The authors thank Pascal Paschenda and Mareike Schulz for their technical assistance.

1. Basic Techniques and Common Procedures
<ol>
	<li>All procedures are carried out under clean but nonsterile conditions.</li>
	<li>Once the abdomen of the rat is opened, all procedures are performed under a surgical microscope at a magnification of 16x. Exceptions are the ex vivo liver resection, which is performed at 10x, and the following procedures, which are performed at 25x: insertion of a stent into the bile duct and the hepatic artery, and the reconstruction of the hepatic artery, the infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC), and the bile duct.</li>
	<li>Cotton swabs are used for gentle manipulation of organs, blunt dissection of tissues, and compression hemostasis. Gauze swabs (5 x 5 cm) soaked with lactated Ringer solution are used to retract the liver or intestines, and to keep organs moist. The Satinsky clamp can be used for retraction of gauze-covered intestines toward the left or the tail of the rat to widen the surgical field around the IHVC.</li>
	<li>All ligations are performed with a 6-0 silk thread except for the pedicles of liver lobes during ex vivo liver resection, where 4-0 silk threads are used. The ligature can be pulled by a DeBakey Bulldog clamp or other instruments to provide adequate tension to the ligated point so that the second ligature can be made at a distance to the first one, and the division between the two ligated points can be done properly.</li>
	<li>All intravenous injections are performed through the penile vein.</li>
	<li>During the reconstruction procedures for the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC), the portal vein, the hepatic artery, and the bile duct, a small lump of oil-based clay is used to hold a finger ring of a peripheral vascular clamp or a mosquito forceps to keep them fixed in position.</li>
</ol>
2. Presurgical Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Male Lewis rats weighing between 230 and 250 g are used as the donor and recipient for liver transplantation. The rats are allowed free access to water and food until the induction of anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Cuff for the portal vein (Figure 1): Prepare the cuff for the portal vein by cutting a 14-gauge catheter with a No. 11 scalpel blade under the microscope. The cuff consists of a body and an extension, each with a length of 2 mm. Make circumferential grooves on the cuff by clamping the wall of the cuff step by step circumferentially with a mosquito forceps so that a thread can be fastened tightly on the cuff without slipping off.</li>
	<li>Stents for the bile duct and hepatic artery (Figure 1): Cut 24-gauge catheters with a scalpel under the microscope to produce bevels at both ends of the catheters with a length of 4 mm for the hepatic artery and 5 mm for the bile duct.</li>
</ol>
3. Donor Operation
The schema of the removal of the liver from the donor rat is shown in Figure 2. This procedure requires approximately 30-35 min.
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize the rat with inhalation of 4 vol% isoflurane in 100% oxygen at a flow rate of 4 L/min for the induction of the anesthesia, and 1.5 vol% at 2 L/min for the maintenance. Inject buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) subcutaneously as an analgesic. Place the rat on a heating pad, and fix the upper arms using the magnetic fixator retraction system (Figure 3a). Shave the fur from the entire abdominal area of the rat, and sterilize the corresponding skin with a povidone-iodine solution.</li>
	<li>Open the abdomen by a midline incision with bilateral extensions. Place a 5-ml syringe under the back of the rat so that the SHVC is elevated ventrally. Using a mosquito forceps, clamp and pull the xiphoid process toward the head, and apply the subcostal retractors to open the surgical field (Figure 3a).</li>
	<li>Dissect the falciform ligament and left triangular ligament. Next, ligate and divide the left phrenic vein.</li>
	<li>Retract the median and left lateral lobes upward with a wet gauze swab. Using bipolar forceps, coagulate and divide the para-esophageal vessels between the left lateral and anterior caudate lobe.</li>
	<li>Move the intestines outside the abdomen onto the left side of the rat, and cover them with a wet gauze swab. Retract the right lateral lobe upward with a wet gauze swab. Isolate the IHVC from the retroperitoneal tissue, and ligate the right adrenal vein, which will be divided later just before the graft removal.</li>
	<li>To insert a stent into the bile duct (Figure 3b):
	<ol class="lalpha">
		<li>Ligate the bile duct at the level of the branching of the gastroduodenal artery. The soft tissues surrounding the bile duct should be preserved as much as possible, and the separation of the bile duct from the hepatic artery should be avoided to secure sufficient arterial blood supply to the bile duct.</li>
		<li>With straight micro scissors, make a small incision in the anterior wall of the bile duct proximal to the ligated point. While holding the anterior wall of the incision with a straight micro forceps in the left hand, insert a stent into the duct using a curved micro forceps in the right hand, and secure it with a 6-0 silk thread. One of the cut ends of the thread on the bile duct is kept at a length of 4 mm so that the thread can be held during the later anastomosis.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Liberate the portal vein from the pyloric and splenic veins by ligating and dividing them.</li>
	<li>Ligate and divide the gastroduodenal artery, then isolate the common hepatic artery (CHA) from the pancreatic head to its root. Rotate the liver to the right with cotton swabs, and dissect the ligament around the back of the liver and esophagus.</li>
	<li>At the completion of the preparations for liver excision, remove the retractors, the mosquito forceps for the xiphoid process, and the 5-ml syringe under the back of the rat. Return the intestines to the abdominal cavity.</li>
	<li>Inject 500 IU of Heparin-Natrium in 2 ml of normal saline solution through the penile vein. About 3 min later, reset the 5-ml syringe, the mosquito forceps, and the retractors. Ligate the CHA proximal to its root. Keep one of the cut ends of the thread ligated for the CHA long.</li>
	<li>After clamping the IHVC close to the right renal vein with a mosquito forceps, clamp the portal vein with a disposable micro vessel clamp below the stump of the splenic vein. Incise the anterior wall of the portal vein, and insert an 18-gauge catheter into the portal vein.</li>
	<li>Perfuse the liver in situ with 60 ml of cold histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution at a hydrostatic pressure of 20 cm H2O. Immediately afterward, cut the diaphragm and transect the intrathoracic vena cava, and cut the anterior wall of the IHVC open to allow the perfusion solution to be rinsed out of the liver (Figure 3c).</li>
	<li>Clamp the IHVC with a disposable micro vessel clamp just below the liver. Excise the liver by dissecting the IHVC slightly below the middle point between the liver and the right renal vein, the portal vein below the stump of the splenic vein, the diaphragm, the remaining ligaments at the back of the liver, the right adrenal vein, and the CHA at its root. Place the excised liver in cold HTK solution in a metal cup mounted in a plastic box full of crushed ice.</li>
</ol>
4. Ex vivo Graft Preparation
All procedures for the liver graft are performed in the metal cup filled with ice-cold HTK solution. The ex vivo graft preparation requires approximately 30 min.
<ol>
	<li>For the attachment of a cuff to the portal vein (Figure 4): 
	Clamp the portal venous trunk with a DeBakey Bulldog clamp. Place the clamp in a bridging position over the cup (Figure 4a, b). Put the portal vein through the cuff, and clamp the portal vein again together with the extension of the cuff at the 12 o'clock position (Figure 4c). Evert the wall of the portal vein over the cuff to position the stump of the splenic vein outside of the cuff at the 7 o'clock position (Figure 4d), and secure the portal vein with a 6-0 silk thread (Figure 4e).</li>
	<li>To insert a stent into the hepatic artery (Figure 5): 
	Fix the liver by clamping both edges of the diaphragm by forceps, and pull the CHA straight by holding the ligated thread with the DeBakey Bulldog clamp (Figure 5a). With straight micro scissors, make a small incision in the anterior wall of the CHA. With the left hand, hold the anterior wall of the incision with a straight micro forceps, and with the right hand, insert a stent into the CHA using a curved micro forceps. The stent is previously washed with Heparin-Natrium solution (100 IU/ml) (Figure 5b-d). Secure the stent with a 6-0 silk thread, and keep one of the cut ends of the thread at a length of 4 mm. Flush the liver through the arterial catheter with 5 ml of cold HTK solution.</li>
	<li>For 50% liver resection (Figure 6):
	<ol class="lalpha">
		<li>Clamp the posterior caudate lobe with a mosquito forceps to fix it in place. Resect the lobe after ligation of its pedicle with a 4-0 silk thread (Figure 7a). In the same manner, remove the anterior caudate lobe.</li>
		<li>Rotate the plastic box 90 degrees. Clamp the right edge of the diaphragm and the left portion of the median lobe. Make a small incision at the upper edge of the border of the bilateral portions of the median lobe, and then remove the left portion after ligation (Figure 7b). Remove the left lateral lobe after ligation of the pedicle with a 4-0 silk thread. Cauterize the resected liver surface carefully with bipolar forceps. As a result, the liver mass is reduced by approximately 50% 15 (Figure 7c, d).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>For plasty of the SHVC (Figure 8): 
