Name: generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from muscular dystrophy patients: efficient integration-free reprogramming of urine derived cells
Uploaded: 2015-01-28T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 11 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells at JoVE.com

Development of this protocol was supported by the Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, through Grant Number 8UL1TR000055. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

注：患者、および/またはその保護者は、研究を承認した治験審査委員会に参加するためにインフォームドコンセントを与える必要があります。 1.バッファとメディアの準備<ol><li>洗浄緩衝液：リン酸緩衝食塩水（PBS）の99 mlの100×ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン溶液を1ml（100 U / mlペニシリン+ストレプトマイシン100μg/ mlの）を追加し、洗浄緩衝液100mlを調製する。 </li><li>尿中前駆細胞（UPC）ミディアム：ケラチノサイト無血清（KSF）ミディアム+前駆細胞培地を等量混ぜ、UPC媒体を作製した。 <ol><li> KSF中：上皮成長因子の5 ng / mlの（EGF）、ウシ下垂体抽出物の50 ng / mlの（BPE）、コレラ毒素の30 ng / mlの、およびペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン溶液（100 Uを追加し、ケラチノサイト培地を調製するために/ mlペニシリン、500ミリリットルKSF培地に100μg/ mlのストレプトマイシン）。 </li><li>前駆細胞培地：10％FBSでハム-F12培地とサプリメントの四分の一を含むDMEMの4分の3の追加、0.4 / mlのヒドロコルチゾン、0.1nMのコレラ毒素、5 / mlのインスリン、1.8×10 -4 Mのアデニン/ mlのトランスフェリン、2をx 10 -9 Mのトリヨードサイロニン、10ng / mlのEGF、およびペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン溶液を5μg。 </li></ol></li><li>のhES培地：/ 20％KO血清代替（K-SR）を追加し1×MEM非必須アミノ酸、2mMのL-グルタミン、100μMのβメルカプトエタノール、20ng / mlのbFGFおよびペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン400 mlのDMEM F12培地。 </li></ol> 2.尿サンプルコレクション<ol><li>尿の十分な量（〜30〜40ミリリットル）を収集することができることを保証するために採尿に30分前に流体を飲むように患者に指示します。 </li><li>患者および/またはその保護以下の項目を含む尿採取キットを与える：（1）滅菌またはクリーンキャッチ尿サンプルを入手する方法についての説明書、（2）湿った抗菌toilettes、及び（3）を100mlの滅菌標本コレクションカップ。サンプルを収集するために患者に指示します。 </li><li>直ちに氷上に尿サンプルを配置し、laboraに移転クーラーでトーリー。すぐに細胞単離のための尿を処理します。遅延が避けられない場合には、細胞の生存率の損失を最小限に抑えて、最大4時間氷上で試料を保存する。 </li></ol> 3.単離と尿細胞の拡大注：BSL2生物学的安全キャビネット内無菌条件下で、次の手順を実行します。 <ol><li>滅菌ピペットを用いて、転送尿サンプルを50ml遠心管に無菌である。 RTで10分間、400×gで遠心分離する。 </li><li>チューブ内の1ミリリットルを残して上清を吸引。細胞ペレットを乱さないように注意してください。 </li><li>再懸濁洗浄緩衝液7mlの中に複数の管からペレットを組み合わせて、RTで10分間、400×gで遠心分離を繰り返し。 </li><li>慎重に細胞ペレット及び上清〜0.2〜0.5ミリリットルを残して、上清を吸引除去する。尿中前駆細胞（UPC）培地2〜3mlの中で再懸濁し、国連の4〜6ウェルにサスペンションを転送コー​​トした24ウエルプレート。 </li><li> 72時間後、ウェル当たり新鮮UPC培地の0.5ミリリットルと文化を補完し、2〜3日ごとに後の培地に変更します。プレートに付着していない赤血球と扁平上皮細胞を培地変更で削除されます。 </li><li> 4-6日後の培養を監視します。 注：小2-4細胞コロニーが現れ始めます。細胞は、それぞれタイプIまたは腎上皮のタイプII（RE）のセル3を表す丸めまたは伸長される。 </li><li>細胞が表示されたら、彼らは急速な拡大期を受けることになるので、2〜3日毎に培地を変更します。 </li><li>細胞がプレーティング後9-15日を中心に、80〜90％のコンフルエンスに到達すると、さらなる拡大のために24ウェルプレートの2-4ウェル上に細胞（15,000-18,000細胞/ cm 2）を解離して通過。細胞継代1（P1）としてこれをマークします。 </li><li>フローサイトメトリー分析を介して系統仕様の尿細胞を特徴づける、immunohistochemiCalの染色または逆転写酵素 - ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（RT-PCR）を介し。 </li><li>長期間の凍結保存のために（DMEM、10％血清および10％DMSOを補った）孤立した尿細胞（セクション4）を再プログラムまたは凍結培地にそれらを凍結する。 </li></ol>センダイウイルスを使用する4.尿細胞リプログラミング注：トランスフェクションエージェントを操作しながら適切な取り扱いとPPE（個人用保護具）の使用が推奨されます。 BSL2生物学的安全キャビネット内無菌状態で、次の手順を実行します。薬剤および/またはトランスフェクトされた細胞をトランスフェクトする適切な処分は、環境と健康の危険のリスクを回避することをお勧めします。以下に詳述するように、尿細胞の再プログラミングについては、メーカーのフィーダー依存プロトコルへの変更を加えて仙台リプログラミングキットを使用しています。 <ol><li>センダイウイルスを用いた高効率な再プログラミングを確保するために、使用が急速である尿細胞の1-5通路LYは分裂。細胞が十分に複製または老化にならない場合は、彼らが効率的に再プログラムしないので、それらを捨てる。 </li><li> 6ウェルプレートの2つのウェルにおける種子ウェル当たり60,000個の細胞。マーク·デイ-2としてこの。細胞播種密度を調整し（5×10 4から 9×10 4個の細胞をウェルあたり）0日によって80〜90％コンフルエンスに到達するために必要である。 </li><li> 0日目（細胞を播種後48時間）で、4 OSKM因子のそれぞれを含む仙台リプログラミングベクター（SeVの）を調製。予め温めUPC培地1mlにベクトルの各々を加える。尿細胞を再プログラミングするための十分である、1〜1.5のMOI（5〜7.5×10 5 CIU）を使用します。メディアを吸引し、ゆっくりと尿細胞の1ウェルに1ミリリットルUPC +のSeVを追加します。形質導入ネガティブコントロールとして第2のウェルを使用してください。 </li><li> 1日目に、新鮮なUPC媒体とUPC + SeVの媒体を交換してください。いくつかの細胞死は、ウイルス細胞毒性によるものでは24時間後に見られている。 </li><li>再プログラムCLONの効率に応じて、Eの形成とコンパクトな形態は、6日目または7まで毎日培地を変え続ける。 </li><li>前に形質導入した細胞（5日目または6）、マイトマイシンC（3時間、10μg/ ml）を0.1に5×10 4細胞/ cm 2の密度で処理された、MEFのメッキをMEFフィーダープレートを準備の解離の一日％のゼラチンは100ミリメートル2培養皿をコーティングした。 </li><li>次の日（6日目または7）、0.25％トリプシンで細胞を解離UPC培地プレートに5×10 4細胞を再懸濁する- 2×10 5細胞/ 100のmm 2のMEFフィーダープレート。 </li><li>次の日は、hES培地に切り替えて、毎日培地を変更します。形質転換細胞を監視するために、顕微鏡下で細胞を観察します。 注：細胞は、特徴的な敷石状形態を有するクローンの凝集体を形成し、細胞質の比率（12-18日後に形質導入​​）に高い核を有する。 </li><li>形質導入後2〜3週間以内に、コロニーをピックアップし、CLONのための新しいプレートに移すアル展開。 </li><li> 37℃で1時間、TRA-1-81抗体で細胞をインキュベートすることによって、IPSCクローンを選択するための生細胞染色を行う CO 2インキュベーター中で37℃で1時間、特定の蛍光色素結合二次抗体との対比染色に続いてCO 2インキュベーター内でC°。 </li><li>小さな等しい大きさの小片（クローンあたり4-6個）にクロスハッチ大きなTRA-1-81陽性のIPSCクローンに26 G 1.5インチの針を使用してください。 </li><li>マトリゲル（10μgの/ cm 2程度）の各ウェルに複数のクローンから10-20クロスハッチング部分をピックアップし、転送するために滅菌ピペットチップを使用して、hES培地で24ウェルプレートをコーティングさ。 注：単一のウェルに個々にメッキ単一のクローンからの小品が展開または多能性を維持していない。 </li><li>再プログラムされたクローンは、マトリゲル表面に取り付けられた後のIPSC媒体へのhESからの変化24〜48時間。 </li><li>マトリ被覆プレート上のメンテナンス時に、手動でSCRAPE-オフあらゆる分化した細胞または完全に再プログラムし、多能性ジストロフィーIPSC（MD-IPSC）のクローンを濃縮するためにピペットチップを用いてMEFフィーダー細胞を汚染する。 </li><li>個々のクローンは、〜100μmのサイズに達した後、3分間の0.48 mMのEDTA（エチレンジアミン四酢酸）溶液を用いて解離および5μMY27632補充したIPSC培地に懸濁MD-iPS細胞の小細胞凝集体（、RhOなどキナーゼ阻害剤をめっきすることによってクローンを拡大する）新鮮なマトリゲル上で（を10μg/ cm 2）をコーティングした12ウェルプレート。毎日のIPSC媒体を変更します。 </li><li>各クローンの完全な再プログラミングはOSKM遺伝子および多能性マーカー（のOct3 / 4、TRA-1-81）の免疫組織化学染色の両方の遺伝子発現解析によって決定することができる。多能性の可能性の厳格な評価は完全に再プログラムIPSC線が三胚葉に分化することができる確認するために用いられるべきである。これは、胚様体（EB）形成および分化アッセイによって、またはターどちら達成することができる血腫形成アッセイ。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

