We thanks to Dr. Christie Guguen-Guillouzo, Dr. Philippe Gripon at Unit 522 INSERM and to Dr. Christian Trepo at Unit 271 INSERM for the use of the Biological Material (Hepa RG cells) and for making then available for us in order to perform the academic research.

1. Production of tissue equivalents for cultivation in the 2-OC
<ol>
	<li>Small intestine barrier equivalent production
	<ol>
		<li>Maintain Caco-2 and HT-29 cells using the intestine equivalent medium: DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1% penicillin and streptomycin, and 1% non-essential amino acids, which is named as &#8220;DMEM S&#8221; in this manuscript.</li>
		<li>Remove the medium, wash twice with 1x DPBS and add 8 mL of 0.25% Trypsin/EDTA to dissociate Caco-2 cells grown in cell culture flasks (175 cm2...

<ol>
	<li>Zhang, D., Luo, G., Ding, X., Lu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+experimental+models+of+drug+metabolism+and+disposition+in+drug+discovery+and+development.">Preclinical experimental models of drug metabolism and disposition in drug discovery and development.</a> Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 2 (6), 549-561 (2012).</li><li>Hynds, R. E., Giangreco, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relevance+of+human+stem+cell-derived+organoid+models+for+epithelial+translational+medicine.">The relevance of human stem cell-derived organoid models for epithelial translational medicine.</a> Stem Cells. 31 (3), 417-422 (2013).</li><li>Sivaraman, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Microscale+In+vitro+Physiological+Model+of+the+Liver:+Predictive+Screens+for+Drug+Metabolism+and+Enzyme+Induction.">A Microscale In vitro Physiological Model of the Liver: Predictive Screens for Drug Metabolism and Enzyme Induction.</a> Current Drug Metabolism. 6 (6), 569-591 (2005).</li><li>Dehne, E. M., Hasenberg, T., Marx, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ascendance+of+microphysiological+systems+to+solve+the+drug+testing+dilemma.">The ascendance of microphysiological systems to solve the drug testing dilemma.</a> Future Science OA. 3 (2), 185 (2017).</li><li>Oleaga, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-Organ+toxicity+demonstration+in+a+functional+human+in+vitro+system+composed+of+four+organs.">Multi-Organ toxicity demonstration in a functional human in vitro system composed of four organs.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 20030 (2016).</li><li>Maschmeyer, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+four-organ-chip+for+interconnected+long-term+co-culture+of+human+intestine,+liver,+skin+and+kidney+equivalents.">A four-organ-chip for interconnected long-term co-culture of human intestine, liver, skin and kidney equivalents.</a> Lab Chip. 15 (12), 2688-2699 (2015).</li><li>Esch, M. B., Mahler, G. J., Stokol, T., Shuler, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body-on-a-chip+simulation+with+gastrointestinal+tract+and+liver+tissues+suggests+that+ingested+nanoparticles+have+the+potential+to+cause+liver+injury.">Body-on-a-chip simulation with gastrointestinal tract and liver tissues suggests that ingested nanoparticles have the potential to cause liver injury.</a> Lab Chip. 14 (16), 3081-3092 (2014).</li><li>Materne, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Multi-organ+Chip+-+A+Microfluidic+Platform+for+Long-term+Multi-tissue+Coculture.">The Multi-organ Chip - A Microfluidic Platform for Long-term Multi-tissue Coculture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. , e52526 (2015).</li><li>Esch, M. B., Ueno, H., Applegate, D. R., Shuler, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modular,+pumpless+body-on-a-chip+platform+for+the+co-culture+of+GI+tract+epithelium+and+3D+primary+liver+tissue.">Modular, pumpless body-on-a-chip platform for the co-culture of GI tract epithelium and 3D primary liver tissue.</a> Lab Chip. 16 (14), 2719-2729 (2016).</li><li>Sung, J. H., Kam, C., Shuler, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+microfluidic+device+for+a+pharmacokinetic&#8211;pharmacodynamic+(PK-PD)+model+on+a+chip.">A microfluidic device for a pharmacokinetic&#8211;pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model on a chip.</a> Lab on a Chip. 10 (4), 446-455 (2010).</li><li>Viravaidya, K., Sin, A., Shuler, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Microscale+Cell+Culture+Analog+to+Probe+Naphthalene+Toxicity.">Development of a Microscale Cell Culture Analog to Probe Naphthalene Toxicity.</a> Biotechnology Progress. 20 (1), 316-323 (2004).