Development of this protocol was supported by the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant Number 8UL1TR000055. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

NOTE: Patients and/or their guardians should give informed consent to participate in an Institutional Review Board approved study.
1. Buffers and Media Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Washing buffer: To prepare 100 ml of washing buffer, add 1 ml of 100x pen/strep Solution (100 U/ml penicillin + 100 &#181;g/ml of Streptomycin) to 99 ml of phosphate buffer saline (PBS).</li>
	<li>Urinary Progenitor Cell (UPC) Medium: To prepare UPC medium, mix equal volumes of Keratinocyte Serum Free (KSF) Medium + Progenitor Cell Medium.
	<ol>
		<li>KSF Medium: To prepare keratinocyte medium, add 5 ng/ml of epidermal growth factor (EGF), 50 ng/ml of bovine pituitary extract (BPE), 30 ng/ml of cholera toxin, and pen/strep solution (100 U/ml penicillin, 100 &#181;g/ml streptomycin) to 500 ml KSF medium.</li>
		<li>Progenitor Cell Medium: Add three quarters of DMEM with one quarter of Ham-F12 media and supplement with 10% FBS, 0.4 &#181;g/ml hydrocortisone, 0.1 nM cholera toxin, 5 ng/ml insulin, 1.8 x 10-4 M adenine, 5 &#181;g/ml transferrin, 2 x 10-9 M triiodo thyronine, 10 ng/ml EGF, and pen/strep solution.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>hES Medium: Add 20% KO-serum replacement (K-SR), 1x MEM non-essential amino acids, 2 mM l-glutamine, 100 &#181;M &#946;-mercaptoethanol, 20 ng/ml bFGF and pen/strep to 400 ml DMEM/F12 medium.</li>
</ol>
2. Urine Sample Collection
<ol>
	<li>Instruct the patients to drink fluids 30 min prior to urine collection to ensure that an adequate amount (~30&#8211;40 ml) of urine can be collected.</li>
	<li>Give the patients and/or their guardians a urine collection kit containing the following items: (1) written instructions on how to obtain sterile or clean catch urine sample, (2) moist anti-bacterial toilettes, and (3) a 100 ml sterile specimen collection cup. Instruct patients to collect sample.</li>
	<li>Immediately place the urine samples on ice and transfer to the laboratory in a cooler. Process the urine for cell isolation immediately. If a delay is unavoidable, store the specimen on ice for up to 4 hr with minimal loss of cell viability.</li>
</ol>
3. Isolation and Expansion of Urine Cells
NOTE: Perform the following steps under sterile conditions in a BSL2 Biological Safety Cabinet.
<ol>
	<li>Using sterile pipettes, transfer urine samples to sterile 50-ml centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 400 &#215; g for 10 min at RT.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the supernatant leaving 1 ml in the tube; be careful not to disturb the cell pellet.</li>
	<li>Resuspend and combine the pellets from multiple tubes into 7 ml of washing buffer and repeat centrifugation at 400 &#215; g for 10 min at RT.</li>
	<li>Carefully aspirate the supernatant, leaving the cell pellet and ~0.2&#8211;0.5 ml of supernatant. Resuspend in 2&#8211;3 ml of Urinary Progenitor Cell (UPC) medium and transfer the suspension into 4&#8211;6 wells of an uncoated 24-well plate.</li>
	<li>After 72 hr, supplement the culture with 0.5 ml of fresh UPC medium per well and change medium every 2&#8211;3 days after. The erythrocytes and squamous cells that do not attach to the plate will be removed with the medium changes.</li>
	<li>Monitor culture after 4&#8211;6 days. 
	NOTE: Small 2&#8211;4 cell colonies will start to appear. Cells will be rounded or elongated which represent type I or type II of renal epithelial (RE) cells respectively3.</li>
	<li>Change the medium every 2&#8211;3 days since once the cells appear, they will undergo a rapid expansion phase.</li>
	<li>Once the cells reach 80&#8211;90% confluence, around 9&#8211;15 days after plating, dissociate and passage the cells (15,000&#8211;18,000 cells/cm2) onto 2&#8211;4 wells of 24 well plate for further expansion. Mark this as cell passage 1 (P1).</li>
	<li>Characterize urine cells for lineage specifications through flow cytometric analysis, immunohistochemical staining or through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).</li>
	<li>Reprogram isolated urine cells (section 4) or freeze them down in Freezing Medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% serum and 10% DMSO) for long-term cryostorage.</li>
</ol>
4. Urine Cell Reprogramming Using Sendai Virus
NOTE: The proper handling and the use of PPE (personal protective equipment) is recommended while manipulating the transfecting agents. Perform the following steps under sterile conditions in a BSL2 Biological Safety Cabinet. The proper disposal of transfecting agent and/or transfected cells is recommended to avoid risk of environmental and health hazards. For urine cell reprogramming, use a Sendai Reprogramming Kit with modifications to the manufacturer&#8217;s feeder-dependent protocol as detailed below.
<ol>
	<li>To ensure high efficiency reprogramming using the Sendai virus, use passages 1&#8211;5 of urine cells that are rapidly dividing. If the cells do not replicate well or become senescent, discard them as they will not reprogram efficiently.</li>
	<li>Seed 60,000 cells per well in two wells of a 6 well plate. Mark this as Day -2. Adjust cell seeding density (5 x 104 &#8211; 9 x 104 cells per well) as needed to reach 80&#8211;90% confluence by Day 0.</li>
	<li>On Day 0 (48 hr after plating the cells), prepare the Sendai reprogramming vectors (SeV) containing each of the four OSKM factors. Add each of the vectors to 1 ml of pre-warmed UPC medium. Use an MOI of 1&#8211;1.5 (5&#8211;7.5 x 105 CIU), which is sufficient for reprogramming urine cells. Aspirate the medium and slowly add the 1 ml UPC + SeV to one well of the urine cells. Use the second well as the transduction negative control.</li>
	<li>On Day 1, replace the UPC + SeV medium with fresh UPC medium. Some cell death is seen after 24 h due to viral cytotoxicity.</li>
	<li>Depending on efficiency of reprogrammed clone formations and the compact morphology, keep changing the medium daily until day 6 or 7.</li>
	<li>One day prior to dissociation of transduced cells (day 5 or 6), prepare MEF feeder plates by plating Mitomycin-C (10 &#181;g/ml for 3 hr) treated-MEFs at density of 5 x 104 cells/cm2, on 0.1% gelatin coated 100 mm2 culture dishes.</li>
	<li>Next day (day 6 or 7), dissociate the cells with 0.25% trypsin, resuspend the cells in UPC medium and plate 5 x 104 &#8211; 2 x 105 cells/100 mm2 MEF feeder plate.</li>
	<li>The following day, switch to hES medium and change the medium every day. Observe the cells under a microscope to monitor transformed cells. 
	NOTE: The cells form clonal aggregates with characteristic cobblestone morphology and having higher nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio (12&#8211;18 days post transduction).</li>