性IPSCを使用して、心血管疾患のモデリングは、遺伝的寄与4-6を理解するための一般的なアプローチになってきている。患者から細胞サンプルを取得するいくつかの予期せぬ困難、特に幼い子供たちは、そのような尿収集などの非侵襲的アプローチのオプションを提供することによって回避することができる。この若い患者集団では、再プログラミングのための十分な尿細胞を得るの?...

心筋症は、デュシェンヌ型とベッカー型筋ジストロフィー（MD）患者の死亡原因の第2位である。 X連鎖ジストロフィン遺伝子の変異が1で発生するものの：3500男性の出生、非常に少ない、プログレッシブ心筋の損傷につながる分子や細胞のイベントについて知られている。筋ジストロフィー患者由来のヒト誘導多能性幹細胞は、基礎疾患の機構を研究するために、薬剤は、1,2のスクリーニングに使用するための新規なツールとして浮上している。 皮膚生検または血液サンプルの予想不快感は、研究参加の同意を与えるために若い患者及び/またはその保護者を説得することができる。尿サンプルは、再プログラミング方法に修正可能である体細胞の非侵襲的な供給源である。我々は最近、筋ジストロフィー患者から採取した尿細胞は培養することができることを示しかつ効率的に山中因子とレトロウイルス形質導入を用いて、iPS細胞（に再プログラムしているあるOct3 / 4、Sox2の、Klf4及びc-Myc; OSKM）1。レトロウイルス遺伝子送達の欠点は、宿主染色体への初期化遺伝子のランダムな統合です。この制限を克服するために、我々は、尿細胞再プログラミングのための非組み込み型センダイウイルスを使用している。 このプロトコルは、さらなる研究のための心筋細胞または他の細胞型に分化させることができる筋ジストロフィー患者から単離された尿細胞のセンダイウイルス再プログラミングについて詳しく説明します。このプロトコルは、他の患者の特定の疾患に適合させることができる。