</li><li>Sin, A., Chin, K. C., Jamil, M. F., Kostov, Y., Rao, G., Shuler, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Design+and+Fabrication+of+Three-Chamber+Microscale+Cell+Culture+Analog+Devices+with+Integrated+Dissolved+Oxygen+Sensors.">The Design and Fabrication of Three-Chamber Microscale Cell Culture Analog Devices with Integrated Dissolved Oxygen Sensors.</a> Biotechnology Progress. 20 (1), 338-345 (2004).</li><li>Tsamandouras, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+Gut+and+Liver+Microphysiological+Systems+for+Quantitative+In+vitro+Pharmacokinetic+Studies.">Integrated Gut and Liver Microphysiological Systems for Quantitative In vitro Pharmacokinetic Studies.</a> The AAPS Journal. 19 (5), 1499-1512 (2017).</li><li>Graham, G. G., Davies, M. J., Day, R. O., Mohamudally, A., Scott, K. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+modern+pharmacology+of+paracetamol:+Therapeutic+actions,+mechanism+of+action,+metabolism,+toxicity+and+recent+pharmacological+findings.">The modern pharmacology of paracetamol: Therapeutic actions, mechanism of action, metabolism, toxicity and recent pharmacological findings.</a> Inflammopharmacology. 21 (3), 201-232 (2013).</li><li>Hodgman, M. J., Garrard, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Review+of+Acetaminophen+Poisoning.">A Review of Acetaminophen Poisoning.</a> Critical Care Clinics. 28 (4), 499-516 (2012).</li><li>Maschmeyer, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chip-based+human+liver-intestine+and+liver-skin+co-cultures+-+A+first+step+toward+systemic+repeated+dose+substance+testing+in+vitro.">Chip-based human liver-intestine and liver-skin co-cultures - A first step toward systemic repeated dose substance testing in vitro.</a> European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 95, 77-87 (2015).</li><li>Bessems, J. G. M., Vermeulen, N. P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paracetamol+(acetaminophen)-induced+toxicity:+Molecular+and+biochemical+mechanisms,+analogues+and+protective+approaches.">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)-induced toxicity: Molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches.</a> Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 31 (1), 55-138 (2001).</li><li>Hirt, M. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+afterload+induces+pathological+cardiac+hypertrophy:+A+new+in+vitro+model.">Increased afterload induces pathological cardiac hypertrophy: A new in vitro model.</a> Basic Research in Cardiology. 107 (6), 307 (2012).</li><li>Fink, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+stretch+of+engineered+heart+tissue+induces+hypertrophy+and+functional+improvement.">Chronic stretch of engineered heart tissue induces hypertrophy and functional improvement.</a> The FASEB journal official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 14 (5), 669-679 (2000).</li><li>Zhang, B., Peticone, C., Murthy, S. K., Radisic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+standalone+perfusion+platform+for+drug+testing+and+target+validation+in+micro-vessel+networks.">A standalone perfusion platform for drug testing and target validation in micro-vessel networks.</a> Biomicrofluidics. 7 (4), 044125 (2013).</li><li>Ara&#250;jo, F., Sarmento, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+characterization+of+an+in+vitro+triple+co-culture+intestine+cell+model+for+permeability+studies.">Towards the characterization of an in vitro triple co-culture intestine cell model for permeability studies.</a> International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 458 (1), 128-134 (2013).</li><li>Cadena-Herrera, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+three+viable-cell+counting+methods:+Manual,+semi-automated,+and+automated.">Validation of three viable-cell counting methods: Manual, semi-automated, and automated.</a> Biotechnology Reports. 7, 9-16 (2015).</li><li>Gripon, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infection+of+a+human+hepatoma+cell+line+by+hepatitis+B+virus.">Infection of a human hepatoma cell line by hepatitis B virus.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (24), 15655-15660 (2002).</li><li>Guillouzo, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+hepatoma+HepaRG+cells:+A+highly+differentiated+model+for+studies+of+liver+metabolism+and+toxicity+of+xenobiotics.">The human hepatoma HepaRG cells: A highly differentiated model for studies of liver metabolism and toxicity of xenobiotics.</a> Chemico-Biological Interactions. 168 (1), 66-73 (2007).