This work is supported in part by the American Heart Association GRA Spring 09 Postdoctoral Fellowship (09POST2250268) and the NIH R01 CA097465. We highly appreciate Dr. Wen Li and Dr. Vikas Gulani for MRI protocol test and setup, and Ms. Yvonne Parker for her assistance on tumor implantation.

Protocol adapted from a prior study11.
1. Conjugation of Gd-DOTA to CLT1 Peptide
<ol>
	<li>Using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis, synthesize CLT1 peptide (CGLIIQKNEC) from Fmoc-protected amino acids on a 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (1.0 mmol).</li>
	<li>After adding final amino acid, cyclize the linear peptide on-resin with thallium(III) trifluoroacetate (1.09 g, 2.0 mmol, 2 equivalents) in DMF (20 ml) at 0 &#176;C for 2 hr.</li>
	<li>Next, conjugate PEG and lysine sequentially to the N-terminus of CLT1 peptide (1.0 mmol) on resin by reacting sequentially with Fmoc-NH-PEG-COOH (3.0 mmol), Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH (3.0 mmol), and a second batch of Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH (6 mmol).</li>
	<li>Remove Fmoc with piperidine. Add DOTA-tris(t-Bu) (4.58 g, 8.0 mmol, 2 equivalents to each amino group) to react with the four free amines from the lysine dendrimer on the resin for 2 hr.</li>
	<li>Finally, cleave and deprotect the product from the resin by treating with a cocktail of trifluoroacetic acid, water, and triisobutylsilane (TIS) (20 ml, 95/2.5/2.5) for 8 hr at RT. Remove the resin by filtration followed by washing with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Add the combined filtrates dropwise to cold ethyl ether (200 ml), centrifuge, and wash with ethyl ether 4x. Dry under vacuum to give a colorless solid (1.99 g, 61% yield).</li>
	<li>Purify the crude product with preparative HPLC using a gradient of 0-40% solvent B (0.1% TFA in acetonitrile) in solvent A (0.1% TFA aqueous solution) for 20 min and 40-90% solvent B in solvent A for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Dissolve CLT1-dL-(DOTA)4 (250 mg, 0.077 mmol) in DI water (15 ml) and adjust the pH to 6 using 1 M NaOH. Add Gd(OAc)3.4H2O (472 mg, 0.462 mmol, 1.5 equivalents to DOTA monoamide) in portions to the solution, while maintaining the pH at 6 using 1 M NaOH. Stir the reaction solution at RT for 48 hr.</li>
	<li>Complex the residual Gd(III) with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (90 mg, 0.31 mmol), and purify the crude product with a size exclusion column to give the final product CLT1-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 (169 mg, 57%).</li>
</ol>
2. Characterization of Contrast Agents
<ol>
	<li>Measure Gd(III) content with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy.</li>
	<li>Acquire matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra in linear mode with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHB) as a matrix.</li>
	<li>Measure relaxation times of the aqueous solution of the contrast agents of CLT1-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 and a nontargeted control agent sCLT1-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 with different concentrations at 60 MHz (1.5 T) with a relaxometer at 37 &#176;C. Use an inversion-recovery pulse sequence to measure T1 and a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence with 500 echoes to measure T2. Calculate T1 and T2 relaxivities of the agents from the slopes of the plots of 1/T1 and 1/T2 versus the Gd concentrations.</li>
</ol>
3. Cell Culture and Development of Animal Model with Orthotopic PC3 Prostate Tumor
<ol>
	<li>Culture PC3 prostate cancer cells with constitutive expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP) in RPMI medium supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and penicillin/streptomycin/fungizone, harvest by trypsinization and resuspend at density of 2.5 x 104 cells/&#956;l PBS.</li>
	<li>Maintain male NIH athymic nude mice (4-5 weeks old) at the Athymic Animal Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) according to an animal protocol approved by the CWRU Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.</li>
	<li>The surgical surfaces were sprayed with 2% chlorhexidine solution and then covered with absorbent drapes. Sterile surgical gloves were worn during the procedure. Before animal surgery, i.p. inject Avertin (250 mg/kg) to anesthetize the mice. Alternatively, ketamine/xylazine /acepromazine can be used at a concentration of 50/5/1 mg/kg. Ophthalmic ointment was applied to the mouse to maintain adequate moisture during the anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Start the surgery by cutting a small incision through the skin and peritoneum along the lower midline at a length of about 1 cm using a sterile scalpel. A sterile surgical drape was covered around the incision site during survival surgeries.</li>