	Fix the position of the liver by clamping both edges of the diaphragm with a mosquito forceps (Figure 8a). Trim the anterior wall of the SHVC by removing the corresponding diaphragm. Attach two 7-0 polypropylene sutures from the outside to the inside at both corners as stay sutures for the later anastomosis (Figure 8b). Then trim the posterior wall of the SHVC.</li>
	<li>Store the liver graft at 4 &deg;C in HTK solution in a cold-water bath.</li>
</ol>
5. Recipient Operation
The schema of the graft implantation in the recipient rat is shown in Figure 9. The recipient operation requires 60-70 min, which includes 10-11 min of anhepatic time and approximately 23-24 min of IHVC clamping time.
<ol>
	<li>Perform the same procedures as in the donor operation (3.1 to 3.4) except for the opening of the abdomen by a midline incision, without bilateral extensions (Figure 10a).</li>
	<li>Place a wet gauze swab over the right side of the duodenum and whole intestines to obtain a surgical field around the IHVC. Put the left lateral and median lobes into the left subphrenic cavity, and retract the right lateral lobe upward with a wet gauze swab. Isolate the IHVC from the retroperitoneal tissue. Ligate and divide the right adrenal vein (Figure 10b). With a wet gauze and cotton swabs, rotate the liver to the left, and dissect the ligament around the back of the liver.</li>
	<li>Return the right lateral lobe to the anatomical position. Place a wet gauze swab to cover and retract the median and left lateral lobes upward. Transect the bile duct just below the branch from the caudate lobe. The soft tissues surrounding the bile duct should be preserved as much as possible. Keep one of the cut ends of the thread ligated for the bile duct at 4-mm long.</li>
	<li>Ligate and divide the gastroduodenal artery and the proper hepatic artery at a 3-mm distance to the branching from the CHA. Then, make a Y-structure of the artery at the end of the CHA. Keep one of the cut ends of the thread ligated for the proper hepatic artery at 4-mm long. Rotate the liver to the right with cotton swabs, and dissect the ligament around the back of the liver from the left side.</li>
	<li>After the intravenous injection of 2 ml of lactated Ringer solution, clamp the IHVC with a metal micro vessel clamp just above the right renal vein. Clamp the portal vein at the level of its bifurcation in the liver hilum by a mosquito forceps from the left side of the rat. Clamp the SHVC together with the diaphragm from the right side by a peripheral vascular clamp, and fix the finger ring of the clamp in a lump of oil-based clay.</li>
	<li>Reduce the anesthesia with isoflurane to 0.4 vol% during the anhepatic time (the duration of cross-clamping of the portal vein). Excise the recipient native liver by dissecting the SHVC, the portal vein, and the IHVC at the following levels: the SHVC, at the border between the SHVC and the liver; and the portal vein, just above the jaw of the mosquito forceps; and the IHVC, slightly below the middle point between the liver and the right renal vein (Figure 10c). Place the liver graft orthotopically.</li>
	<li>For the anastomosis of the SHVC by a continuous suture (Figure 11):
	<ol class="lalpha">
		<li>Use a curved micro forceps in the left hand during the suturing procedure for grasping the vessel wall or holding the suturing needle. First, place the stay suture on the recipient SHVC from the inside to the outside by using the attached 7-0 polypropylene at the right corner of the graft followed by tying a knot (or you can tie it after all suturing procedures are complete). Next, place the second stay suture in the same way at the left corner, which will be the starting stitch of a running suture. To widen the anastomosis, grasp and maintain the sutures using DeBakey bulldog clamps at both corners with gentle traction superiolaterally (Figure 11a, b).</li>
		<li>Pierce the suture at the left corner through the wall on the graft side from the outside to the inside closely to the knot outside, and suture the posterior row of the SHVC intraluminally with 7 to 8 stitches to the right corner (Figure 11c). Make the first few stitches carefully so that the inside lumens are faced each other. At the right corner, pierce the 7-0 polypropylene through the vessel on the graft side to the outside.</li>
		<li>Next, suture the anterior row from the outside, from right to left, with approximately 10 stitches (Figure 11d). Before the completion of the anterior row, flush the inside with lactated Ringer solution to remove air bubbles. Make the last stitch at the anterior row as close as possible to the stay suture at the left corner, and then tie them together.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>For the reconstruction of the portal vein by a cuff technique (Figure 12):
	<ol class="lalpha">
		<li>Retract the median and left lateral lobes upward with a wet gauze swab. Clamp the recipient portal vein at its confluence with the pyloric vein by using a disposable micro vessel clamp from the right. Fix the mosquito forceps that clamps the portal vein in the clay, and pull the tip of the forceps toward the liver hilum (Figure 12a, b).</li>
		<li>Incise the anterior wall of the portal vein just below the jaw of the mosquito forceps. Wash the inside of the recipient portal vein and the cuff with lactated Ringer solution. Hold the anterior wall of the incision with a straight micro forceps in the left hand and an extension of the cuff with a curved micro forceps in the right hand. Insert the cuff into the recipient portal vein deeply, and secure it with a circumferential 6-0 silk thread (Figure 12c-f).</li>
		<li>Release the clamps of the portal vein and SHVC, and then reperfuse the liver. Remove the 5-ml syringe from the back of the rat, and increase the concentration of isoflurane to 0.8 vol%.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>For the reconstruction of the hepatic artery by a stent technique 16 (Figure 13):
	<ol class="lalpha">
		<li>First, hold the thread of the recipient proper hepatic artery by a mosquito forceps from the left side, and pull it toward the liver hilum, and then clamp the recipient CHA from the right side close to the pancreas (Figure 13a).</li>
		<li>With a straight micro forceps, make a small incision in the bifurcation of the Y-structure at the end of the recipient CHA to make a funnel-shaped opening. Hold the stent placed in the graft CHA with a curved micro forceps. After washing each lumen with Heparin-Natrium solution (100 IU/ml), slide the stent into the recipient CHA and secure it with a 6-0 silk thread. Tie one end of this thread on the recipient CHA and the 4-mm thread on the graft CHA together so that both CHAs get closer to each other with reduced tension of the anastomotic site (Figure 13b). After that, release the clamp.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>For the anastomosis of the IHVC by a continuous suture (Figure 14): 
	Anastomose in the same fashion as for the SHVC, but use more stitches with finer bite (Figure 14a-d). Tying of the sutures at the last stitch can be eliminated, or tying can be accomplished with a growth factor to avoid the anastomotic stricture caused by tying too tightly. After declamping, increase the concentration of anesthesia to 1.0 vol%. If the anastomosis looks stenotic, dilate the anastomotic site by pulling the bilateral stay sutures or widening the anterior row gently to expand the anastomosis.</li>
	<li>Administer 0.5 ml of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution with 1.0 ml of lactated Ringer solution intravenously.</li>
	<li>Apply small fragments of Tachosil to seal the resected liver surface to prevent bleeding and biliary leakage.</li>
	<li>For the reconstruction of the bile duct by a stent technique:
	<ol class="lalpha">
		<li>Hold the thread of the recipient bile duct by a mosquito forceps from the left side. Fix the mosquito forceps in the clay, and pull the tip of the forceps toward the liver hilum.</li>
		<li>Make a small incision in the bile duct at the appropriate level so that the reconstructed bile duct would not be too long. Insert the stent placed in the graft bile duct into the recipient duct with careful attention to avoid a twist, and secure it with a 6-0 silk thread. Tie this thread on the recipient duct and the 4-mm thread on the graft duct together so that both ducts get closer to each other with reduced tension of the anastomotic site.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>At the completion of the reconstruction procedures, inject 1 ml of 5% glucose solution intravenously (Figure 15).</li>
	<li>Confirm adequate hemostasis, and then close the abdominal incision by continuous 4-0 Vicryl sutures in two layers.</li>
</ol>
6. Postoperative Treatment and Follow-up
Immediately after the operation, treat the recipient rat with a subcutaneous injection of cefuroxime sodium (16 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) in a total of 1.5 ml of normal saline solution. Allow the rat to recover for 60 min in a special intensive care unit cage with warmed air (30-35 &deg;C) and an oxygen supply. Inject buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) subcutaneously as an analgesic every 12 hours for 3 days. Afterward move the rat to a normal cage, and provide ad libitum access to water and food.