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>4 Oz. Specimen Cup with Lid</td><td>STL Medical Supply</td><td>M9AMSAS340</td><td>For Urine Sample Collection</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml BD-Falcon Tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>352097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml BD-Falcon Tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>352098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round Glass Coverslips</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-545-81</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CytoTune-iPS Sendai Reprogramming Kit</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A1378-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS, pH 7.4</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10010-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pen-Strep w/o Glutamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15140-122</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>RPMI Medium 1640</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11875-093</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>B-27 Supplement w/Insulin (50x)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>17504-044</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>B-27 Supplement w/o Insulin (50x)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>0050129SA</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F12 (1:1)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11330-032</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Versene, 1:5,000</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15040066</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>bFGF (10 &amp;micro;g)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>13256-029</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Counter Cartridges</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>C10228</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Knockout Serum (500&amp;nbsp;ml Bottle)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10828-028</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Recovery Cell Culture Freezing Medium</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12648-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Keratinocyte-SFM (1x), Liquid</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>17005-042</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, High Glucose, Glutamax</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10566-016</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Ham&#039;s F-12 Nutrient Mix&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11765-054</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>EGF Recombinant Human Protein, Liquid Form</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>PHG0311L</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Insulin, Human Recombinant, Zinc Soln</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>12585-014</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>TeSR-E8</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>5940</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>ROCK Inhibitor (Y-27632)</td><td>Selleck</td><td>S1049</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Matrigel</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>354277</td><td>hESC Qualified Matrix, LVED Free</td></tr><tr><td>RNeasy Mini Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>170-8890</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DreamTaq Green PCR Master Mix (2x)</td><td>Thermo-Scientific</td><td>K1081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS-Qualified</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F6178</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Adenine Bioreagent</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A2786-5G</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Cholera Toxin from &lt;em&gt;Vibrio cholerae&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C8052-.5MG</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrocortisone</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>H0888-1G</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>Holo-transferrin from human</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T0665-50MG</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>3,3&#039;,5-Triiodo-L-thyronine sodium salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T6397-100MG</td><td>Warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>SC-3598</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromount Aquous mounting medium</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F4680</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>16% Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Alfa-Aesar</td><td>43368</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Antibodies&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti CD44 - labeled with FITC&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>560977</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti CD146 - labeled with PE</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>561013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti CD73 - labeled with PE</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>561014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-&amp;alpha;-smooth muscle actin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A2547</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse anti-Vimentin</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab8978-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Anti - TRA-1-81</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>411100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit anti Oct 3/4</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td><td>SC-9081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Anti Dystrophin</td><td>Leica Biosystems</td><td>NCL-DYSB</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from muscular dystrophy patients: efficient integration-free reprogramming of urine derived cells

異栄養性心筋症は、筋ジストロフィーのあまり理解結果である。筋ジストロフィーの患者から誘導された多能性幹細胞（iPS細胞）を生成するインビトロ疾患モデル系のための貴重な細胞源であり、薬剤スクリーニング研究のために使用することができる。患者由来の尿細胞はジストロフィー性心筋1をモデル化するために、誘導多能性幹細胞への成功した再プログラミングに使用されてきた。ベクター系を統合する安全性の問題に対処する、我々は、筋ジストロフィーの患者から採取した尿細胞に山中因子の形質導入のための非組み込み型センダイウイルスベクターを使用してプロトコルを提示する。このプロトコルは、2〜3週間以内に完全に再プログラムされたクローンを生成します。多能性細胞は、流路13によりベクターフリーです。これらの異栄養性IPSCは、心筋細胞に分化し、病気のメカニズムを研究または薬物スクリーニングするために使用することができる。

（それぞれ97.37パーセント、97.09パーセント、および97.3％; 図1Aおよび図1B）は、ヒト尿から単離されたほとんどの前駆細胞は、CD44、CD73、およびCD146などの尿路上皮前駆細胞および周皮細胞のマーカーに対して陽性である。これらの細胞は、α平滑筋アクチン、およびビメンチン（ 図1B）のような他の間葉系マーカーを発現した。サイトケラチン-7（CK-7）?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells

This protocol entails detailed procedures for isolation of urine derived cells from muscular dystrophy patients; their efficient and rapid reprogramming through Sendai virus transduction.

筋ジストロフィー患者から人工多能性幹細胞の生成：尿由来細胞の効率的な統合·フリーリプログラミング

Dystrophic cardiomyopathy is a poorly understood consequence of muscular dystrophy. Generating induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with ...

generation-induced-pluripotent-stem-cells-from-muscular-dystrophy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.2K ビュー.  Medical College of Wisconsin. This protocol entails detailed procedures for isolation of urine derived cells from muscular dystrophy patients; their efficient and rapid reprogramming through Sendai virus transduction. 

ビデオ: Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Muscular Dystrophy Patients: Efficient Integration-free Reprogramming of Urine Derived Cells

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, Klf-4, and c-Myc), typically expressed by human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Due to their similarity with hESCs, iPSCs have become an important tool for potential patient-specific regenerative medicine, avoiding ethical issues associated with hESCs. In order to obtain cells suitable for clinical application, transgene-free iPSCs need to be generated to avoid transgene reactivation, altered gene expression and misguided differentiation. Moreover, a highly efficient and inexpensive reprogramming method is necessary to derive sufficient iPSCs for therapeutic purposes. Given this need, an efficient non-integrating episomal plasmid approach is the preferable choice for iPSC derivation. Currently the most common cell type used for reprogramming purposes are fibroblasts, the isolation of which requires tissue biopsy, an invasive surgical procedure for the patient. Therefore, human peripheral blood represents the most accessible and least invasive tissue for iPSC generation.
In this study, a cost-effective and viral-free protocol using non-integrating episomal plasmids is reported for the generation of iPSCs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats after whole blood centrifugation and without density gradient separation.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a source of patient-specific tissues for clinical applications and basic research. Here, we present a detailed protocol to reprogram human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats into viral-free iPSCs using non-integrating episomal plasmids.