	<li>Within two to three weeks after transduction, pick colonies and transfer to new plates for clonal expansion.</li>
	<li>Perform live cell staining for selecting iPSC clones by incubating cells with TRA-1-81 antibody for 1 hr at 37 &#176;C in CO2 incubator followed by counter staining with specific florescent dye conjugated secondary antibody for 1 hr at 37 &#176;C in CO2 incubator.</li>
	<li>Use a 26 G&#160;1&#189; inch needle to cross-hatch the larger TRA-1-81 positive iPSC clones into small equal sized pieces (4&#8211;6 pieces per clone).</li>
	<li>Use a sterile pipette-tip to pick and transfer 10&#8211;20 cross-hatched pieces from multiple clones into each well of Matrigel (10 &#181;g/cm2)-coated 24 well plate with hES medium. 
	NOTE: Pieces from a single clone plated individually into a single well do not expand or maintain pluripotency.</li>
	<li>Change from hES to iPSC medium 24&#8211;48 hr after the reprogrammed clones are attached to the Matrigel surface.</li>
	<li>During maintenance on Matrigel-coated plates, manually scrape-off any differentiated cells or contaminating MEF feeder cells using a pipette-tip to enrich for fully reprogrammed and pluripotent dystrophic iPSC (MD-iPSC) clones.</li>
	<li>After individual clones have reached ~100 &#956;m size, expand the clones by dissociating with 0.48 mM EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) solution for 3 min and plating small cell aggregates of MD-iPSCs suspended in iPSC medium (supplemented with 5 &#956;M Y27632, RhO Kinase inhibitor) on fresh matrigel (10 &#181;g/cm2) coated 12 well plate. Change iPSC medium daily.</li>
	<li>Full reprogramming of each clone can be determined by both gene expression analysis of OSKM genes and immunohistochemical staining of pluripotency markers (Oct3/4 and TRA-1-81). A rigorous evaluation of pluripotency potential should be employed to confirm fully reprogrammed iPSC lines can differentiate into three germ layers. This can be accomplished either by embryoid body (EB) formation and differentiation assay or a teratoma formation assay.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Guan, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dystrophin-deficient+cardiomyocytes+derived+from+human+urine:+New+biologic+reagents+for+drug+discovery.">Dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes derived from human urine: New biologic reagents for drug discovery.</a> Stem Cell Research. 12 (2), 467-480 (2014).</li><li>Dick, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exon+Skipping+and+Gene+Transfer+Restore+Dystrophin+Expression+in+Human+Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells-Cardiomyocytes+Harboring+DMD+Mutations.">Exon Skipping and Gene Transfer Restore Dystrophin Expression in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells-Cardiomyocytes Harboring DMD Mutations.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 22 (20), 2714-2724 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+urine+samples.">Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from urine samples.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (12), 2080-2089 (2012).</li><li>Bellin, M., Marchetto, M. C., Gage, F. H., Mummery, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+pluripotent+stem+cells:+the+new+patient.">Induced pluripotent stem cells: the new patient.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 13 (11), 713-726 (2012).</li><li>Carvajal-Vergara, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-specific+induced+pluripotent+stem-cell-derived+models+of+LEOPARD+syndrome.">Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived models of LEOPARD syndrome.</a> Nature. 465 (7299), 808-812 (2010).</li><li>Sun, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-Specific+Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells+as+a+Model+for+Familial+Dilated+Cardiomyopathy.">Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Model for Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 4 (130), 130ra147 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Urine+derived+cells+are+a+potential+source+for+urological+tissue+reconstruction.">Urine derived cells are a potential source for urological tissue reconstruction.</a> J Urol. 180 (5), 2226-2233 (2008).</li><li>Bayart, E., Cohen-Haguenauer, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technological+overview+of+iPS+induction+from+human+adult+somatic+cells.">Technological overview of iPS induction from human adult somatic cells.</a> Curr Gene Ther. 13 (2), 73-92 (2013).</li><li>Malik, N., Rao, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+methods+for+human+iPSC+derivation.">A review of the methods for human iPSC derivation.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 997, 23-33 (2013).</li><li>Nakanishi, M., Otsu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+Sendai+virus+vectors+and+their+potential+applications+in+gene+therapy+and+regenerative+medicine.">Development of Sendai virus vectors and their potential applications in gene therapy and regenerative medicine.</a> Curr. Gene Ther. 12 (5), 410-416 (2012).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Ram&#237;rez, R., Morales-L&#225;zaro, S. L., Tapia-Ram&#237;rez, V., Mornet, D., Cisneros, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+and+nuclear+envelope+localization+of+dystrophin+Dp71+and+dystrophin-associated+proteins+(DAPs)+in+the+C2C12+muscle+cells:+DAPs+nuclear+localization+is+modulated+during+myogenesis.">Nuclear and nuclear envelope localization of dystrophin Dp71 and dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs) in the C2C12 muscle cells: DAPs nuclear localization is modulated during myogenesis.</a> J Cell Biochem. 105 (3), 735-745 (2008).</li><li>Villarreal-Silva, M., Centeno-Cruz, F., Su&#225;rez-S&#225;nchez, R., Garrido, E., Cisneros, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Knockdown+of+dystrophin+Dp71+impairs+PC12+cells+cycle:+localization+in+the+spindle+and+cytokinesis+structures+implies+a+role+for+Dp71+in+cell+division.">Knockdown of dystrophin Dp71 impairs PC12 cells cycle: localization in the spindle and cytokinesis structures implies a role for Dp71 in cell division.</a> PloS One. 6 (8), e23504 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Modeling cardiovascular diseases using iPSCs is becoming a common approach to understand the genetic contribution4-6. Some unanticipated difficulties of obtaining cell samples from patients, especially young children, can be avoided by offering the option of a non-invasive approach such as a urine collection. In this young patient population, it is often difficult to collect a volume of urine sufficient to yield enough urine cells for reprogramming. Coaching the young patients to drink fluids 30 min prior to t...