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+orthotopic+rat+liver+transplantation+with+arterial+cuff+anastomosis+to+the+recipient+common+hepatic+artery.">A new method for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with arterial cuff anastomosis to the recipient common hepatic artery.</a> Transplantation. 48, 166-168 (1989).</li><li>Knoop, M., Bachmann, S., Keck, H., Steffen, R., Neuhaus, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+with+cuff+rearterialization+in+600+orthotopic+liver+grafts+in+the+rat.">Experience with cuff rearterialization in 600 orthotopic liver grafts in the rat.</a> Am. J. Surg. 167, 360-363 (1994).</li><li>Hickman, R., Engelbrecht, G. H., Duminy, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+for+liver+transplantation+in+the+rat.">A technique for liver transplantation in the rat.</a> Transplantation. 48, 1080 (1989).</li><li>Liu, T., Freise, C. E., Ferrell, L., Ascher, N. L., Roberts, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modified+vascular+"sleeve"+anastomosis+for+rearterialization+in+orthotopic+liver+transplantation+in+rats.">A modified vascular "sleeve" anastomosis for rearterialization in orthotopic liver transplantation in rats.</a> Transplantation. 54, 179-180 (1992).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+sleeve+anastomosis+for+reconstruction+of+the+hepatic+artery+in+rat+liver+transplantation.">Modified sleeve anastomosis for reconstruction of the hepatic artery in rat liver transplantation.</a> Microsurgery. 22, 62-68 (2002).</li><li>Martins, P. N., Theruvath, T. P., Neuhaus, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+models+of+partial+hepatectomies.">Rodent models of partial hepatectomies.</a> Liver Int. 28, 3-11 (2008).</li><li>Russell, W. M. S., Burch, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. , (1992).</li></ol>

We have no conflicting interests to disclose. The rats are housed under specific-pathogen-free conditions according to the guidelines of the Federation for Laboratory Animal Science Associations (FELASA). All experiments were conducted in accordance with the German federal law regarding the protection of animals and "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (National Institutes of Health publication No. 86-23, revised 1985).