</li><li>Wagner, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dynamic+multi-organ-chip+for+long-term+cultivation+and+substance+testing+proven+by+3D+human+liver+and+skin+tissue+co-culture.">A dynamic multi-organ-chip for long-term cultivation and substance testing proven by 3D human liver and skin tissue co-culture.</a> Lab on a Chip. 13 (18), 3538-3547 (2013).</li><li>Forrest, J. A. H., Clements, J. A., Prescott, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics+of+Paracetamol.">Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Paracetamol.</a> Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 7 (2), 93-107 (1982).</li><li>Dollery, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Therapeutic Drugs. , (1999).</li><li>Shah, V. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioanalytical+method+validation-a+revisit+with+a+decade+of+progress.">Bioanalytical method validation-a revisit with a decade of progress.</a> Pharmaceutical research. 17 (12), 1551-1557 (2000).</li><li>Marin, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shp2+negatively+regulates+growth+in+cardiomyocytes+by+controlling+focal+adhesion+kinase/src+and+mTOR+pathways.">Shp2 negatively regulates growth in cardiomyocytes by controlling focal adhesion kinase/src and mTOR pathways.</a> Circulation Research. 103 (8), 813-824 (2008).</li><li>Linkert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metadata+matters:+Access+to+image+data+in+the+real+world.">Metadata matters: Access to image data in the real world.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 189 (5), 777-782 (2010).</li><li>OECD. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OECD+TG+491+-+Short+Time+Exposure+In+vitro+Test+Method+for+Identifying+i)+Chemicals+Inducing+Serious+Eye+Damage+and+ii)+Chemicals+Not+Requiring+Classification+for+Eye+Irritation+or+Serious+Eye+Damage.">OECD TG 491 - Short Time Exposure In vitro Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage.</a> OECD. 14, (2018).</li><li>Fernandes, M. B., Gon&#231;alves, J. E., Tavares, L. C., Storpirtis, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caco-2+cells+permeability+evaluation+of+nifuroxazide+derivatives+with+potential+activity+against+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+(MRSA).">Caco-2 cells permeability evaluation of nifuroxazide derivatives with potential activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).</a> Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 41 (7), 1066-1072 (2015).</li><li>OECD. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OECD+TG+492+-+Reconstructed+human+Cornea-like+Epithelium+(RhCE)+test+method+for+identifying+chemicals+not+requiring+classification+and+labelling+for+eye+irritation+or+serious+eye+damage.">OECD TG 492 - Reconstructed human Cornea-like Epithelium (RhCE) test method for identifying chemicals not requiring classification and labelling for eye irritation or serious eye damage.</a> OECD. 35, (2018).</li><li>OECD, O. E. C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OECD+TG+431+-+In+vitro+skin+corrosion:+reconstructed+human+epidermis+(RHE)+test+method.">OECD TG 431 - In vitro skin corrosion: reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) test method.</a> OECD. 8, (2016).</li><li>OECD. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OECD+TG+439+-+In+vitro+Skin+Irritation:+Reconstructed+Human+Epidermis+Test+Method.">OECD TG 439 - In vitro Skin Irritation: Reconstructed Human Epidermis Test Method.</a> OECD. 21, (2015).</li><li>Marin, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acetaminophen+absorption+and+metabolism+in+an+intestine/liver+microphysiological+system.">Acetaminophen absorption and metabolism in an intestine/liver microphysiological system.</a> Chemico-Biological Interactions. 299, 59-76 (2019).</li><li>Maass, C., Stokes, C. L., Griffith, L. G., Cirit, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-functional+scaling+methodology+for+translational+pharmacokinetic+and+pharmacodynamic+applications+using+integrated+microphysiological+systems+(MPS).">Multi-functional scaling methodology for translational pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic applications using integrated microphysiological systems (MPS).</a> Integrative Biology (United Kingdom). 9 (4), 290-302 (2017).</li><li>Sung, J. H., Wang, Y., Shuler, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+using+mathematical+modeling+approaches+to+design+and+interpret+multi-organ+microphysiological+systems+(MPS).">Strategies for using mathematical modeling approaches to design and interpret multi-organ microphysiological systems (MPS).</a> APL Bioengineering. 3 (2), 021501 (2019).</li></ol>