	<li>Gently exteriorize and stabilize the prostate dorsal lobes to expose the prostate. Inject the suspension of PC3-GFP cells in PBS (20 &#956;l) into the prostate with a 30 gauge needle. Finally close the incision with wound autoclip12.</li>
	<li>For post-procedure monitoring, monitor animals twice per day for 1 week. Signs of illness include lack of eating, dark urine collecting around urethra, and unsteady gait which could indicate infection or occlusion of the bladder in the staples.</li>
	<li>After 10 days, remove the staples using a staple remover. Monitor the animals daily to assess tumor size and any evidence of pain such as weight loss, behavioral deviations, and motor defects. Euthanize the animals which showed a tumor size exceeding the ethically allowed limit or evidence of pain during tumor growth.</li>
</ol>
4. Confirmation of Tumor Binding Specificity of the Peptides with Fluorescence Imaging and Histology
<ol>
	<li>After tumor cell inoculation, allow approximately 4 weeks of tumor growth before beginning with the imaging. Prior to injection of the peptide probes, acquire GFP fluorescence images with live mice on a fluorescence imager to verify the presence of tumor.</li>
	<li>I.v. inject Texas Red labeled peptides to the tumor bearing mice at a dose of 10 nmol/mouse.</li>
	<li>Sacrifice the mice 2 hr later by cervical dislocation, collect the tumor and major organs, and immediately image on a fluorescence imager. Use green light filters for GFP (excitation: 444-490 nm; emission: 515 nm long-pass filter; acquisition settings: 500-720 in 10 nm steps) and red light filters for Texas Red (excitation: 576-621 nm; emission: 635 nm long-pass filter; acquisition settings: 630-800 in 10 nm steps). 10 msec exposure time for GFP and 150 msec for Texas Red.</li>
	<li>Immediately after measurement of whole tissue fluorescence, collect tumor tissues, fix with formalin, and cryosection into 5-&#956;m slices.</li>
	<li>After rinsing with PBS, mount with 1 drop of mounting medium containing 4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), image immediately on a confocal laser scanning microscope.</li>
</ol>
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
<ol>
	<li>Approximately 4 weeks after tumor cell inoculation, allow the tumors to grow up to 0.3-0.6 cm in diameter. Use a 7 T MRI scanner with a volume radio frequency (RF) coil for MRI study.</li>
	<li>Anesthetize the mouse with a 2% isoflurane-oxygen mixture in an isoflurane induction chamber. Ophthalmic ointment was applied to the mouse to maintain adequate moisture during the anesthesia.</li>
	<li>Insert a 30 gauge needle into a 1.0 m long tubing filled with heparinized saline. Place the self-made catheter in the mouse tail vein.</li>
	<li>Place the mouse into the magnet and keep under inhalation anesthesia with 1.5% isoflurane-oxygen via a nose cone.</li>
	<li>Place a respiratory sensor connected to a monitoring system on the abdomen to monitor rate and depth of respiration. Maintain the body temperature at 37 &#176;C by blowing hot air into the magnet through a feedback control system.</li>
	<li>Begin with sagittal section images using a localizing sequence to identify the tumor location (TR/TE = 200/3.7 msec, FOV = 3.0 cm, slice thickness = 2.2 mm, slice number = 16, average = 2, flip angle = 45&#176;, matrix = 128 x 128).</li>
	<li>Use a 2D T1-weighted gradient fat suppression sequence to acquire 2D axial images for CE-MRI (TR/TE = 151.2/1.9 msec, FOV = 3.0 cm x 3.0 cm, slice thickness = 1.2 mm, slice number = 12, average = 1, flip angle = 80&#176;, matrix = 128 x 128).</li>
	<li>After pre-injection baseline MR image acquisition, begin to inject the targeted agent or control agent at a dose of 0.03 mmol Gd/kg by flushing with 200 &#956;l of saline.</li>
	<li>Continue to acquire CE-MRI images at different time points for up to 30 min.</li>
</ol>
6. Image Processing and Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Use imaging software for image analysis.</li>
	<li>Draw the regions of interest (ROIs) over the whole tumor and the kidneys in the two-dimensional imaging plane and measure average signal intensity.</li>
	<li>To quantify the CE-MRI data, measure tumor or kidney contrast enhancement (&#916;SNR) by calculation of the increase in post-contrast SNR over pre-contrast SNR using the following equation: &#916;SNR = (St/&#963;t) - (S0/&#963;0), where S0 and St denote the signal in the tumor or the kidneys before and after contrast, and &#963;0 and &#963;t are the standard deviation of noise measured from the background air before and after contrast.</li>