非統合ソームプラスミドを用いて凍結軟膜から誘導多能性幹細胞の生成

Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by forcing the expression of four transcription factors (Oct-4, Sox-2, ...

発生生物学

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal Vectors (EV) to generate integration-free iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB MNCs). The episomal vectors used are DNA plasmids incorporated with oriP and EBNA1 elements from the Epstein-Barr (EB) virus, which&#160;allow for replication and long-term retainment of plasmids in mammalian cells, respectively. With further optimization, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood. Two critical factors for achieving high reprogramming efficiencies&#160;are: 1) the use of a 2A &#34;self-cleavage&#34; peptide to link OCT4 and SOX2, thus achieving equimolar expression of the two factors; 2) the use of two vectors to express MYC and KLF4 individually. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for generating integration-free iPSCs from adult peripheral blood samples. The generated iPSCs are integration-free as residual episomal plasmids are undetectable after five passages. Although the reprogramming efficiency is comparable to that of Sendai Virus (SV) vectors, EV plasmids are considerably more economical than the commercially available SV vectors. This affordable EV reprogramming system holds potential for clinical applications in regenerative medicine and provides an approach for the direct reprogramming of PB MNCs to integration-free mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.

This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.

エピソームベクトルを用いたヒト末梢血単核細胞からの統合フリー人工多能性幹細胞の生成

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells similar to pericyte-derived mesoangioblasts (iPSC-derived mesoangioblast-like stem/progenitor cells: IDEMs) can be established from iPSCs generated from patients affected by different forms of muscular dystrophy. Patient-specific IDEMs can be genetically corrected with different strategies (e.g. lentiviral vectors, human artificial chromosomes) and enhanced in their myogenic differentiation potential upon overexpression of the myogenesis regulator MyoD. This myogenic potential is then assessed in vitro with specific differentiation assays and analyzed by immunofluorescence. The regenerative potential of IDEMs is further evaluated in vivo, upon intramuscular and intra-arterial transplantation in two representative mouse models displaying acute and chronic muscle regeneration. The contribution of IDEMs to the host skeletal muscle is then confirmed by different functional tests in transplanted mice. In particular, the amelioration of the motor capacity of the animals is studied with treadmill tests. Cell engraftment and differentiation are then assessed by a number of histological and immunofluorescence assays on transplanted muscles. Overall, this paper describes the assays and tools currently utilized to evaluate the differentiation capacity of IDEMs, focusing on the transplantation methods and subsequent outcome measures to analyze the efficacy of cell transplantation.

Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived myogenic progenitors are promising candidates for cell therapy strategies to treat muscular dystrophies. This protocol describes transplantation and functional measurements required to evaluate the engraftment and differentiation of iPSC-derived mesoangioblasts (a type of muscle progenitors) in mouse models of acute and chronic muscle regeneration.

筋肉再生のマウスモデルにおける誘導多能性幹細胞由来メソアンジオ芽細胞様筋原性前駆細胞の移植

Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells ...

生物工学

Exon Skipping in Directly Reprogrammed Myotubes Obtained from Human Urine-Derived Cells

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a progressive and fatal muscle disease, is caused by mutations in the DMD gene that result in the absence of dystrophin protein. To date, we have completed an investigator-initiated first-in-human study at the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry based on the systemic injection of the morpholino oligonucleotides which are prone to exon-53 skipping. For the effective treatment of DMD, in vitro testing with myoblasts derived from DMD patients to screen drugs and assess patient eligibility before undertaking clinical trials is thought to be essential. Very recently, we reported a new MYOD1-converted urine-derived cell (UDC) treated with the histone methyltransferase inhibitor (3-deazaneplanocin A hydrochloride), as a cellular model of DMD. The new autologous UDC might show phenocopy of the disease-specific phenotypes of DMD, leading to the application of precision medicine in a variety of muscle-related diseases. In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for efficient modelling of DMD muscle cells using MYOD1-converted UDCs along with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry to evaluate the restoration of dystrophin mRNA and protein levels after exon skipping.