The accurate and reliable assessment of the pharmacologic properties of investigative new drugs is critical for reducing the risk in the following development steps. The MPS is a relatively new technology, that aims at improving the predictive power and reducing the costs and time spent with preclinical tests. Our group is advancing in the assessment of pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties mostly needed for lead optimization. We worked with the 2-OC microfluidic device, which has two chambers, allowing the integr...

Due to genomic and proteomic differences, animal models have limited predictive value for several human outcomes. Moreover, they are time-consuming, expensive and ethically questionable1. MPS is a relatively new technology that aims at improving the predictive power and reduce the costs and time spent with pre-clinical tests. They are microfluidic devices cultivating organoids (artificial mimetics functional units of organs) under media flow that promotes organoid-organoid communication. Organoids made of human cells increase translational relevance2,3,4. MPS is expected to perform better than the animal tests because they are genetically human and recapitulate the interplay among tissues. When fully functional, the MPS will provide more meaningful results, at higher speed and lower costs and risks4. Many groups are developing MPS for several purposes, especially disease models to tests drug&#8217;s efficacy.
Exposure level is one of the most critical parameters for evaluating drug efficacy and toxicity5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12. MPS allows organoid integration that emulates systemic exposure and is expected to perform better than the traditional 2D human tissue culture. This technology can significantly improve the prediction of compound intestinal absorption and liver metabolism4.
An MPS integrating human equivalent model of intestine and liver is a good starting point, considering the central role of these two organs in drug bioavailability and systemic exposure13,14,15. APAP is an attractive drug for studying an MPS without a kidney equivalent because its metabolization is done mainly by the liver16,17.
The 2-OC is a two-chamber microfluidic device suitable for the culture of two different human equivalent tissues/organoids interconnected by microchannels16. In order to emulate an in vitro human oral/intravenous administration of a drug and assess the effects of the cross-talk between the intestine and liver equivalents on APAP pharmacokinetics, besides the organoids functionality and viability, three different MPS assemblies were performed: (1) an &#8220;Intestine 2-OC MPS&#8221; comprised of an intestine equivalent based in a culture insert containing a Caco-2 + HT-29 cells coculture, integrated into the 2-OC device; (2) a &#8220;Liver 2-OC MPS&#8221; comprised of liver spheroids made of HepaRG + HHSteC (Human Hepatic Stellate Cells) integrated in the 2-OC device; and (3) an &#8220;Intestine/Liver 2-OC MPS&#8221; comprised of the intestine equivalent in one device compartment communicating with the liver equivalent in the other by the media flow through&#160;the microfluidic channels.
All assays were performed under static (no flow) and dynamic (with flow) conditions due to the impact of the mechanical stimuli (compression, stretching, and shear) on the cell viability and functionalities18,19,20. The present article describes the protocol for APAP oral/intravenous administration emulation and the respective absorption/metabolism and toxicological analyses in the 2-OC MPS containing human intestine and liver equivalent models.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1x DPBS</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14190235</td>
			<td>No calcium, no magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-OC</td>
			<td>TissUse GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Two-organ chip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>384-well Spheroid Microplate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3830</td>
			<td>Black/Clear, Round Bottom, Ultra-Low Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use to fix cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetaminophen</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7085</td>
			<td>Use to MPS assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Tedia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 phalloidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>confocal experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Caco-2 cells</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>86010202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cacodylate buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture flasks</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMI6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM1950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12800017</td>
			<td>Add supplements: 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 units per mL penicillin, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin, and 1% non-essential amino acids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D4540</td>
			<td>Add 2% to HepaRG media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Synth</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12657029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezing medium OCT</td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tissue-Tek&#174; O.C.T.&#8482; Compound is a formulation of watersoluble glycols and resins, providing a convenient specimen matrix for cryostat sectioning at temperatures of -10&#176;C and below.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hematoxylin &#38; Eosin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HepaRG cells</td>
			<td>Biopredic International</td>
			<td>HPR101</td>
			<td>Undifferentiated cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HHSTeC</td>
			<td>ScienCell Research Laboratories</td>
			<td>5300</td>
			<td>Cells and all culture supplements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HCA experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HT-29 cells</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>85061109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Insulin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen - Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12585014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>278475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Karnovsky&#8217;s fixative</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A2916801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luna C18 guard column SS</td>
			<td>Phenomenex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMi4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microtome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>RM2245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell 0.4 &#181;m pore size inserts</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>PIHP01250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell ERS-2 meter</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>MERS00002</td>
			<td>Used to TEER measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MitoTracker Deep Red</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>HCA experiments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTT</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M6494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MX3000P system</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operetta High Content Imaging System</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HCA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P450-Glo CYP3A4 Assay with Luciferin-IPA</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>Cat.# V9001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permount</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>RT-qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF membrane</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVDF Syringe filter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m pore size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reversed-phase Luna C18 column</td>
			<td>Phenomenex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to perform HPLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker (IKA VXR Basic Vibrax)</td>
			<td>IKA Works GmbH &#38; Co</td>
			<td>2819000</td>
			<td>Used for spheroids to improve MTT assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stellate Cell Media (STeC CM)</td>
			<td>ScienCell</td>
			<td>5301</td>
			<td>Add STeC CM supplements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScriptIITM Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR Green PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRizol TM reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Trizol is a monophasic solution of phenol and guanidine isothiocyanate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R001100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-low-attachment plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS3471-24EA</td>
			<td>6 wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield plus DAPI mounting media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Opaque 96-well Microplate</td>
			<td>PerkinHelmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-bore tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Williams E</td>
			<td>Pan Biotech</td>
			<td>P04-29510</td>
			<td>Add supplements: 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 units per ml penicillin, 100 &#181;g/mL streptomycin and 5 &#181;g/mL human insulin</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an intestine/liver microphysiological system for drug pharmacokinetic and toxicological assessment