The first model of rat OLT was reported by Lee et al. in 1973 9, in which all vessels including the hepatic artery were reconstructed by a hand-sewn method and the extracorporeal portosystemic shunt was used. This model was technically complicated and difficult to perform. The next model was one without hepatic arterial reconstruction and the extracorporeal shunt, developed by the same authors 10 in 1975. Subsequently in 1979, Kamada et al. introduced the cuff anastomosis technique for the model without hepatic rearterialization 11. With these modifications, OLT in rats was simplified with a shortened anhepatic time in recipient operations and has been widely used as an accepted experimental model.
However, there has been considerable controversy since then over the significance of hepatic arterialization in rat OLT 8 because the arterialization was a demanding task but did not affect survival after transplantation. Numerous studies on hepatic arterialization using various reconstruction techniques have been reported 8, such as an aortic segment-to-aorta anastomosis 3,9,17, a cuff anastomosis technique 18,19,20, a telescoping technique 5, a stent technique 13,16, and a sleeve anastomosis technique 12,21-23. While the technique for rat OLT is still not standardized today, the arterialized model has been increasingly favored in terms of its physiological superiority 8,12,13,14. Among the above-mentioned techniques, a stent technique that was simple and fast to perform was reported by Lehmann et al. 16 in 2005. The study showed excellent results: no occlusion rate was observed in the reconstructed hepatic artery at 8 hr, 24 hr, and 6 months after reperfusion. We therefore adopted this technique for hepatic arterialization.
We perform a hand-sewn anastomosis for the reconstruction of the SHVC and IHVC. This method provides the anastomotic site with an optimal physiological condition, which leads to the reduced incidence of thrombosis 8, and is the best microsurgery simulation and training for surgeons. In addition, the anastomosis can be possible even with short vessel stumps. Concerning the anastomosis of IHVC, this method does not require a long IHVC on the graft side compared with the cuff anastomosis technique. Therefore, when the donor renal vein is dissected to make the graft IHVC long, this method is applicable to transplantation of a small graft that necessitates a long IHVC, such as a 30% graft that consists of right lateral and caudate lobes with a short intrahepatic vena cava without SHVC 2.
Regarding the techniques of liver resection in rats, to date several methods have been reported; the two major techniques are the classical mass ligature technique and the vessel-oriented technique 24. We perform the classical ligature technique for 50% liver resection15, but under a surgical microscope to make the procedure finer, and to avoid damage to the remaining lobes and structures.
We described the representative results from the recipient rats in our model; the rats survived during the 7-day observation period without apparent complications. The model can be modified for different purposes of experiments by choosing the different settings, such as prolonged cold storage, prolonged warm ischemia that includes donation after cardiac death, and the usage of smaller liver grafts or grafts from experimental models of liver injury or diseases.
In our experience, there are three key factors throughout the procedures that can affect the survival after transplantation, the most reliable parameter for outcomes of rat OLT: the amount of blood loss; the operation time, especially clamping time of the portal vein and IHVC; and the adequacy of the reconstruction of each vessel, which could result in stenosis, thrombosis, or bleeding. In a training period of this model, most of the failures could probably be related to those factors. In this video article, we present step-by-step instructions for the surgical procedures for our rat model of partial OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction. While a rat model of OLT is complicated and requires advanced microsurgical skills, this article provides plenty of practical information, which should serve as a good guide for the training and learning of this model. Learning this model efficiently is particularly important for shortening the learning period, reducing the number of animals and costs needed for practice, and later reproducing reliable results in experiments. This is in line with the 3Rs concept (replacement, reduction, and refinement) of animal experiments, which was postulated by Russell and Burch in 1959 25.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Surgical microscope</td>
 <td>Leica</td>
 <td>M651</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Light source</td>
 <td>Schott</td>
 <td>KL1500LCD</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cotton swabs</td>
 <td>NOBA Verbandmittel</td>
 <td>974202</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gauze swabs (5x5 cm) </td>
 <td>Fuhrmann</td>
 <td>10002</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>povidone-iodine solution </td>
 <td>Mundipharma</td>
 <td>6108022.00.01</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Oil-based clay</td>
 <td>Debika corporation</td>
 <td>090148 </td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>TachoSil </td>
 <td>Takeda Pharmaceuticals International GmbH</td>
 <td>EU/1/04/277/001-004 </td>
 <td>Applied to resected liver surface</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scalpel blade No. 11</td>
 <td>Pfm medical</td>
 <td>200130011 </td>
 <td>Preparation of cuff and stents</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>14-gauge catheter </td>
 <td>B. Braun</td>
 <td>4268210S</td>
 <td>Cuff for PV</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>18-gauge catheter </td>
 <td>B. Braun</td>
 <td>4268130S</td>
 <td>Perfusion via PV</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>24-gauge catheter </td>
 <td>B. Braun</td>
 <td>4269071S </td>
 <td>Stent for BD and HA</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>4-0 silk suture</td>
 <td>Resorba</td>
 <td>H3F</td>
 <td>Liver resection</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>6-0 silk suture</td>
 <td>Resorba</td>
 <td>H1F</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>7-0 Prolene (polypropylene) suture</td>
 <td>Ethicon </td>
 <td>8701H</td>
 <td>SHVC and IHVC</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>4-0 Vicryl suture</td>
 <td>Ethicon </td>
 <td>V304H</td>
 <td>Abdominal closure</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5-ml syringe</td>
 <td>Terumo</td>
 <td>SS+T05ES1</td>
 <td>Back pillow</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heating pad</td>
 <td>Thermo</td>
 <td>190 x 260 mm</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Magnetic fixator retraction system</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
 <td>18200-01 
 18200-02 
 18200-03 
 18200-12</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cold water bath</td>
 <td>Huber </td>
 <td>740.000X</td>
 <td>Graft preservation </td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bipolar forceps</td>
 <td>S&ouml;ring</td>
 <td>MBC-200</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mosquito forceps</td>
 <td>BONIMED</td>
 <td>451-476-03</td>
 <td>Two pairs used</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adson micro forceps</td>
 <td>Dimeda</td>
 <td>10.176.12</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Curved micro forceps</td>
 <td>AESCULAP</td>
 <td>FD281R</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Straight micro forceps</td>
 <td>Bonimed </td>
 <td>451-476-03</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Curved micro scissors</td>
 <td>Medicon</td>
 <td>05.15.83</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Straight micro scissors</td>
 <td>AESCULAP</td>
 <td>FD12</td>
 <td>Fine incision</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Scissors</td>
 <td>AESCULAP</td>
 <td>BC211W</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro needle holder</td>
 <td>AESCULAP</td>
 <td>FD241R</td>
 <td>Reconstruction</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mayor-Hegar Needle holder</td>
 <td>Mizuho Ikakogyo</td>
 <td>06-798-00</td>
 <td>Abdominal closure</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DeBakey Bulldog clamp (straight) </td>
 <td>ULRICH</td>
 <td>CV3054</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DeBakey Bulldog clamp (curved) </td>
 <td>CODMAN </td>
 <td>37-1062</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Satinsky clamp</td>
 <td>Mizuhoika</td>
 <td>09-230-24 </td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Peripheral vascular clamp </td>
 <td>Teleflex Medical</td>
 <td>353494 </td>
 <td>Recipient SHVC</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro vessel clamp (disposable)</td>
 <td>AROSurgical Instruments Corporation </td>
 <td>TKM-1-60 g</td>
 <td>PV, graft IHVC, and recipient HA</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Micro vessel clamp (metal)</td>
 <td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
 <td>18052-01 </td>
 <td>Recipient IHVC</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lactated Ringer solution</td>
 <td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
 <td>6150917.00.00 </td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Normal saline solution</td>
 <td>DeltaSelect</td>
 <td>1299.99.99</td>
 <td></td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HTK solution</td>
 <td>Dr. Franz K&ouml;hler Chemie GmbH </td>
 <td>31268.00.00</td>
 <td>Preservation solution</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heparin-Natrium </td>
 <td>Ratiopharm </td>
 <td>5394.02.00</td>
 <td>500 IU before graft perfusion</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>8.4% sodium bicarbonate</td>
 <td>Fresenius Kabi </td>
 <td>4399.97.99</td>
 <td>0.5 ml after reperfusion</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5% Glucose solution</td>
 <td>B. Braun </td>
 <td>6714567.06.00</td>
 <td>1.0 ml after reperfusion</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cefuroxim sodium </td>
 <td>Fresenius Kabi </td>
 <td>38985.01.00</td>
 <td>Antibiotic, 16 mg/kg </td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Buprenorphine </td>
 <td>Essex Pharma </td>
 <td>997.00.00</td>
 <td>Painkiller, 0.1 mg/kg</td>
 