In this article, we describe a detailed protocol for efficient modelling of Duchenne muscular dystrophy muscle using MYOD1-converted urine-derived cells to evaluate the restoration of dystrophin mRNA and protein levels after exon skipping.

ヒト尿由来細胞から得られた直接再プログラムされた筋チューブでのエキソンスキップ

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a progressive and fatal muscle disease, is caused by mutations in the DMD gene that result in the absence of dystrophin ...

遺伝学

Direct Reprogramming of Human Fibroblasts into Myoblasts to Investigate Therapies for Neuromuscular Disorders

Investigations into both the pathophysiology and therapeutic targets in muscular dystrophies have been hampered by the limited proliferative capacity of human myoblasts. Several mouse models have been created but they either do not truly represent the human physiopathology of the disease or are not representative of the broad spectrum of mutations found in humans. The immortalization of human primary myoblasts is an alternative to this limitation; however, it is still dependent on muscle biopsies, which are invasive and not easily available. In contrast, skin biopsies are easier to obtain and less invasive to patients. Fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies can be immortalized and transdifferentiated into myoblasts, providing a source of cells with excellent myogenic potential. Here, we describe a fast and direct reprogramming method of fibroblast into a myogenic lineage. Fibroblasts are transduced with two lentiviruses: hTERT to immortalize the primary culture and a tet-inducible MYOD, which upon the addition of doxycycline, induces the conversion of fibroblasts into myoblasts and then mature myotubes, which express late differentiation markers. This quick transdifferentiation protocol represents a powerful tool to investigate pathological mechanisms and to investigate innovative gene-based or pharmacological biotherapies for neuromuscular disorders.

This protocol describes the conversion of skin fibroblasts into myoblasts and their differentiation into myotubes. The cell lines are derived from patients with neuromuscular disorders and can be used to investigate pathological mechanisms and to test therapeutic strategies.

神経筋障害の治療法を調査するヒト線維芽細胞の筋芽細胞への直接リプログラミング

Investigations into both the pathophysiology and therapeutic targets in muscular dystrophies have been hampered by the limited proliferative capacity of ...

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative therapeutic requires a safe, robust, and expedient reprogramming protocol. Here, we present a clinically relevant, step-by-step protocol for the extremely high-efficiency reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts into iPSCs using a non-integrating approach. The core of the protocol consists of expressing pluripotency factors (SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, LIN28A, NANOG, OCT4-MyoD fusion) from in vitro transcribed messenger RNAs synthesized with modified nucleotides (modified mRNAs). The reprogramming modified mRNAs are transfected into primary fibroblasts every 48 h together with mature embryonic stem cell-specific microRNA-367/302 mimics for two weeks. The resulting iPSC colonies can then be isolated and directly expanded in feeder-free conditions. To maximize efficiency and consistency of our reprogramming protocol across fibroblast samples, we have optimized various parameters including the RNA transfection regimen, timing of transfections, culture conditions, and seeding densities. Importantly, our method generates high-quality iPSCs from most fibroblast sources, including difficult-to-reprogram diseased, aged, and/or senescent samples.

Here we describe a clinically relevant, high-efficiency, feeder-free method to reprogram human primary fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells using modified mRNAs encoding reprogramming factors and mature microRNA-367/302 mimics. Also included are methods to assess reprogramming efficiency, expand clonal iPSC colonies, and confirm expression of the pluripotency marker TRA-1-60.

RNA に基づく誘導多能性幹細胞に主線維芽細胞のプログラムし直す

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Technology in Restoring Dystrophin Expression in iPSC-Derived Muscle Progenitors

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which ultimately leads to the exhaustion of muscle progenitor cells. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing has the potential to restore the expression of the dystrophin gene. Autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived muscle progenitor cells (MPC) can replenish the stem/progenitor cell pool, repair damage, and prevent further complications in DMD without causing an immune response. In this study, we introduce a combination of CRISPR/Cas9 and non-integrated iPSC technologies to obtain muscle progenitors with recovered dystrophin protein expression. Briefly, we use a non-integrating Sendai vector to establish an iPSC line from dermal fibroblasts of Dmdmdx mice. We then use the CRISPR/Cas9 deletion strategy to restore dystrophin expression through a non-homologous end joining of the reframed dystrophin gene. After PCR validation of exon23 depletion in three colonies from 94 picked iPSC colonies, we differentiate iPSC into MPC by doxycycline (Dox)-induced expression of MyoD, a key transcription factor playing a significant role in regulating muscle differentiation. Our results show the feasibility of using CRISPR/Cas9 deletion strategy to restore dystrophin expression in iPSC-derived MPC, which has significant potential for developing future therapies for the treatment of DMD.