Cardiomyopathy is the second leading cause of death in patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (MD). Although mutations in the X-linked dystrophin gene occur in 1:3,500 male births, very little is known about the molecular and cellular events leading to progressive cardiac muscle damage. Human induced pluripotent stem cells derived from muscular dystrophy patients have emerged as a novel tool to study the underlying disease mechanisms and to use for drug screening1,2.
The anticipated discomfort of skin biopsies or blood samples may dissuade young patients and/or their guardians to give consent for study participation. Urine samples are a non-invasive source of somatic cells that are amendable to reprogramming methods. We have recently shown that urine cells collected from muscular dystrophy patients may be cultured and efficiently reprogrammed into iPSCs using retroviral transduction with the Yamanaka factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc; OSKM)1. The disadvantage of retroviral gene delivery is the random integration of the reprogramming genes into the host chromosomes. To overcome this limitation, we have used the non-integrating Sendai virus for urine cell reprogramming.
This protocol details the Sendai virus reprogramming of isolated urine cells from muscular dystrophy patients which can then be differentiated into cardiomyocytes or other cell types for further study. This protocol can also be adapted for other patient specific diseases.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1143">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1144px;">List of Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name of Reagent/Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4 Oz. Specimen Cup with Lid</td>
			<td>STL Medical Supply</td>
			<td>M9AMSAS340</td>
			<td>For Urine Sample Collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">15 mL BD-Falcon Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">50 mL BD-Falcon Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Round Glass Coverslips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-545-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming Kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A1378-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pen-Strep w/o Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">B-27 Supplement w/Insulin (50x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">B-27 Supplement w/o Insulin (50x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>0050129SA</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM/F12 (1:1)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11330-032</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Versene, 1:5000&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15040066</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">bFGF (10 &#181;g)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>13256-029</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cell Counter Cartridges</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>C10228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Knockout Serum (500 mL Bottle)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10828-028</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Recovery Cell Culture Freezing Medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12648-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Keratinocyte-SFM (1X), Liquid</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17005-042</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMEM, High Glucose, Glutamax</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10566-016</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ham&#39;s F-12 Nutrient Mix&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11765-054</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EGF Recombinant Human Protein, Liquid Form</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>PHG0311L</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Insulin, Human Recombinant, Zinc Soln</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12585-014</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TeSR-E8</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>5940</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ROCK Inhibitor (Y-27632)</td>
			<td>Selleck</td>
			<td>S1049</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Matrigel</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>354277</td>
			<td>hESC Qualified Matrix, LVED Free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RNeasy Mini Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>170-8890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2X)</td>
			<td>Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td>K1081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FBS-Qualified</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F6178</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ADENINE BIOREAGENT</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2786-5G</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CHOLERA TOXIN FROM VIBRIO CHOLERAE</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8052-.5MG</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HYDROCORTISONE</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0888-1G</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HOLO-TRANSFERRIN FROM HUMAN</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T0665-50MG</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3,3&#39;,5-TRIIODO-L-THYRONINE SODIUM SALT&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T6397-100MG</td>
			<td>Warm in 37 &#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-3598</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluoromount Aquous mounting medium</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">16% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Alfa-Aesar</td>
			<td>43368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">List of Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Name of Reagent/Material/Equipment</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti CD44 - labelled with FITC&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560977</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti CD146 - labelled with PE</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti CD73 - labelled with PE</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>561014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti-&#945;-smooth muscle actin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse anti-Vimentin</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab8978-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse Anti - TRA-1-81</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>411100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rabbit anti Oct 3/4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>SC-9081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:415px;">Mouse Anti Dystrophin</td>
			<td>Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>NCL-DYSB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from muscular dystrophy patients: efficient integration-free reprogramming of urine derived cells