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Intensive Care Unit Cage</td>
 <td>Brinsea Products Ltd. </td>
 <td>Vetario S10 </td>
 <td>Postoperative care</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

surgical procedures for a rat model of partial orthotopic liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as studies on graft preservation and ischemia-reperfusion injury 1,2, immunological responses 3,4, hemodynamics 5,6, and small-for-size syndrome 7. The rat OLT is among the most difficult animal models in experimental surgery and demands advanced microsurgical skills that take a long time to learn. Consequently, the use of this model has been limited. Since the reliability and reproducibility of results are key components of the experiments in which such complex animal models are used, it is essential for surgeons who are involved in rat OLT to be trained in well-standardized and sophisticated procedures for this model.
While various techniques and modifications of OLT in rats have been reported 8 since the first model was described by Lee et al. 9 in 1973, the elimination of the hepatic arterial reconstruction 10 and the introduction of the cuff anastomosis technique by Kamada et al. 11 were a major advancement in this model, because they simplified the reconstruction procedures to a great degree. In the model by Kamada et al., the hepatic rearterialization was also eliminated. Since rats could survive without hepatic arterial flow after liver transplantation, there was considerable controversy over the value of hepatic arterialization. However, the physiological superiority of the arterialized model has been increasingly acknowledged, especially in terms of preserving the bile duct system 8,12 and the liver integrity 8,13,14.
In this article, we present detailed surgical procedures for a rat model of OLT with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft after ex vivo liver resection. The reconstruction procedures for each vessel and the bile duct are performed by the following methods: a 7-0 polypropylene continuous suture for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava; a cuff technique for the portal vein; and a stent technique for the hepatic artery and the bile duct.