The recently introduced microphysiological systems (MPS) cultivating human organoids are expected to perform better than animals in the preclinical tests phase of drug developing process because they are genetically human and recapitulate the interplay among tissues. In this study, the human intestinal barrier (emulated by a co-culture of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells) and the liver equivalent (emulated by spheroids made of differentiated HepaRG cells and human hepatic stellate cells) were integrated into a two-organ chip (2-OC) microfluidic device to assess some acetaminophen (APAP) pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicological properties. The MPS had three assemblies: Intestine only 2-OC, Liver only 2-OC, and Intestine/Liver 2-OC with the same media perfusing both organoids. For PK assessments, we dosed the APAP in the media at preset timepoints after administering it either over the intestinal barrier (emulating the oral route) or in the media (emulating the intravenous route), at 12 &#181;M and 2 &#181;M respectively. The media samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Organoids were analyzed for gene expression, for TEER values, for protein expression and activity, and then collected, fixed, and submitted to a set of morphological evaluations. The MTT technique performed well in assessing the organoid viability, but the high content analyses (HCA) were able to detect very early toxic events in response to APAP treatment. We verified that the media flow does not significantly affect the APAP absorption whereas it significantly improves the liver equivalent functionality. The APAP human intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism could be emulated in the MPS. The association between MPS data and in silico modeling has great potential to improve the predictability of the in vitro methods and provide better accuracy than animal models in pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.

To perform the PK APAP tests in the 2-OC MPS, the first step is to manufacture the human intestine and liver equivalents (organoids). They are integrated into the 2-OC microfluidic device (Figure 1A) 24 h before starting of the PK APAP assay. The next day, the medium is changed, and the model is exposed to APAP. Figure 1 illustrates the intestine and liver equivalents placed inside the 2-OC device (Figure 1B) and the APAP PK experim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment at JoVE.com

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

We exposed a microphysiological system (MPS) with intestine and liver organoids to acetaminophen (APAP). This article describes the methods for organoid production and APAP pharmacokinetic and toxicological property assessments in the MPS. It also describes the tissue functionality analyses necessary to validate the results.

The recently introduced microphysiological systems (MPS) cultivating human organoids are expected to perform better than animals in the preclinical tests ...

an-intestineliver-microphysiological-system-for-drug-pharmacokinetic

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacology

Chemistry

Unit 1

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Introduction

Pharmacokinetics

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

7.6K vistas.  Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM). Los sistemas microfisiológicos tienen la capacidad de emular la farmacocinética y la respuesta toxicológica del cuerpo humano a tratamientos específicos de intereses. Los sistemas microfisiológicos tienen el potencial de reemplazar las pruebas en animales, ya que su uso puede mejorar el poder predictivo de los métodos in vitro y reducir el costo y el tiempo de los estudios farmacocinéticos y toxicológicos. 24 horas antes de la administración de la sustancia de ensayo, dividió una al...