This research was supported by CARS-tea and the Innovation Project for the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP-TRI).

1. Production of matcha-embedded suspension
<ol>
	<li>Place 4 g of carboxymethyl chitosan (see Table of Materials) in 100 mL of distilled water to prepare a 0.04 g/mL of carboxymethyl chitosan stock solution. To dissolve carboxymethyl chitosan heat to 60 &#176;C on constant temperature heating magnetic stirrer.</li>
	<li>Dissolve 4 g of whey protein (see Table of Materials) in 50 mL of distilled water to prepare a 0.08 g/mL of whey protein stock solution.</li>
	<li>Aft...

Advancements in Production of Color-Stable Matcha Fresh Noodles

<ol>
	<li>Yu, K., Zhou, H. M., Zhu, K. X., Guo, X. N., Peng, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+the+physicochemical+stability+of+stored+green+tea+noodles:+Analysis+of+the+quality+and+chemical+components.">Increasing the physicochemical stability of stored green tea noodles: Analysis of the quality and chemical components.</a> Food Chem. 278, 333-341 (2019).</li><li>Nguyen, T. T. L., Gilbert, R. G., Gidley, M. J., Fox, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+&#946;-glucan+and+starch+fine+structure+to+texture+of+oat-fortified+wheat+noodles.">The contribution of &#946;-glucan and starch fine structure to texture of oat-fortified wheat noodles.</a> Food Chem. 372, 131291 (2022).</li><li>Baskaran, D., Muthupandian, K., Gnanalakshmi, K. S., Pugazenthi, T. 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N., Indrani, D., Anandharamakrishnan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microencapsulation+of+green+tea+polyphenols+and+its+effect+on+incorporated+bread+quality.">Microencapsulation of green tea polyphenols and its effect on incorporated bread quality.</a> LWT - Food Sci Tech. 64, 289-296 (2015).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+superfine+green+tea+powder+on+the+thermodynamic,+rheological+and+fresh+noodle+making+properties+of+wheat+flour.">Effect of superfine green tea powder on the thermodynamic, rheological and fresh noodle making properties of wheat flour.</a> LWT - Food Sci Techn. 46 (1), 23-28 (2012).</li><li>Kun Yu, K., Zhou, H. M., Zhu, K. X., Guo, X. N., Peng, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physicochemical+changes+in+the+discoloration+of+dried+green+tea+noodles+caused+by+polyphenol+oxidase+from+wheat+flour.">Physicochemical changes in the discoloration of dried green tea noodles caused by polyphenol oxidase from wheat flour.</a> LWT - Food Sci Tech. 130, 109614 (2020).</li><li>Doxastakis, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technological+properties+and+non-enzymatic+browning+of+white+lupin+protein+enriched+spaghetti.">Technological properties and non-enzymatic browning of white lupin protein enriched spaghetti.</a> Food Chemistry. 101 (1), 57-64 (2007).</li><li>Xu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+heat+treatment+on+polyphenol+oxidase+activity+and+textural+properties+of+jackfruit+bulb.">Effects of heat treatment on polyphenol oxidase activity and textural properties of jackfruit bulb.</a> J Food Process Preserv. 40 (5), 943-949 (2016).</li><li>Yadav, D. N., Patki, P. E., Sharma, G. K., Bawa, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+microwave+heating+of+wheat+grains+on+the+browning+of+dough+and+quality+of+chapattis.">Effect of microwave heating of wheat grains on the browning of dough and quality of chapattis.</a> Int J Food Sci Tech. 43 (7), 1217-1225 (2008).</li><li>Xue, C. F., Sakai, N., Fukuoka, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+microwave+heating+to+control+the+degree+of+starch+gelatinization+in+noodles.">Use of microwave heating to control the degree of starch gelatinization in noodles.</a> J Food Eng. 87, 357-362 (2008).</li><li>Thammathongchat, S., Fukuoka, M., Watanabe, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+innovative+noodle:+Gelatinized+at+the+core,+leaving+the+surface+ungelatinized.">An innovative noodle: Gelatinized at the core, leaving the surface ungelatinized.</a> J Food Eng. 70 (1), 27-33 (2005).</li><li>&#214;zkan, G., Bilek, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme-assisted+extraction+of+stabilized+chlorophyll+from+spinach.">Enzyme-assisted extraction of stabilized chlorophyll from spinach.</a> Food Chem. 176, 152-157 (2015).</li><li>Jiang, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+whey+protein-carboxymethylated+chitosan+composite+films+with+and+without+transglutaminase+treatment.">Characterization of whey protein-carboxymethylated chitosan composite films with and without transglutaminase treatment.</a> Carb Poly. 153, 153-159 (2016).</li><li>Ning, J. M., Hou, G., Sun, J. J., Zhang, Z. Z., Wan, X. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Compared to instant noodles, fine-dried noodles, and other similar products, fresh noodles have a greater capacity to preserve their original taste and flavor, making them highly promising in the market. A previous study has shown that green tea could enhance the overall quality of fresh noodles to a certain degree16. Therefore, incorporating tea into the flour product system of fresh noodles aims to prioritize both high quality and health benefits, in line with the contemporary trend of promoting...