Dystrophic cardiomyopathy is a poorly understood consequence of muscular dystrophy. Generating induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with muscular dystrophy is an invaluable cellular source for in&#160;vitro disease model systems and can be used for drug screening studies. Patient-derived urine cells have been used in successful reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells in order to model dystrophic cardiomyopathy1. Addressing the safety concerns of integrating vector systems, we present a protocol using a non-integrating Sendai virus vector for transduction of Yamanaka factors into urine cells collected from patients with muscular dystrophy. This protocol generates fully reprogrammed clones within 2&#8211;3 weeks. The pluripotent cells are vector-free by passage-13. These dystrophic iPSCs can be differentiated into cardiomyocytes and used either to study disease mechanisms or for drug screening.

Most progenitor cells isolated from human urine are positive for uroepithelial progenitor and pericyte markers such as CD44, CD73, and CD146 (97.37%, 97.09%, and 97.3% respectively; Figure 1A and 1B). These cells also expressed other mesenchymal markers such as alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin (Figure 1B). RT-PCR analysis gives evidence of a mixed population of cells in the cultures in that there is weak expression of Cytokeratin-7 (CK-7) and Uroplakin (UP)-Ia &#38...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells

This protocol entails detailed procedures for isolation of urine derived cells from muscular dystrophy patients; their efficient and rapid reprogramming through Sendai virus transduction.

Dystrophic cardiomyopathy is a poorly understood consequence of muscular dystrophy. Generating induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with ...

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.1K Views.  Medical College of Wisconsin. This protocol entails detailed procedures for isolation of urine derived cells from muscular dystrophy patients; their efficient and rapid reprogramming through Sendai virus transduction. 