Here, we present a Cas9-based exon23 deletion protocol to restore dystrophin expression in iPSC from Dmdmdx mouse-derived skin fibroblasts and directly differentiate iPSCs into myogenic progenitor cells (MPC) using the Tet-on MyoD activation system.

iPSC由来筋前駆体におけるジストロフィン発現の回復に関するCRISPR/Cas9技術

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which ultimately leads to the ...

Derivation of Adult Human Fibroblasts and their Direct Conversion into Expandable Neural Progenitor Cells

Generation of&#160;induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) from adult skin fibroblasts and subsequent differentiation into somatic cells provides fascinating prospects for the derivation of autologous transplants that circumvent histocompatibility barriers. However, progression through a pluripotent state and subsequent complete differentiation into desired lineages remains a roadblock for the clinical translation of iPSC technology because of the associated neoplastic potential and genomic instability. Recently, we and others showed that somatic cells cannot only be converted into iPSCs but also into different types of multipotent somatic stem cells by using defined factors, thereby circumventing progression through the pluripotent state. In particular, the direct conversion of human fibroblasts into induced neural progenitor cells (iNPCs) heralds the possibility of a novel autologous cell source for various applications such as cell replacement, disease modeling and drug screening. Here, we describe the isolation of adult human primary fibroblasts by skin biopsy and their efficient direct conversion into iNPCs by timely restricted expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, as well as c-Myc. Sox2-positive neuroepithelial colonies appear after 17 days of induction and iNPC lines can be established efficiently by monoclonal isolation and expansion. Precise adjustment of viral multiplicity of infection and supplementation of leukemia inhibitory factor during the induction phase represent critical factors to achieve conversion efficiencies of up to 0.2%. Thus far, patient-specific iNPC lines could be expanded for more than 12 passages and uniformly display morphological and molecular features of neural stem/progenitor cells, such as the expression of Nestin and Sox2. The iNPC lines can be differentiated into neurons and astrocytes as judged by staining against TUJ1 and GFAP, respectively. In conclusion, we report a robust protocol for the derivation and direct conversion of human fibroblasts into stably expandable neural progenitor cells that might provide a cellular source for biomedical applications such as autologous neural cell replacement and disease modeling.

Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells provides fascinating prospects for the derivation of autologous transplants. However, progression through a pluripotent state and laborious re-differentiation still hinders clinical translation. Here we describe the derivation of adult human fibroblasts and their direct conversion into induced neural progenitor cells and the subsequent differentiation into neural lineages.

成人ヒト線維芽細胞の導出と拡張神経前駆細胞へのそれらの直接変換

Generation of&#160;induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) from adult skin fibroblasts and subsequent differentiation into somatic cells provides ...

神経科学

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

大人の線維芽細胞から再プログラムヒト人工多能性幹細胞のコロニーを選択し、分離

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

生物学

Generation of Myospheres From hESCs by Epigenetic Reprogramming

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based therapies and for a "disease in a dish" model of human neuromuscular diseases. Major hurdles, such as low abundance and heterogeneity of the population of interest, as well as a lack of protocols for the formation of three-dimensional contractile structures, have limited the applications of stem cells for neuromuscular disorders. We have designed a protocol that overcomes these limits by ectopic introduction of defined factors in hESCs - the muscle determination factor MyoD and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex component BAF60C - that are able to reprogram hESCs into skeletal muscle cells. Here we describe the protocol established to generate hESC-derived myoblasts and promote their clustering into tridimensional miniaturized structures (myospheres) that functionally mimic miniaturized skeletal muscles7.

Here, we describe a protocol based on epigenetic reprogramming of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) toward generating a homogeneous population of skeletal muscle progenitors that under permissive culture conditions form three-dimensional clusters of contractile myofibers (myospheres), which recapitulate biological features of human skeletal muscles.

エピジェネティックリプログラミングによるヒトES細胞からMyospheresの生成

Generation of a homogeneous and abundant population of skeletal muscle cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a requirement for cell-based ...