Noodles are a staple of traditional grain-based cuisine in China, with approximately 40% of the wheat production in Asian countries being utilized for noodle processing1. Nevertheless, the basic nutritional component of wheat flour is insufficient to satisfy the increasing nutritional needs of consumers. Therefore, several investigators have opted to replace a portion of the wheat flour in noodles with alternative natural ingredients, such as oat bran2, milk protein3, sweet potato4, and citrus maxima5, in order to enhance the nutritional and functional qualities of the noodles. Matcha is an abundant bioactive compound possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which have the potential to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular disease and prevent chronic illnesses6. Consequently, there has been a burgeoning interest in investigating the integration of matcha into traditional culinary fare, including Chinese steamed bread, rice cake, and particularly fresh noodles.
However, fresh noodles are prone to time-dependent darkening, leading to unfavorable changes in the visual appearance of the product, which poses a significant challenge to the storage of fresh noodles7. It is widely agreed that the discoloration observed during the storage of fresh noodles is mainly caused by the presence of polyphenol oxidase (PPO)7,8. Additionally, it was indicated that the soluble protein fraction is involved in the process of non-polyphenol oxidase (non-PPO) darkening9. Extensive efforts have been devoted in recent years to mitigate the darkening of PPO during storage. Previous studies have suggested that acid inhibitors and heat treatment applied to raw noodles could effectively achieve this objective by denaturing proteins and consequently inhibiting enzyme activity10,11. Chlorophyll is susceptible to changes in pH, temperature, and heat, and the vibrant green hue of green tea noodles is primarily attributed to chlorophyll10. It is evident that there are limitations in effectively controlling the color of green tea noodles through the direct addition of acid inhibitors and heat treatment.
In addition to the thermal processing of wheat flour, the preservation of chlorophyll in matcha noodles is a critical factor to consider. Several methods have been proposed to prolong the storage time of chlorophyll and preserve its pigment, including the use of alkalinizing agents, copper complexations, and low-temperature storage12. Unfortunately, the majority of processes necessitate a pH level close to nature in order to reduce the occurrence of unfavorable chemical reactions. The stability concern may be potentially mitigated by the copper complex of chlorophyll derivatives, which exhibit a green color reminiscent of natural chlorophyll. However, individuals exhibit a preference for natural chlorophyll over artificial colors. Microencapsulation techniques have emerged as a viable solution to the challenge of improving bioactive compounds&#39; stability by providing barriers against environmental conditions such as oxygen, pH, ionic strength, and temperature13,14,15. Until now, tea extract, catechins, and chlorophyll have been continuously studied for their stability and controlled release properties when embedded in different wall materials14. However, the incorporation of microcapsules into noodles has not yet been proposed15.
In this study, we described a method that embeds matcha with whey protein and carboxymethyl chitosan and microwave-treating wheat flour to obtain color-stable matcha fresh noodles. The addition of microencapsulated bioactive compounds to food facilitates the creation of novel functional food products while preserving the inherent qualitative attributes. We present the results obtained using this processing protocol to investigate alterations in color values of matcha noodles following storage. The specific objective of the study was to determine the optimal approach for preparing matcha noodles that demonstrate both exceptional color and flavor.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxymethyl chitosan</td>
			<td>Mackin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colorimeter</td>
			<td>3nh</td>
			<td>NH-300+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dough mixer</td>
			<td>ACA</td>
			<td>AM-CG108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer</td>
			<td>Haier</td>
			<td>BCD-252KS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>Yuhua</td>
			<td>DF-101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic stirrer</td>
			<td>Keezo</td>
			<td>KMS-521D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matcha</td>
			<td>Jinhua Feicui</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microwave</td>
			<td>Panasonic</td>
			<td>NN-GF351X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>China National Salt Industry Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Noodle maker</td>
			<td>Tianxi</td>
			<td>JCD-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texture analyzer</td>
			<td>Lotun Science</td>
			<td>TA-XT plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheat flour</td>
			<td>Queen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whey protein</td>
			<td>Yuanye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of matcha fresh noodles with stable color using embedding method and microwave treatment

Matcha, as a healthy food additive, has been widely utilized in traditional foods such as noodles, cookies, and bread. However, there are several challenges that must be addressed in the quality of matcha-incorporated foods, with the most significant being the prevention of matcha discoloration. In this study, we introduce a novel approach involving the incorporation of matcha with whey protein (0.08&#160;g/mL) and carboxymethyl chitosan (0.04&#160;g/mL), accompanied by microwave treatment at 700 W for 60 s of wheat flour to produce color-stable matcha fresh noodles. All steps involved in the production process of matcha fresh noodles are presented in the article, including matcha embedding treatment, microwave treatment of wheat flour, kneading the dough, leaving to prove, dividing the dough, rolling out the dough and slicing the sheets by noodle press. The findings revealed a 72.13% reduction in discoloration of fresh matcha noodles following embedding and microwave treatment, compared to untreated fresh matcha noodles. Moreover, the combined process did not have any detrimental impact on the sensory attributes of matcha noodles, including their aroma and taste. Therefore, the novel method proposed in this study holds significant potential for enhancing the color stability of fresh matcha noodles during preparation.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Flavor Interaction of Food Using Matcha Microcapsules 

