit, A., Vlcek, S., Gruenbaum, Y., Foisner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breaking+and+making+of+the+nuclear+envelope.">Breaking and making of the nuclear envelope.</a> J. Cell Biochem. 95, 454-465 (2005).</li><li>Maddox, A. S., Maddox, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+imaging+of+cellular+processes+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">High-resolution imaging of cellular processes in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 107, 1-34 (2012).</li><li>Miller, D. L., Roth, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C.+elegans+are+protected+from+lethal+hypoxia+by+an+embryonic+diapause.">C. elegans are protected from lethal hypoxia by an embryonic diapause.</a> Curr. Biol. 19, 1233-1237 (2009).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

Oxygen Deprivation and Suspended Animation
Although exposure to severe oxygen deprivation can be fatal for some organisms, some organisms are able to survive exposure to anoxia. In the case of C. elegans, survival of anoxia exposure depends on developmental stage and response to anoxia is entry into a reversible state of suspended animation in which a number of observable biological processes are arrested. Cell division, development, movement, eating and reproductive processes cease unt...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents/Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Composition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypochlorite solution</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>0.7 g KOH, 12 ml 5% NaOCl, bring to 50 ml with ddH20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M9 buffer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>3 g KH2PO4, 11 g Na2HPO4, 5 g NaCl, 1 ml (1 M) MgSO4 per 1 L ddH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-550-343</td>
			<td>3"x1"x1.0 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round micro coverglass</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>72223-01</td>
			<td>25 mm Diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halocarbon oil 700</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H8898-100ml</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>0.5% tricaine, 0.05% tetramisole</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leiden Closed Perfusion Microincubator</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>650041</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UHP Nitrogen</td>
			<td>Calgaz (Air Liquide)</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&gt;99.9990% N2 &lt;2 ppm O2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic tubing</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89068-468</td>
			<td>0.062" ID x 0.125" OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinning Disk Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>McBain Systems</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Zeiss inverted optical microscope, epifluorescence illumination system, CSU-10 Yokogawa confocal scanner, Hamamatsu electron multiplier CCD camera.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of time lapse microscopy to visualize anoxia-induced suspended animation in c. elegans embryos

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages as well as by the availability of genetic mutants and transgenic strains expressing a myriad of fusion proteins1-4. In addition, dynamic processes such as cell division can be viewed using fluorescently labeled reporter proteins. The study of mitosis can be facilitated through the use of time-lapse experiments in various systems including intact organisms; thus the early C. elegans embryo is well suited for this study. Presented here is a technique by which in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in response to anoxic (99.999% N2; &lt;2 ppm O2) stress is possible using a simple gas flow through setup on a high-powered microscope. A microincubation chamber is used in conjunction with nitrogen gas flow through and a spinning disc confocal microscope to create a controlled environment in which animals can be imaged in vivo. Using GFP-tagged gamma tubulin and histone, the dynamics and arrest of cell division can be monitored before, during and after exposure to an oxygen-deprived environment. The results of this technique are high resolution, detailed videos and images of cellular structures within blastomeres of embryos exposed to oxygen deprivation.

C. elegans embryos exposed to severe oxygen deprivation (anoxia) are able to survive by arresting biological processes including development and cell division7. The anoxia-induced arrest of cell division can be monitored, at a sub-cellular level, by using a microincubation chamber in conjunction with nitrogen gas flow through and a spinning disc confocal microscope to create a controlled environment in which animals can be imaged in vivo (Figure 1). Cellular structures of int...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos at JoVE.com

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Described here is an in vivo technique to image sub-cellular structures in animals exposed to anoxia using a gas flow through microincubation chamber in conjunction with a spinning disc confocal microscope. This method is straightforward and flexible enough to suit a variety of experimental parameters and model systems.

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages ...

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11.5K Views.  University of North Texas. Described here is an in vivo technique to image sub-cellular structures in animals exposed to anoxia using a gas flow through microincubation chamber in conjunction with a spinning disc confocal microscope. This method is straightforward and flexible enough to suit a variety of experimental parameters and model systems.