	<li>Calculate the p values using the student&#39;s two-tailed t-test, assuming statistical significance at p&#60;0.05.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Brown, M. A., Semelka, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> MRI Basic Principles and Applications. , (2003).</li><li>Artemov, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+magnetic+resonance+imaging+with+targeted+contrast+agents.">Molecular magnetic resonance imaging with targeted contrast agents.</a> J. Cell. Biochem. 90, 518-524 (2003).</li><li>Kalber, T. L., Kamaly, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low+molecular+weight+folate+receptor+targeted+contrast+agent+for+magnetic+resonance+tumor+imaging.">A low molecular weight folate receptor targeted contrast agent for magnetic resonance tumor imaging.</a> Mol. Imaging Biol. 13, 653-662 (2011).</li><li>Schmieder, A. H., Winter, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+MR+imaging+of+melanoma+angiogenesis+with+alphanubeta3-targeted+paramagnetic+nanoparticles.">Molecular MR imaging of melanoma angiogenesis with alphanubeta3-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles.</a> Magn. Reson. Med. 53, 621-627 (2005).</li><li>Mulder, W. J., Strijkers, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MR+molecular+imaging+and+fluorescence+microscopy+for+identification+of+activated+tumor+endothelium+using+a+bimodal+lipidic+nanoparticle.">MR molecular imaging and fluorescence microscopy for identification of activated tumor endothelium using a bimodal lipidic nanoparticle.</a> FASEB J. 19, 2008-2010 (2005).</li><li>Wang, S. J., Brechbiel, M., Wiener, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+a+new+MRI+contrast+agent+prepared+from+polypropyleneimine+dendrimers,+generation+2.">Characteristics of a new MRI contrast agent prepared from polypropyleneimine dendrimers, generation 2.</a> Invest. Radiol. 38, 662-668 (2003).</li><li>Amirbekian, V., Aguinaldo, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atherosclerosis+and+matrix+metalloproteinases:+experimental+molecular+MR+imaging+in+vivo.">Atherosclerosis and matrix metalloproteinases: experimental molecular MR imaging in vivo.</a> Radiology. 251, 429-438 (2009).</li><li>Overoye-Chan, K., Koerner, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EP-2104R:+a+fibrin-specific+gadolinium-Based+MRI+contrast+agent+for+detection+of+thrombus.">EP-2104R: a fibrin-specific gadolinium-Based MRI contrast agent for detection of thrombus.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 6025-6039 (2008).</li><li>Pilch, J., Brown, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptides+selected+for+binding+to+clotted+plasma+accumulate+in+tumor+stroma+and+wounds.">Peptides selected for binding to clotted plasma accumulate in tumor stroma and wounds.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 2800-2804 (2006).</li><li>Rohrer, M., Bauer, H., Mintorovitch, J., Requardt, M., Weinmann, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+magnetic+properties+of+MRI+contrast+media+solutions+at+different+magnetic+field+strengths.">Comparison of magnetic properties of MRI contrast media solutions at different magnetic field strengths.</a> Invest. Radiol. 40, 715-724 (2005).</li><li>Wu, X., Burden-Gulley, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+and+evaluation+of+a+peptide+targeted+small+molecular+Gd-DOTA+monoamide+conjugate+for+MR+molecular+imaging+of+prostate+cancer.">Synthesis and evaluation of a peptide targeted small molecular Gd-DOTA monoamide conjugate for MR molecular imaging of prostate cancer.</a> Bioconjugate Chem. 23, 1548-1556 (2012).</li><li>Burden-Gulley, S. M., Gates, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+molecular+diagnostic+of+glioblastomas:+detection+of+an+extracellular+fragment+of+protein+tyrosine+phosphatase+mu.">A novel molecular diagnostic of glioblastomas: detection of an extracellular fragment of protein tyrosine phosphatase mu.</a> Neoplasia. 12, 305-316 (2010).</li><li>McBride, J. 	. D., Birgit, H., Leatherbarrow, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resin-coupled+cyclic+peptides+as+proteinase+inhibitors.">Resin-coupled cyclic peptides as proteinase inhibitors.</a> Protein and Peptide. 3 (3), 193-198 (1996).</li><li>Cline, D. J., Thorpe, C., Schneider, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+method+for+facile+intramolecular+disulfide+formation+in+synthetic+peptides.">General method for facile intramolecular disulfide formation in synthetic peptides.</a> Anal. Biochem. 335 (1), 168-170 (2004).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