Preparation of Matcha Fresh Noodles with Stable Color using Embedding Method and Microwave Treatment

My research on the flavor interaction of tea and food as well as the research and development of tea food. The idea of adding matcha microcapsules to noodles was first suggested to prevent discoloration. Furthermore, using a microwave and embedding treatment preserves the texture or taste of matcha noodles.The main advantage of this technique is that it allowed us to avoid the use of complexes while still keeping the natural qualities of the fresh matcha noodles and it also helps preserve active substances in matcha.

This protocol allowed for the sensory and physical property analysis of processed matcha-incorporated foods and noodles, beginning with matcha treatment and continuing through the intermediate stages of processing to the final product. This protocol was coupled with embedding and microwave to produce matcha noodles (Figure 3). The fresh noodles with unencapsulated matcha, with embedded matcha and microwave treatment, and without any matcha were marked as M-Noodles, ME-Noodle...

The protocol describes a method for embedding matcha with whey protein and carboxymethyl chitosan and microwave-treating wheat flour to obtain color-stable matcha fresh noodles.

Matcha, as a healthy food additive, has been widely utilized in traditional foods such as noodles, cookies, and bread. However, there are several ...

preparation-matcha-fresh-noodles-with-stable-color-using-embedding

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Production of Matcha-Embedded Suspension and Microwave Treated Wheat Flour for Color-Stable Matcha Fresh Noodles Preparation

To begin, add four grams of carboxymethyl chitosan to 100 milliliters of distilled water and dissolve at 60 degrees Celsius on a heating magnetic stirrer. Dissolve four grams of whey protein in 50 milliliters of distilled water to prepare a 0.08 grams per milliliter of whey protein stock solution. After the solutions cool, store them in a freezer overnight to fully saturate the polymer molecule.Add eight grams of matcha, followed by four grams of sodium chloride and 50 milliliters of sterile boiled water to a beaker. Stir the solution with a glass rod to prepare the slurry. Mix matcha slurry with 50 milliliters of carboxymethyl chitosan solution, and blend with a magnetic stirring apparatus at 300 revolutions per minute at room temperature.Drip 25 milliliters of whey protein into the mixture and stir at 300 revolutions per minute for 30 minutes to create an embedded suspension. Dispense 300 grams of wheat flour into a round plastic container. Cover the container with a plastic wrap and place it in the microwave oven at 700 watts for 60 seconds.Afterward, keep the container with flour outside until it feels cool.

Producing Matcha Noodles with Enhanced Color Stability Using Matcha-Embedded Suspension and Microwave Treated Wheat Flour

To begin, prepare the matcha-embedded suspension. Slowly pour 125 milliliters of the matcha-embedded suspension and 15 milliliters of water into 300 grams of microwave-treated wheat flour. Gently pull the flour into the center bit by bit until the embedded suspension is incorporated.In addition, prepare the control noodles and the matcha noodles or M-noodles with the non-microwave treated wheat flour. Knead the noodle dough with a dough mixer for seven minutes. Then return the ball of dough to its mixing bowl, and cover it with a damp tea towel before resting.Divide the dough into four equal pieces. Then rewrap three, and set aside. Lightly flower the unwrapped piece, lifting it occasionally to ensure that it does not stick.Adjust the roller spacing of the dough press to 3.5 millimeters and place the dough on a dough press to sheet and then compound. Press the dough sheet repeatedly until it reaches a smooth and pliable consistency. To thin out the sheet, adjust the press roller spacing to two millimeters and then one millimeter.Cover the dough loosely with cling film. Slit the noodle strands into 22 centimeters long, one millimeter thick, and three millimeters wide samples, Dust about 3.75 gram semolina to prevent the noodles from sticking together. Place 30 grams of noodles in 600 milliliters of boiling water, and cook for five minutes.Immerse cooked noodles in cold water immediately before testing. For color measurement, cut the cooked as well as fresh samples into pieces of about 10 centimeters, and place them under the instrumental aperture of the color emitter. Press the instrumental button to measure the color of the fresh noodles.The total color variance value for matcha-embedded, or ME-noodles was significantly lower compared to M-noodles, suggesting superior color stability in ME-noodles. Further analysis of the cooked samples revealed that the ME noodles exhibited significantly higher values in texture parameters, such as hardness, springiness, and chewiness, compared to both the M=noodles and the control. However, no significant differences were found in adhesiveness among all three samples.

230 Views.  Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.  The protocol describes a method for embedding matcha with whey protein and carboxymethyl chitosan and microwave-treating wheat flour to obtain color-stable matcha fresh noodles. 

Advancements in Production of Color-Stable Matcha Fresh Noodles

Summary