All recipient rats (n = 20) survived without apparent complications until planned euthanasia for blood sampling at 1, 3, 24, and 168 hr (7 days) after portal reperfusion (n = 5 at each time point). The blood samples were collected from the IHVC by a direct puncture with a 27-gauge needle. Following the centrifugation at 5,340 x g for 10 min, the serum samples were obtained and analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, which reflect the degree of hepatocellular damage after transplantation. The time-course of changes in serum ALT levels is shown in Figure 16. The ALT levels reached a peak at 24 hr (mean &plusmn; standard deviation: 212.6 &plusmn; 67.9 IU/L) and then declined to within normal limits at 168 hr (33.6 &plusmn; 6.8 IU/L).
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig1.jpg" /> 
 Figure 1. A cuff for the portal vein (PV) from a 14-gauge catheter, and stents for the hepatic artery (HA) and bile duct (BD) from 24-gauge catheters.
<img alt="Figure 2" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig2highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig2.jpg" /> 
 Figure 2. Schema of the removal of the liver from the donor rat. BD, bile duct; HA, hepatic artery; IHVC, infrahepatic vena cava; PV, portal vein; SHVC, suprahepatic vena cava.
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig3.jpg" /> 
 Figure 3. Donor operation. a. The rat is placed on a heating pad with a magnetic fixator retraction system. The abdomen is opened by a midline incision with bilateral extensions. b. Insertion of the stent into the bile duct. c. Perfusion of the liver through the portal vein. Abbreviations are explained in Figure 2.
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig4.jpg" /> 
 Figure 4. Attachment of a cuff to the portal vein. a,b. The DeBakey Bulldog clamp that grasps the portal venous trunk is placed over the metal cup. The cup is mounted in the plastic box filled with crushed ice. c. The portal vein is put through the cuff. d. The wall of the portal vein is everted over the cuff with the stump of the splenic vein outside the cuff at the 7 o'clock position and an extension of the cuff at the 12 o'clock position. e. The portal vein is secured with a circumferential 6-0 silk thread on the cuff. The black arrows indicate the stump of the splenic vein.
<img alt="Figure 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig5.jpg" /> 
 Figure 5. Ex vivo insertion of a stent into the hepatic artery. a. The liver is fixed by clamping both edges of the diaphragm, and the hepatic artery is pulled straight by holding the thread ligated for the artery. b. The anterior wall of the small incision on the hepatic artery is held with a straight micro forceps. c, d. The stent is inserted into the hepatic artery and secured with a 6-0 silk thread.
<img alt="Figure 6" fo:content-width="3.5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig6highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig6.jpg" /> 
 Figure 6. The schema of ex vivo 50% liver resection. Lobes in gray color are removed. ACL, anterior caudate lobe; PCL, posterior caudate lobe; LLL, left lateral lobe; LML, left portion of the median lobe; RML, right portion of the median lobe; SRL, superior right lateral lobe; IRL, inferior right lateral lobe.
<img alt="Figure 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig7.jpg" /> 
 Figure 7. Ex vivo 50% liver resection. a. Ligation of the pedicle of the posterior caudate lobe. b. Ligation of the pedicle of the left portion of the median lobe. c. The liver before 50% resection. d. The liver after 50% resection.
<img alt="Figure 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig8.jpg" /> 
 Figure 8. Ex vivo plasty of the suprahepatic vena cava. a. The liver is fixed by clamping both edges of the diaphragm with the mosquito forceps. b. Stay sutures with 7-0 polypropylene are attached at both corners.
<img alt="Figure 9" fo:content-width="4in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig9highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig9.jpg" /> 
 Figure 9. Schema of the graft implantation in the recipient rat. The reconstruction procedures are performed for the supra- and infrahepatic vena cava (SHVC and IHVC) with a 7-0 continuous suture, the portal vein (PV) by a cuff technique, and the hepatic artery (HA) and bile duct (BD) by a stent technique.
<img alt="Figure 10" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig10.jpg" /> 
 Figure 10. Recipient operation until the removal of the native liver. a. The abdomen is opened by a midline incision. b. The right adrenal vein is ligated. c. The native liver is excised. Abbreviations are explained in Figure 2.
<img alt="Figure 11" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig11.jpg" /> 
 Figure 11. Anastomosis of the suprahepatic vena cava. a, b. The peripheral vascular clamp for the suprahepatic vena cava is fixed in a lump of oil-based clay. The stay sutures at both corners are maintained with gentle traction superiolaterally to widen the anastomosis. c. Continuous intraluminal suture of the posterior row in progress. d. Continuous suture of the anterior row in progress.
<img alt="Figure 12" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig12.jpg" /> 
 Figure 12. Reconstruction of the portal vein. a, b. The mosquito forceps clamping the portal vein is fixed in the oil-based clay and pulled toward the liver hilum. c-f. Insertion of the cuff into the portal vein.
<img alt="Figure 13" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig13.jpg" /> 
 Figure 13. Reconstruction of the hepatic artery. a, b. Insertion of a stent into the recipient common hepatic artery (CHA) at the bifurcation of the proper hepatic artery (PHA) and gastroduodenal artery (GDA).
<img alt="Figure 14" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig14.jpg" /> 
 Figure 14. Anastomosis of the infrahepatic vena cava. a. The stay sutures at both corners. b. Continuous suture of the posterior row. c. Continuous suture of the anterior row. d. Reperfusion of the infrahepatic vena cava. Abbreviations are explained in Figure 2.
<img alt="Figure 15" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig15.jpg" /> 
 Figure 15. All the reconstruction procedures are finished. Abbreviations are explained in Figure 2.
<img alt="Figure 16" src="/files/ftp_upload/4376/4376fig16.jpg" /> 
 Figure 16. Postoperative time-course of changes in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (n = 20; n = 5 at each time point). Data are expressed as means with error bars that indicate standard deviations. The ALT levels reached a peak at 24 hr (212.6 &plusmn; 67.9 IU/L) and then declined to within normal limits at 168 hr (33.6 &plusmn; 6.8 IU/L).

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction at JoVE.com

Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in rats using a whole or partial graft is an indispensable experimental model for transplantation research, such as ...

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36.0K Views.  RWTH-Aachen University. Orthotopic liver transplantation in rats is an indispensable experimental model for biomedical research. Here we present our surgical procedures for orthotopic rat liver transplantation with hepatic arterial reconstruction using a 50% partial graft.

Video: Surgical Procedures for a Rat Model of Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation with Hepatic Arterial Reconstruction

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP).
The commonly used animal model for cardiovascular chronic rejection studies is the heterotopic heart transplant model performed in laboratory rodents. This model is used widely in experiments since Ono and Lindsey (3) published their technique. To analyze the findings in the blood vessels, the heart has to be sectioned and all vessels have to be measured.
Another method to investigate chronic rejection in cardiovascular questionings is the aortic transplant model (1, 2). In the orthotopic aortic transplant model, the aorta can easily be histologically evaluated (2). The PVG-to-ACI model is especially useful for CAV studies, since acute vascular rejection is not a major confounding factor and Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment does not prevent the development of CAV, similar to what we find in the clinical setting (4). A7-day period of CsA is required in this model to prevent acute rejection and to achieve long-term survival with the development of TVP.
This model can also be used to investigate acute cellular rejection and media necrosis in xenogeneic models (5).

This video demonstrates the orthotopic aortic transplant model as a simple model to study the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP) in rats.

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat liver transplantation in 1979 by Kamada et al.3, this model has remained the gold standard despite various proposed alternative techniques4. Nevertheless, its broader use is limited by its steep learning curve5.
In this video paper, we show a simple and easy-to-establish revision of Kamada's two-cuff technique. The suprahepatic vena cava anastomosis is performed manually with a running suture, and the vena porta and infrahepatic vena cava anastomoses are performed utilizing a quick-linker cuff system6. Manufacturing the quick-linker kit is shown in a separate video paper.

We present an easy-to-establish revision of the classical two-cuff technique for orthotopic liver transplantation in rat.