Critical Steps
Selection of Proper Biomarker and Targeting Small Peptide
To successfully develop a targeted contrast agent with small size, two key points need to be considered. First, it is important to select proper molecular biomarkers which are abundantly present in diseased tissues with little presence in normal tissues. Our selected cancer-related biomarker, clotted plasma proteins, meets this requirement. Second, the selected targeted small mol...

Effective imaging of cancer related molecular targets is of great significance to improve the accuracy of earlier cancer detection and diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful clinical imaging modality with high spatial resolution and no ionization radiation1. However, no targeted contrast agent is available for clinical MR cancer molecular imaging. Innovative design and development of targeted MRI contrast agents would greatly advance the application of MR cancer molecular imaging. Significant efforts have been made to develop targeted contrast agents for MR imaging of the biomarkers expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Due to relatively low sensitivity of MRI and low concentration of these biomarkers, it is a challenge to generate sufficient contrast enhancement for effective MR molecular imaging using small molecular targeted contrast agents2,3. In order to obtain sufficient enhancement, various delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles and polymer conjugates with a high payload of paramagnetic Gd(III) chelates have been prepared to increase local concentration of contrast agents at the target sites4,5. Although these delivery systems were able to generate significant tumor enhancement in animal models, their large sizes resulted in slow and incomplete elimination from the body, resulting in prolonged accumulation of toxic Gd(III) ions, which may cause serious safety concerns6. Recently, some studies have shown that the limitations of MRI for molecular imaging can be overcome by selecting proper molecular biomarkers with high local expression in the lesions and using small molecular agents that can be readily excreted7,8. The key feature of these agents is that they target molecular markers abundantly present in the diseased tissues with little presence in normal tissues. A high concentration of contrast agents can bind to these targets, resulting in sufficient contrast enhancement for effective MR molecular imaging. Since their size is smaller than the renal filtration threshold, unbound contrast agents can readily be excreted from the body with reduced background noise. We have selected a universal cancer-related biomarker, clotted plasma proteins, which abundantly exist in tumor stroma, and are rarely present in normal tissues9. We synthesized a targeted contrast agent containing a small targeting peptide CGLIIQKNEC (CLT1), which showed strong specific binding to the PC3 prostate tumor model10, and four Gd-DOTA monoamide chelates. Here, we provide a methodology for MR cancer molecular imaging to detect tumors in mice.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fmoc protected amino acids</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals Inc</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DOTA-tris(t-Bu)</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>PyBOP, HOBt, HBTU</td>
			<td>Nova Biochem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DIPEA, Thallium(III) trifluoroacetate, TIS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Corp.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Texas Red, succinimidyl ester, single isomer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T20175</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EQUIPMENTS</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Agilent 1100 HPLC system</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>ZORBAX 300SB-C18 PrepHT column</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>ICP-OES Optima 3100XL</td>
			<td>Perkin-Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>AutoflexTM Speed</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Maestro FLEX In Vivo Imaging System</td>
			<td>Cambridge Research &amp; Instrumentation, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Biospec 7T MRI scanner</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

mr molecular imaging of prostate cancer with a small molecular clt1 peptide targeted contrast agent

Tumor extracellular matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers for cancer molecular imaging. In this work, we demonstrated effective MR cancer molecular imaging with a small molecular peptide targeted Gd-DOTA monoamide complex as a targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma. We performed the experiment of evaluating the effectiveness of the agent for non-invasive detection of prostate tumor with MRI in a mouse orthotopic PC-3 prostate cancer model. The targeted contrast agent was effective to produce significant tumor contrast enhancement at a low dose of 0.03 mmol Gd/kg. The peptide targeted MRI contrast agent is promising for MR molecular imaging of prostate tumor.

Figure 1 depicts synthesis of the targeted contrast agent CLT1-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 and the overall scheme of the experiment. CLT1-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 shows much higher relaxivity than clinical Gd-DOTA (Table 1). At 1.5 T, the T1 relaxivity per gadolinium of CLT1-dL-(Gd-DOTA)4 in PBS (pH 7.4) is approximately 3 times higher than that of Gd-DOTA10. Maestro imaging confirms the strong specific binding of Texas Red labeled CLT1 (CLT1-TR) to tumor with little binding...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about MR Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with a Small Molecular CLT1 Peptide Targeted Contrast Agent at JoVE.com

MR Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer with a Small Molecular CLT1 Peptide Targeted Contrast Agent

To demonstrate MR cancer molecular imaging with a small peptide targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma in a mouse prostate cancer model.

Tumor extracellular  matrix has abundance of cancer related proteins that can be used as biomarkers  for cancer molecular imaging. In this work,  we ...

mr-molecular-imaging-prostate-cancer-with-small-molecular-clt1

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K Views.  Case Western Reserve University. To demonstrate MR cancer molecular imaging with a small peptide targeted MRI contrast agent specific to clotted plasma proteins in tumor stroma in a mouse prostate cancer model.