We thanks to Dr. Christie Guguen-Guillouzo, Dr. Philippe Gripon at Unit 522 INSERM and to Dr. Christian Trepo at Unit 271 INSERM for the use of the Biological Material (Hepa RG cells) and for making then available for us in order to perform the academic research.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The accurate and reliable assessment of the pharmacologic properties of investigative new drugs is critical for reducing the risk in the following development steps. The MPS is a relatively new technology, that aims at improving the predictive power and reducing the costs and time spent with preclinical tests. Our group is advancing in the assessment of pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties mostly needed for lead optimization. We worked with the 2-OC microfluidic device, which has two chambers, allowing the integr...

Due to genomic and proteomic differences, animal models have limited predictive value for several human outcomes. Moreover, they are time-consuming, expensive and ethically questionable1. MPS is a relatively new technology that aims at improving the predictive power and reduce the costs and time spent with pre-clinical tests. They are microfluidic devices cultivating organoids (artificial mimetics functional units of organs) under media flow that promotes organoid-organoid communication. Organoids made of human cells increase translational relevance2,3,4. MPS is expected to perform better than the animal tests because they are genetically human and recapitulate the interplay among tissues. When fully functional, the MPS will provide more meaningful results, at higher speed and lower costs and risks4. Many groups are developing MPS for several purposes, especially disease models to tests drug&#8217;s efficacy.
Exposure level is one of the most critical parameters for evaluating drug efficacy and toxicity5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. MPS allows organoid integration that emulates systemic exposure and is expected to perform better than the traditional 2D human tissue culture. This technology can significantly improve the prediction of compound intestinal absorption and liver metabolism4.
An MPS integrating human equivalent model of intestine and liver is a good starting point, considering the central role of these two organs in drug bioavailability and systemic exposure13,14,15. APAP is an attractive drug for studying an MPS without a kidney equivalent because its metabolization is done mainly by the liver16,17.
The 2-OC is a two-chamber microfluidic device suitable for the culture of two different human equivalent tissues/organoids interconnected by microchannels16. In order to emulate an in vitro human oral/intravenous administration of a drug and assess the effects of the cross-talk between the intestine and liver equivalents on APAP pharmacokinetics, besides the organoids functionality and viability, three different MPS assemblies were performed: (1) an &#8220;Intestine 2-OC MPS&#8221; comprised of an intestine equivalent based in a culture insert containing a Caco-2 + HT-29 cells coculture, integrated into the 2-OC device; (2) a &#8220;Liver 2-OC MPS&#8221; comprised of liver spheroids made of HepaRG + HHSteC (Human Hepatic Stellate Cells) integrated in the 2-OC device; and (3) an &#8220;Intestine/Liver 2-OC MPS&#8221; comprised of the intestine equivalent in one device compartment communicating with the liver equivalent in the other by the media flow through&#160;the microfluidic channels.
All assays were performed under static (no flow) and dynamic (with flow) conditions due to the impact of the mechanical stimuli (compression, stretching, and shear) on the cell viability and functionalities18,19,20. The present article describes the protocol for APAP oral/intravenous administration emulation and the respective absorption/metabolism and toxicological analyses in the 2-OC MPS containing human intestine and liver equivalent models.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1x DPBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14190235</td>
			<td>No calcium, no magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-OC</td>
			<td>TissUse GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Two-organ chip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384-well Spheroid Microplate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3830</td>
			<td>Black/Clear, Round Bottom, Ultra-Low Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use to fix cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetaminophen</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7085</td>
			<td>Use to MPS assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Tedia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 phalloidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>confocal experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caco-2 cells</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>86010202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cacodylate buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12800017</td>
			<td>Add supplements: 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units per mL penicillin, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin, and 1% non-essential amino acids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4540</td>
			<td>Add 2% to HepaRG media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Synth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12657029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezing medium OCT</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek&#174; O.C.T.&#8482; Compound is a formulation of watersoluble glycols and resins, providing a convenient specimen matrix for cryostat sectioning at temperatures of -10&#176;C and below.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin &#38; Eosin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HepaRG cells</td>
			<td>Biopredic International</td>
			<td>HPR101</td>
			<td>Undifferentiated cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HHSTeC</td>
			<td>ScienCell Research Laboratories</td>
			<td>5300</td>
			<td>Cells and all culture supplements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HCA experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HT-29 cells</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>85061109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Insulin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen - Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12585014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>278475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Karnovsky&#8217;s fixative</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A2916801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luna C18 guard column SS</td>
			<td>Phenomenex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMi4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>RM2245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell 0.4 &#181;m pore size inserts</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>PIHP01250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell ERS-2 meter</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>MERS00002</td>
			<td>Used to TEER measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MitoTracker Deep Red</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HCA experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTT</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M6494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MX3000P system</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operetta High Content Imaging System</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HCA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P450-Glo CYP3A4 Assay with Luciferin-IPA</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>Cat.# V9001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permount</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF Syringe filter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reversed-phase Luna C18 column</td>
			<td>Phenomenex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker (IKA VXR Basic Vibrax)</td>
			<td>IKA Works GmbH &#38; Co</td>
			<td>2819000</td>
			<td>Used for spheroids to improve MTT assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stellate Cell Media (STeC CM)</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>5301</td>
			<td>Add STeC CM supplements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScriptIITM Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Green PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRizol TM reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Trizol is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R001100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-low-attachment plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS3471-24EA</td>
			<td>6 wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield plus DAPI mounting media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Opaque 96-well Microplate</td>
			<td>PerkinHelmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-bore tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Williams E</td>
			<td>Pan Biotech</td>
			<td>P04-29510</td>
			<td>Add supplements: 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units per ml penicillin, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin and 5 &#181;g/mL human insulin</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an intestine/liver microphysiological system for drug pharmacokinetic and toxicological assessment