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Heterotopic Auxiliary Rat Liver Transplantation With Flow-regulated Portal Vein Arterialization in Acute Hepatic Failure

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the failing native liver has regenerated.1-3 The APOLT-method, the orthotopic implantation of auxiliary segments- averts most of the technical problems. However this method necessitates extensive resections of both the native liver and the graft.4 In 1998, Erhard developed the heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) utilizing portal vein arterialization (PVA) (Figure 1). This technique showed promising initial clinical results.5-6 We developed a HALT-technique with flow-regulated PVA in the rat to examine the influence of flow-regulated PVA on graft morphology and function (Figure 2).
A liver graft reduced to 30 % of its original size, was heterotopically implanted in the right renal region of the recipient after explantation of the right kidney.&#160; The infra-hepatic caval vein of the graft was anastomosed with the infrahepatic caval vein of the recipient. The arterialization of the donor&#8217;s portal vein was carried out via the recipient&#8217;s right renal artery with the stent technique. The blood-flow regulation of the arterialized portal vein was achieved with the use of a stent with an internal diameter of 0.3 mm. The celiac trunk of the graft was end-to-side anastomosed with the recipient&#8217;s aorta and the bile duct was implanted into the duodenum. A subtotal resection of the native liver was performed to induce acute hepatic failure. 7
In this manner 112 transplantations were performed. The perioperative survival rate was 90% and the 6-week survival rate was 80%. Six weeks after operation, the native liver regenerated, showing an increase in weight from 2.3&#177;0.8 g to 9.8&#177;1 g. At this time, the graft&#8217;s weight decreased from 3.3&#177;0.8 g to 2.3&#177;0.8 g.
We were able to obtain promising long-term results in terms of graft morphology and function. HALT with flow-regulated PVA reliably bridges acute hepatic failure until the native liver regenerates.

Auxiliary liver transplantation provides a temporary support in acute hepatic failure, until regeneration of the failing liver. The heterotopic auxiliary liver transplantation (HALT) with portal vein arterialization (PVA) renders sufficient liver function. We developed an analogous technique in the rat, to examine the influence of the portal vein arterialization on the morphology and function of the graft.

In acute hepatic failure auxiliary liver transplantation is an interesting alternative approach. The aim is to provide a temporary support until the ...

Method of Direct Segmental Intra-hepatic Delivery Using a Rat Liver Hilar Clamp Model

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with myriad negative consequences. Potential I/R injury in marginal organs destined for liver transplantation contributes to the current donor shortage secondary to a decreased organ utilization rate. A significant need exists to explore hepatic I/R injury in order to mediate its impact on graft function in transplantation. Rat liver hilar clamp models are used to investigate the impact of different molecules on hepatic I/R injury. Depending on the model, these molecules have been delivered using inhalation, epidural infusion, intraperitoneal injection, intravenous administration or injection into the peripheral superior mesenteric vein. A rat liver hilar clamp model has been developed for use in studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating I/R injury. The described model for rat liver hilar clamp includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic hepatic segment via a side branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct segmental hepatic delivery. Our approach is to induce ischemia in the left lateral and median lobes for 60 min, during which time the substance under study is infused. In this case, pegylated-superoxide dismutase (PEG-SOD), a free radical scavenger, is infused directly into the ischemic segment. This series of experiments demonstrates that infusion of PEG-SOD is protective against hepatic I/R injury. Advantages of this approach include direct injection of the molecule into the ischemic segment with consequent decrease in volume of distribution and reduction in systemic side effects.

A unique rat liver hilar clamp model was developed for studying the impact of pharmacologic molecules in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury. This model includes direct cannulation of the portal supply to the ischemic liver segment via a branch of the portal vein, allowing for direct hepatic delivery.

Major hepatic surgery with inflow occlusion, and liver transplantation, necessitate a period of warm ischemia, and a period of reperfusion leading to ...

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. To better understand the mechanism behind these surgical procedures, a rat partial liver transplantation (PLTx) model was established for relevant surgical studies. Because of the complexity of the rat PLTx model, a protocol with detailed descriptions is required. An article published previously reported a protocol in which ex vivo hepatectomy was used to achieve 50% rat PLTx. In contrast to this protocol, we introduced a re-arterialized PLTx with an in vivo 70% hepatectomy. An updated vessel-oriented hepatectomy was incorporated into the rat PLTx to refine the microsurgical procedure. The portal veins and hepatic arteries of the left lateral lobe and the median lobe were individually dissected and ligated before removal of the liver parenchyma, thereby decreasing the probability of bleeding in the remnant liver stump. Furthermore, an end-to-side vessel anastomosis between the common hepatic artery and the enlarged proper hepatic artery was introduced to re-arterialize the hepatic artery. By using this end-to-side vessel anastomosis technique, the diameter of the anastomosis was enlarged, thereby decreasing the difficulty of hand suture and maintaining a high rate of anastomotic patency. Moreover, the cuff anastomosis of the infrahepatic vena cava was slightly modified. A section of circumferential liver parenchyma around the vena cava of a recipient was preserved during cuff anastomosis to maintain the three-dimensional shape of the vascular lumen. This section of liver parenchyma was removed after completing the anastomosis. With this modification, the step involving placement of stay sutures was omitted, thereby further shortening the cuff anastomosis time. By using this protocol of rat PLTx, a low liver enzyme level, an intact liver lobular architecture and a high survival rate were achieved after microsurgery.

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Here, a protocol involving re-arterialized rat partial liver transplantation is presented. Specifically, 70% liver was resected in vivo by using an updated technique of vessel-oriented hepatectomy. The hepatic artery was reconstructed in an end-to-side manner. The cuff technique was modified to shorten the anastomosis time of the infrahepatic vena cava.

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. ...

A Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using a Novel Magnetic Anastomosis Technique for Suprahepatic Vena Cava Reconstruction

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep learning curve. The introduction of the cuff technique for anastomosis of the portal vein (PV) and infrahepatic vena cava (IHVC) has significantly simplified the transplant procedure in rats. However, due to the short anterior wall of the recipients' suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC), the cuff technique is very difficult to use for the reconstruction of the SHVC. Most researchers in this field still use the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction, which makes it the bottleneck step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. The magnetic anastomosis technique (i.e., magnamosis) is a method of connecting two vessels using the attractive force between two magnets. Our recent study has shown that the magnetic anastomosis technique is superior to the hand-suture technique for SHVC reconstruction in rats. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using the novel magnetic anastomosis technique. In this model, the reconstruction of the PV and IHVC was performed by the standard cuff technique, while the reconstruction of the bile duct (BD) was performed by a stent technique. The hepatic re-arterialization was not performed. The magnetic anastomosis technique made SHVC reconstruction much easier and significantly shortened the anphepatic phase. After a reasonable learning curve, even researchers without advanced microsurgical skills can produce reliable and reproducible results using this rat model of OLT.

The reconstruction of the suprahepatic vena cava (SHVC) remains a difficult step in rat orthotopic liver transplantation. In this article, we show a step-by-step protocol for SHVC reconstruction in rats using a novel magnetic anastomosis technique.

The rat model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is essential for transplant research. It is a very sophisticated animal model and requires a steep ...

Orthotopic Rat Kidney Transplantation: A Novel and Simplified Surgical Approach

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of renal replacement therapy. Over the past few decades, the rat kidney transplantation model has been used to study the immunological phenomena of rejection and tolerance. This model has become an indispensable tool to test new immunomodulatory pharmaceuticals and regimens prior to proceeding with expensive preclinical large animal studies.
This protocol provides a detailed overview of how to reliably perform orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This protocol includes three distinctive steps that increase the probability of success: perfusion of the donor kidney by flushing through the portal vein and the use of a cuff system to anastomose the renal veins and ureters, thereby decreasing cold and warm ischemia times. Using this technique, we have achieved survival rates beyond 6 months with normal serum creatinine in animals with syngeneic or tolerant kidney transplants. Depending on the aim of the study, this model can be modified by pre- or posttransplant treatments to study the acute, chronic, cellular, or antibody-mediated rejection. It is a reproducible, reliable, and cost-effective animal model to study different aspects of kidney transplantation.

The purpose of this manuscript and protocol is to explain and demonstrate in detail the surgical procedure of orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This method is simplified to achieve the correct perfusion of the donor kidney and shorten the reperfusion time by using the venous and ureteral cuff anastomosis technique.

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of ...

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition caused by various etiologies resulting in the loss of metabolic, biochemical, synthesizing, and detoxifying functions of the liver. In most irreversible liver damage cases, orthotropic liver transplant (OLT) remains the only available treatment. To study the therapeutic potential of a treatment for ALF, its prior testing in an animal model of ALF is essential. In the current study, an ALF model in rats was developed by combining 70% partial hepatectomy (PHx) and injections of acetaminophen (APAP) that provides a therapeutic window of 48 h. The median and left lateral lobes of the liver were removed to excise 70% of the liver mass and APAP was given 24 h postsurgically for 2 days. Survival in ALF-induced animals was found to be severely decreased. The development of ALF was confirmed by altered serum levels of the enzymes alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP); changes in prothrombin time (PT); and assessment of the international normalized ratio (INR). Study of the gene expression profile by qPCR revealed an increase in expression levels of genes involved in apoptosis, inflammation, and in the progression of liver injury. Diffused degeneration of hepatocytes and infiltration of immune cells was observed by histological evaluation. The reversibility of ALF was confirmed by the restoration of survival and serum levels of ALT, AST, and ALP after intrasplenic transplantation of syngeneic healthy rat hepatocytes. This model presents a reliable alternative to the available ALF animal models to study the pathophysiology of ALF as well as to evaluate the potential of a novel therapy for ALF. The use of two different approaches also makes it possible to study the combined effect of physical and drug-induced liver injury. The reproducibility and feasibility of current procedure is an added benefit of the model.

The acute liver failure animal model developed in the current study presents a feasible alternative for the study of potential therapies. The current model employs the combined effect of physical and drug-induced hepatic injury and provides a suitable time window to study the potential of novel therapies.

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a clinical condition caused by various etiologies resulting in the loss of metabolic, biochemical, synthesizing, and ...

Reduced Complications after Arterial Reconnection in a Rat Model of Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation of human liver transplantation due to the absence of arterial reconnection. Described here is a modified transplantation procedure that includes the incorporation of hepatic artery (HA) reconnection, leading to a marked improvement in transplant outcomes. With a mean anhepatic time of 12 min and 14 s, HA reconnection results in improved perfusion of the transplanted liver and an increase in long-term recipient survival from 37.5% to 88.2%. This protocol includes the use of 3D-printed cuffs and holders to connect the portal vein and infrahepatic inferior vena cava. It can be implemented for studying multiple aspects of liver transplantation, from immune response and infection to technical aspects of the procedure. By incorporating a simple and practical method for arterial reconnection using a microvascular technique, this modified rat OLT protocol closely mimics aspects of human liver transplantation and will serve as a valuable and clinically relevant research model.

The goal of this study is to modify the rat orthotopic liver transplant model to better represent human liver transplantation and improve recipient survival. The presented method reestablishes hepatic arterial inflow by connecting the donor liver&#39;s common hepatic artery to the recipient liver&#39;s proper hepatic artery.

The rat orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) model is a powerful tool to study acute and chronic rejection. However, it is not a complete representation ...

Left Lung Orthotopic Transplantation in a Juvenile Porcine Model for ESLP

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. However, lung transplantation is limited by a shortage of available donor organs. As such, there is high waitlist mortality. Ex situ lung perfusion (ESLP) has increased donor lung utilization rates in some centers by 15%-20%. ESLP has been applied as a method to assess and recondition marginal donor lungs and has demonstrated acceptable short- and long-term outcomes following transplantation of extended criteria donor (ECD) lungs. Large animal (in vivo) transplantation models are required to validate ongoing in vitro research findings. Anatomic and physiologic differences between humans and pigs pose significant technical and anesthetic challenges. An easily reproducible transplant model would permit the&#160;in vivo&#160;validation of current ESLP strategies and the preclinical evaluation of various interventions designed to improve donor lung function. This protocol describes a porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation. This includes anesthetic and surgical techniques, a customized surgical checklist, troubleshooting, modifications, and the benefits and limitations of the approach.

This protocol describes a juvenile porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation designed for use with ESLP research. Focus is made on anesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as critical steps and troubleshooting.

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. ...