The recently introduced microphysiological systems (MPS) cultivating human organoids are expected to perform better than animals in the preclinical tests phase of drug developing process because they are genetically human and recapitulate the interplay among tissues. In this study, the human intestinal barrier (emulated by a co-culture of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells) and the liver equivalent (emulated by spheroids made of differentiated HepaRG cells and human hepatic stellate cells) were integrated into a two-organ chip (2-OC) microfluidic device to assess some acetaminophen (APAP) pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicological properties. The MPS had three assemblies: Intestine only 2-OC, Liver only 2-OC, and Intestine/Liver 2-OC with the same media perfusing both organoids. For PK assessments, we dosed the APAP in the media at preset timepoints after administering it either over the intestinal barrier (emulating the oral route) or in the media (emulating the intravenous route), at 12 &#181;M and 2 &#181;M respectively. The media samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Organoids were analyzed for gene expression, for TEER values, for protein expression and activity, and then collected, fixed, and submitted to a set of morphological evaluations. The MTT technique performed well in assessing the organoid viability, but the high content analyses (HCA) were able to detect very early toxic events in response to APAP treatment. We verified that the media flow does not significantly affect the APAP absorption whereas it significantly improves the liver equivalent functionality. The APAP human intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism could be emulated in the MPS. The association between MPS data and in silico modeling has great potential to improve the predictability of the in vitro methods and provide better accuracy than animal models in pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.

To perform the PK APAP tests in the 2-OC MPS, the first step is to manufacture the human intestine and liver equivalents (organoids). They are integrated into the 2-OC microfluidic device (Figure 1A) 24 h before starting of the PK APAP assay. The next day, the medium is changed, and the model is exposed to APAP. Figure 1 illustrates the intestine and liver equivalents placed inside the 2-OC device (Figure 1B) and the APAP PK experim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment at JoVE.com

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

We exposed a microphysiological system (MPS) with intestine and liver organoids to acetaminophen (APAP). This article describes the methods for organoid production and APAP pharmacokinetic and toxicological property assessments in the MPS. It also describes the tissue functionality analyses necessary to validate the results.

The recently introduced microphysiological systems (MPS) cultivating human organoids are expected to perform better than animals in the preclinical tests ...

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7.6K Views.  Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM). We exposed a microphysiological system (MPS) with intestine and liver organoids to acetaminophen (APAP). This article describes the methods for organoid production and APAP pharmacokinetic and toxicological property assessments in the MPS. It also describes the tissue functionality analyses necessary to validate the results.